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Design of An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle For Ecologica
Design of An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle For Ecologica
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Simon Bolívar University
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Elsa M. Cárdenas *
Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica de Fuerza Armada, Caracas, 1060, Venezuela
and
Carlos D. Velásquez §
Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica de Fuerza Armada, Maracay, Venezuela
The exploitation of petroleum can cause serious environment problems when oil leakages
occur on the marine or lake surfaces. The constant vigilance over exploitation areas helps to
minimize the adverse impact of such accidents by means of early detection. This article deals
with the activities carried out at present in order to create an unmanned aerial vehicle
designed to patrol the petroleum exploitation zones. Among these activities the preliminary
design of the aircraft, the structural design of a prototype capable of accomplishing the
assigned mission, and the aerodynamic optimization of such a design, are worth mentioning.
A monoplane airplane, twin-boom configuration airplane, with a partially metallic structure
was designed. The aerodynamic optimization process was realized applying theoretical and
experimental methods. In conclusion, the designed vehicle will prove to be satisfactory for
the mission for which it was created, and to be used as a tool for future research.
Nomenclature
CL = Lift Coefficient
CL/CD = Aerodynamic efficiency
MAV Micro Aerial Vehicle
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UCAV Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle
I. Introduction
I T is a well known fact that, in recent years, advanced technology has been applied to the development of aircraft
able to operate without crew, under extreme or limiting conditions for the human being. The use of this
technology has become essential in many countries around the world, where such vehicles are customized and
equipped to carry out specific missions, for instance: aerial surveillance, fumigation of large crop fields,
measurement of atmospheric conditions, among other.
In Venezuela, nowadays, there are certain activities in which an unmanned aerial vehicle system would reduce
operative and maintenance costs, such as environment protection, mainly focused in the detection of petroleum
spillage in offshore facilities. Specifically, the petroleum exploitation in the Lake of Maracaibo basin has been a
source of pollution since the exploitation activities were initiated in the zone. For this reason, Petroleos de
Venezuela, S.A. the state owned petroleum company, maintains an aerial surveillance, which is carried out by means
of manned helicopters, for the early detection of oil leakages from exploitation derricks, oil transporting pipelines
*
Instructor Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, 1060, Chuao.
†
Research Graduate Student, Direction of Investigation, 1080, Valle de Sartenejas, AIAA Student Member.
‡
Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Technology, 1080, Valle de Sartenejas.
§
Undergraduate Student, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Boca de Río.
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and other facilities. These can only operate during day time and under good climatic conditions, and their activity is
relatively expensive.
Based on these facts, the need to achieve the complete design of an unmanned aerial vehicle to carry out
ecological conservation missions, day and night, in almost any atmospheric condition, having as first aim the
construction of an early prototype airplane, capable of complying with the expected flight performance, without
advanced electronic devices and, later, the design and development of control, navigation, guidance and positioning
systems needed by the vehicle to carry out the required missions autonomously.
The objective of this paper is to show the activities developed for the design of the Unmanned Airplane for
Ecological Conservation, ANCE, (for its Spanish name). The project was initiated in the year 2002 with the
preliminary design of the aircraft,1 as part of a joint project carried out between Universidad Nacional Experimental
Politécnica de la Fuerza Armada (UNEFA,) and the Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB). Until now the structural
design for a prototype at full scale and an aerodynamic optimization process has been accomplished
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As graphically shown in Fig. 3, this airplane should be able to take-off from a short asphalt airstrip, or from a
roughly prepared grass or sand airstrip, to climb in a spiral flight to an optimum altitude of 2500 m required by its
mission, which allows it to have a large visual range, to carry out the surveillance in petroleum extraction areas, over
towers, derricks, crude oil transporting pipelines and other similar facilities, for approximately 3 hour time periods.
The camera equipped with an infrared sensor should be able to detect polluting substances on the water from the
flight altitude, which will be possible to be observed by the ground staff in real time, allowing them to take the
corresponding measures immediately. The aircraft shall then land on an airstrip and be made ready for its next
mission.
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The powerplant support , being a complex reticular type structure, which in addition, is subject to a wide range
of special loads, such as the gyroscopic loads of the propeller shaft, is designed based on the theory of statically
indeterminate structures and virtual work methods, using in addition numerical computation methods to solve the
multiple unknown variables. Tables 3-6 show the results obtained, and Fig. 4 shows the resulting structural
configuration.
V. Conclusion
This paper presents an overview of the critical features of the ANCE development program to date. By means of
an analytical and statistical study a versatile design was obtained, which is expected to comply appropriately with its
mission. The obtained structural design gives a preliminary configuration that satisfies the initial requirements,
which however could be subject to later modifications to improve performance. The drag cleanup process, carried
out using tools such as theoretical analysis and wind tunnel testing, derived in successive improvements to reach a
sufficiently efficient version, capable of carrying out the mission.
Finally, the vehicle is expected to be a very valuable tool, both to be used as test bench for advanced research
studies as well as for the specific tasks for which it was conceived.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of Direction of Investigation, Universidad Simon Bolivar,
Caracas, and FUNDACITE Aragua, Maracay, both in Venezuela.
We also thank to Prof. Eng. Ganimeh Diaz, from Department of Aeronautical Engineering of Universidad
Nacional Experimental Politécnica de la Fuerza Armada, Maracay, for allowing the use of the aerodynamic
laboratory facilities.
References
1
Boschetti, P. and Cárdenas, E., “Diseño de un Avión no Tripulado de Conservación Ecológica,” Theses, Department of
Aeronautical Engineering, Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica de la Fuerza Armada, Maracay, Venezuela, 2003.
2
Salmerón, R., and Salvatore, M., “Diseño de un Blanco Aéreo para Evaluar los Sistemas Automáticos de Tiro de las
Fragatas Tipo ‘Mariscal Sucre’,” Theses, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Instituto Universitario Politécnico de la
Fuerza Armada Nacional, Maracay,Venezuela, 1987.
3
Wallops Flight Facility - Unmanned Aerial Vehicles web site, “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Web Site,” [online database],
URL: http://uav.wff.nasa.gov/Main.cfm [cited 21 October 2002].
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4
Nelson, R. C., “Static Stability and Control,” Flight Stability and Automatic Control, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, Boston, IL,
1998, Chapter 2.
5
Ordoñez, C., Aerodinámica, tomo IV, edited by UTEHA, México D.F., 1963, pp. 278-369.
6
Bruhn, E.F, Analysis Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, 2nd ed.,. S.R. Jacobs & Associates, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, 1973,
Chapters A, B, D.
7
Niu, M. C-Y., Airframe Structural Design, 2nd ed., Hong Kong Conmilit Press LTD., Victoria, Hong Kong, 1999, Chapters
3-11,14,16.
8
Peery, D., Aircraft Structures, edited by Mc Graw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1950, Chapters 1-17.
9
The Federal Aviation Administration, “Part 23 - Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter
Category Airplanes,” Federal Aviation Regulations [online database], URL:
http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgFAR.nsf/MainFrame?OpenFrameSet [cited November 2004].
10
Shigley, J. and Mischke, Ch., Diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica, 5th ed., Mc Graw-Hill / Interamericana de México, S.A. de
C.V. México D.F., 2001, Chapters 1-3,5,6,8,9,18.
11
Bushnell, B. M., “Aircraft Drag Reduction – a review,” Journal of Aerospace Engineer, Vol. 217, No 1, 2003, pp. 1-18.
12
Coe, P., “Review of Drag Cleanup Test in Langley Full – Scale Tunnel (from 1935 to 1945) Applicable to Current General
Aviation Airplanes,” NASA TN D-8206, Jun. 1976.
13
Phillips, W. F., Fugal, S. R. and Spall, R., “Minimizing Induced Drag with Geometric and Aerodynamic Twist, CFD
Validation,” AIAA Paper 2005-1034, Jan. 2005.
14
Prandtl, L., “Applications of Modern Hydrodynamics to the Aeronautics,” NACA TR-116, 1921.
15
Hoerner, S. F. Résistance á L’avancement dans les Fluides, edited by Gauthier Villars Editeurs, Paris, France, 1965,
Chapter XIV.
16
Rae, W. H., and Pope, A., Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing,2nd ed, edited by Wiley Interscince Publication, New York,
1984, pp. 198-205, 419-424, 457-464.
17
Boschetti, P. J., Cárdenas, E. M., and Amerio, A., “Aerodynamic Optimization of an UAV Design,” AIAA Paper 2005-
7399, Sep. 2005.
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Table 1 Static Stability.
Longitudinal Stability
Pitching moment of wing -0.00486
Pitching moment of tail -0.145715
Pitching moment of fuselage 0.0813565
Pitching moment of airplane -0.10007
Directional Stability
Yawing moment of interaction wing – fuselage -0.01881
Yawing moment of tail 0.01969118
Roll Stability
Rolling moment -0.0004
Roll control moment -0.00153302
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Table 4 Fuselage design results.
Frame Main spar Stiffeners Skin maximum
Station, m
thickness, m thickness, m thickness, m thickness, m
0 0.00127 0.0004064 0.00127 0.0008128
0.34 0.0002032 0.0004064 0.00127 0.0018034
0.71 0.0002032 0.0004064 0.00127 0.002032
1.12 0.002286 0.0004064 0.00127 0.0039624
1.505 0.015875 0.0004064 0.00127 0.0028448
1.735 0.0127 0.0004064 0.00127 0.0004064
1.825 0.00635 0.0004064 0.00127 0.0006096
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Figure 1: Port side and front side views of the ANCE versions a) X-0, b) X-1, c) X-2, and d) X-3.
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Figure 3: General outline of the mission of ANCE.
Figure 4: General view of the internal structure components of ANCE X-1 and subsequent versions,
generated by CAD tools.
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Figure 6: General view of ANCE X-3, generated by
Figure 5: Wind tunnel model in the test section. CAD tools.
Figure 7: Lift coefficient as a function of angle of Figure 8: Lift coefficient as a function of drag
attack of different version of ANCE. coefficient of different version of ANCE.
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