CRIM 325

HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

What is Behavior?
 It refers to the actions of an organism or system, usually in
relation to its environment, which includes the other organisms or systems around
as well as the physical environment. It is the response of the organism or system
to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or
subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.
 Behavior can also be defined as anything that you do that can be directly observed,
measured, and repeated.
What is Abnormal Behavior?
 It is something deviating from the normal or differing from the typical, is a
subjectively defined behavioral characteristic, assigned to those with rare or
dysfunctional conditions.
 It may be abnormal when it is unusual, socially unacceptable, self-defeating,
dangerous, or suggestive of faulty interpretation of reality or of personal distress
(Rathus, 1991).
 It is behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a long
period of time (King, 2008).
 The American Psychiatric Association (2001, 2006) defines abnormal behavior in
medical terms as a mental illness that affects or is manifested in a person's brain
and can affect the way a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with people.
What is Psychopathology?
 It is the scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders as well as
abnormal or maladaptive behavior.
How Abnormal Behavior is identified?
Abnormal Behavior could be recognized through any of the following:
1. Deviation from Statistical Norm
2. Deviation from Social Norm
3. Maladaptive Behavior
a) Maladaptive to One's self - It refers to the inability of a person to reach goals or to
adapt the demands of life.
b) Maladaptive to Society - It refers to a person's obstruction or disruption to social
group functioning.
4. Personal Distress

DANZEN D. BOLIVAR, RCRIM

Criminology Instructor
 CRIM 325
HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

Symptoms of Abnormal Behavior

The following are signs of abnormal behavior:
1. Long Periods of Discomfort
2. Impaired Functioning
3. Bizarre Behavior
4. Disruptive Behavior

What is Mental Disorder?

 It refers to the significant impairment in psychological functioning.
Types of Mental Disorder
The following are the types of mental disorder:
a. Psychosis - It refers to a severe mental disorder characterized by a retreat from reality,
by hallucinations and delusions, and by social withdrawal. '.
b. Organic Mental Disorder - It refers to a mental or emotional problem cause by brain
diseases or injuries.
c. Substance-related Disorder - It refers to an abuse or dependence on a mood or-
behavior-altering drug.
d. Mood Disorder - It refers to a disturbance in mood or emotion, such a depression or
mania.
e. Anxiety Disorder - It refers to a disruptive feeling of fear, apprehension, o anxiety, or
a distortion in behavioral anxiety.
f. Somatoform Disorder - It refers to a physical symptom that mimics a disease or an
injury for which there is no identifiable physical cause.
g. Dissociative Disorder - It refers to a psychological disorder that involves a sudden
loss of memory or change in identity.
h. Personality Disorder - It is a maladaptive personality pattern. It is a psychological
disorder that is believed to have resulted from personalities that developed improperly
during childhood.
i. Sexual and Gender Identity Disorder - It refers to any of a wide range of difficulties
with sexual identity, deviant sexual behavior, or sexual adjustment.
J. Neurosis - It is an outdated term once used to refer, as a group, to anxiety disorders,
somatoform disorders, and some forms of depression.

DANZEN D. BOLIVAR, RCRIM

Criminology Instructor
 CRIM 325
HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

What is Insanity?
 It is not a psychological or psychiatric term but a legal term.
 A person is insane if he/she is not able to judge between right and wrong.
 It is the mental inability in managing one's affairs or to be aware of the
consequences of one's actions and it is established by testimony of expert
witnesses (Uriarte, 2009).
 United States Federal Court legally defines Insanity as the inability to appreciate
the nature and quality or wrongfulness of one's acts (Redding, 2006).

Rule of Intelligence in Criminal Case

What is McNaughton Rule?
 The McNaughton rule was a standard to be applied by the jury, after hearing
medical testimony from prosecution and defense experts. The rule created a
presumption of sanity, unless the defense proved "at the time of committing the
act, the accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease
of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing or,
if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong."
What is Durham Rule?
 The Durham rule states that, “an accused is not criminally responsible if his
unlawful act is the product of mental disease or mental defect." Some States
added to their statutes this doctrine which is also known as “irresistible impulse"
recognizing some ill individuals may respond correctly but may be unable to control
their behavior.

DANZEN D. BOLIVAR, RCRIM

Criminology Instructor
 CRIM 325
IQ HUMAN BEHAVIOR
CATEGORY & VICTIMOLOGY CAPACITY
EQUIVALENT

1-25 IDIOT A CHILD FROM 1-3 YRS OLD

26-50 IMBECILE A CHILD FROM 4-5 YRS OLD

51-75 MORON A CHILD FROM 7-8 YEARS OLD

76-90 DULL-MINDED A CHILD FROM 9-10 YEARS OLD

91-120 NORMAL A CHILD FROM 11-14 YEARS OLD

121-130 SUPERIOR ABOVE AVERAGE CAPACITY

131-140 TALENTED HIGH DEVELOPMENT

140 ABOVE GENIUS VERY HIGH DEVELOPMENT

What is Mental Retardation base on IQ?

 It is a condition of limited ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below
70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life;
he/she first exhibited these characteristics during the so-called developmental
period - by age 18.
Four Categories of Mental Retardation
IQ 50 to 70: Mild Retardation
IQ 35 to 49: Moderate Retardation
IQ 20 to 34: Severe Retardation
IQ 20 below: Profound Retardation

PSYCHOSIS AND NEUROSIS

1. Psychosis
 It came from the word "psyche", for mind/soul, and". osis", for abnormal
condition.
 It means abnormal condition of the mind, and is a generic psychiatric term
for a mental state often described as involving a "loss of contact with
reality".

DANZEN D. BOLIVAR, RCRIM

Criminology Instructor
 CRIM 325
HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

Symptoms of psychosis are the following:

a. Involution Reaction
b. Affective Reaction
c. Manic-Depressive Reaction
d. Schizophrenic Reaction

2. Neurosis
 It is a class of functional mental disorder involving distress but neither delusions
nor hallucinations, whereby behavior is not outside socially acceptable norms.
 It is also known as psychoneurosis or neurotic disorder, and thus those
suffering from it are said to be neurotic.
 It involves impaired social, intellectual and/ or vocational functioning without
disorganization of personality or loss of contact with reality.
Symptoms of neurosis are the following:
a. Anxiety Reaction
b. Dissociative Reaction
c. Conversion Reaction
d. Phobic Reaction
e. Obsessive-Compulsive Reaction
f. Depressive Reaction

Criminal Behavior
What is Criminal Behavior?
 It refers to antisocial acts that place the actor at risk of becoming a focus of the
attention of criminal and juvenile justice professional.
 It refers to acts that are injurious, acts prohibited under the law and that render
the actor subject to intervention by justice professionals.
 It refers to a behavior which is criminal in nature; a behavior which violates a law.
 It refers to actions that are prohibited by the state and punished under the law.
 It refers to an action that may be rewarding to the actor but that inflicts pain or loss
to others.

DANZEN D. BOLIVAR, RCRIM

Criminology Instructor
 CRIM 325
HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

Origins of Criminal Behavior

The following are possible sources of criminal behavior:
1. Biological Factor
2. Personality Disorder Factor
3. Learning Factor
.
The Terrible Triad for Serial Killers
The three characteristics of almost all serial killers during their childhood are:
1. Bed Wetting
Bed wetting is the most intimate of these “triad" symptoms, and is less likely to
be willfully divulged. By some estimates, 60% of multiple murderers wet their
beds past adolescence. Kenneth Bianchi apparently spent many a night
marinating in urine-soaked sheets.
2. Fire Starting
Fire fascination was an early manifestation of their obsession with destruction.
3. Animal Torture (Cruelty to Animals)
Most serial killers, before moving to human victims, start with animals

Two types of serial killer based on the serial killer's motive:

1. Act-Focused
 This killer generally doesn't kilI for the psychological gratification of the kill, making
the act itself their primary emphasis. He usually kill quickly, with little pomp and
circumstance.
Two Subtypes:
a. Visionary.
b. Missionary
2. Process-Focused
 The majority of serial killers are process-focused. They get off (yes, in the way) on
the method of their kill. They kill for the enjoyment of it, and usually get a perverse
sexual thrill out of it, so therefore they take their time and go very slowly. Hedonism
at it's worse.
Four Subtypes:
a. Gain
b. Thrill
c. Power

DANZEN D. BOLIVAR, RCRIM

Criminology Instructor
 CRIM 325
HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

d. Lust
Four Phases of Lust Killers:
Phase 1.Fantasy
Phase 2.The Hunt
Phase 3. The Kill
Phase 4.Post-Kill

Personality
 It refers to the sum total of typing ways of acting, thinking, and a feeling that makes
each person unique. People are not alike. There are noticeable differences in the
ways they act, think and feel.
 Personality is a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior thoughts,
motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual throughout life

Two Types of Personality According to Carl Jung

The two types of personality according to Carl Jung are:
1. Introvert- An introvert is a person whose attention is focused inward, He/she is
usually shy, reserved, and self centered person.
2. Extrovert - An extrovert is a person whose attention is directed outward. He/she
is a bold and outgoing person.

Six Approaches to Personality

The following are the six approaches to personality:
1. Psychoanalytic Approach
It argues that people's unconscious minds are largely responsible for important
differences in their behavior styles. Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes childhood
experiences as critically important in shaping adult personality. It stresses the role of the
unconscious in motivating human actions. This theory was initiated by Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939).
The Structure of Personality/Tripartite Personality
a. Id
 It allows us to get our basic needs met. Freud believed that the id is based on the
pleasure principle i.e. it wants immediate satisfaction, with no consideration for the
reality of the situation.

DANZEN D. BOLIVAR, RCRIM

Criminology Instructor
 CRIM 325
HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

b. Ego
 The ego's job is to meet the needs of the id, whilst taking into account the constraints
of reality. The ego acknowledges that being impulsive or selfish can sometimes hurt
us, so the id must be constrained (reality principle).

c. Superego
 (Conscience of Man) it is believed that a strong superego serves to inhibit the
biological instincts of the id (resulting in a high level of guilt), whereas a weak
superego allows the id more expression-resulting in a low level of guilt.
Superego internalizes societal and parental standards of "good" and "bad",
"right" and "wrong" behavior.
Levels of Awareness (Topographical Model by Freud)
a. The Conscious Level -It consists of whatever sensations and experience you are
aware of at a given moment of time.
b. The Preconscious Level - This domain is sometimes called “available memory"
that encompasses all experiences that are not conscious at the moment but which
can easily be retrieved into awareness either spontaneously or with a minimum of
effort.
c. The Unconscious Level - It is the deepest and major stratum of the human mind.
It is the storehouse for primitive instinctual drives plus emotion and memories that are
so threatening to the conscious mind that they have bee repressed, or unconsciously
pushed into the unconscious mind.

2. Trait Approach
It identifies where a person might lie alone continuum of various personality
characteristics. Trait theories attempt to learn and explain the traits that make up
personality, the differences between people in terms of their personal characteristics,
and how they relate to actual behavior
Trait refers to the characteristics of an individual, describing a habitual way of
behaving, thinking, and feeling.

Kinds of Trait
According to Allport (1961), the following are the different kinds of traits:
a. Common Traits -These are personality traits that are shared by most members of a
particular culture.

DANZEN D. BOLIVAR, RCRIM

Criminology Instructor
 CRIM 325
HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

b. Individual Traits - These are personality traits that define a person's unique individual
qualities.
c. Cardinal Traits - These are personality traits that are so basic that all person's activities
relate to it. It is a powerful and dominating behavioral predisposition that provides the
pivotal point in a person's entire life. Allport said that only few people have cardinal traits.
d. Central Traits - These are the core traits that characterize an individual's personality.
Central traits are the major characteristics of our personalities that are quite generalized
and enduring. They form the building blocks of our personalities.
e. Secondary Traits - These are traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial, less
generalized and far less enduring that affects our behaviors in specific circumstances.

Lewis Goldberg's Trait Theory

"Big Five" or “Five Factor Theory" and they are as follows:
a. Extraversion
b. Neuroticism
c. Conscientiousness
d. Agreeableness
e. Openness to Experience

Hans Eysenk’s Personality Trait

a. Extrovert - It refers to a person that is sociable, out-going, and active
b. Introvert- It refers to a person that is withdrawn, quiet, and introspective
c. Emotionally Unstable -It is a trait that is being anxious, excitable, an easily disturbed.

Four Types of Temperament

The four types of temperament are:
Melancholic sad, gloomy
Choleric hot-tempered, irritable
Phlegmatic sluggish, calm
Sanguine cheerful, hopeful

DANZEN D. BOLIVAR, RCRIM

Criminology Instructor
 CRIM 325
HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

3. Biological Approach
It points to inherited predisposition and physiological processes to explain individual
differences in personality. It is perspective that emphasizes the role of biological
processes and heredity as the key to understanding behavior.

4. Humanistic Approach
It identifies personal responsibility and feelings of self-acceptance as the key causes of
differences in personality. This perspective focuses on how humans have evolved and
adapted behaviors required for survival against various environmental pressures over
the long course of evolution.
5. Behavioral/Social Learning Approach
It explains consistent behavior patterns as the result of conditioning and expectations.
This emphasizes the role of environment in shaping behavior.
What is Behavioral Personality Theory?
It is a model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable
behavior.
What is Social Learning Theory?
It is an explanation of personality that combines learning principles,
cognition, and the effects of social relationships.
What is Self-reinforcement?
This is the praising or rewarding oneself for having made a particular
response.
What is Identification?
It is a feeling from which one is emotionally connected to a person and a
way of seeing oneself as himself or herself.
6. Cognitive Approach
It looks at differences in the way people process information to explain differences in
behavior. This perspective emphasizes the role of mental processes that underlie
behavior.

DANZEN D. BOLIVAR, RCRIM

Criminology Instructor
 CRIM 325
HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

Freud's Model of Personality Development (Psychosexual Stages)

Freud's model of personality development is the following:
1. Oral Stage (0-18 Months)
2. Anal Stage (18 Months-3 Years)
3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
4. Latency Stage (6-11 Years)
5. Genital Stage (11 Years on)

DANZEN D. BOLIVAR, RCRIM

Criminology Instructor