Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Inverter-Solar IT Report
Inverter-Solar IT Report
Inverter-Solar IT Report
net/publication/349991735
CITATIONS READS
0 1,548
1 author:
Fagorola Eniitan
Federal University Oye-Ekiti
2 PUBLICATIONS 1 CITATION
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ARDUINO BASED HOME AUTOMATED SYSTEM USING BLUETOOTH AND AN ANDROID APP View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Fagorola Eniitan on 11 March 2021.
UNDERTAKEN AT
APRIL, 2019.
1|Page
DEDICATION
I dedicate this write up to Almighty God who made this program a success for me and my
lovely parents for their support and words of encouragement rendered to me during my industrial
training. Also, the entire staff of Magzonik Inverter and Solar Co. Limited for accepting me with
arms wide open undoubtedly. May God bless and reward you all Amen.
2|Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To God be the glory for allowing me through a very successful training. I will like to
appreciate and acknowledge my industry based supervisor, Engr Dauda Tijani Ahmed for taking
his time in explaining everything I found difficult to understand throughout my training. I specially
appreciate the field engineer, and all staffs of Magzonik Inverter and Solar Co. Limited, also to all
my institution lecturers in the department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. I will like to
specially appreciate my parent for their Love, kindness and disciplinary support. I thank God for
the lives of my friends and fellow IT students for helping me through a stress free industrial
Training.
3|Page
ABSTRACT
One of the major advantages of the “The Student Work Experience Scheme” is to expose
students to life in the industries. I had my industrial training experience at Magzonik Inverter and
Solar Co. Limited. This report highlights the major experiences that I acquired during the period of
the industrial exposure at all the Department and unit, I participated in the production of inverter,
Installation of inverter, production of solar streetlight, Maintenance of Battery Banks, house wiring.
Every chapters explained the experience gathered at the company of my placement.
Some of the challenges I was confronted with include marrying theory with practical which is often
not evident at times. This situation led me to make personal research on the internet, personal
contacts and others. At the end of the training I look back with satisfaction having acquired so much
experience.
4|Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………………...……1
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................................. 3
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... 5
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 7
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 8
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 8
1.1 ABOUT INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (ITF)........................................................ 8
1.2 ABOUT STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE (SIWES) ...................... 8
1.2.1 OBJECTIVE OF SIWES ............................................................................................. 8
1.3.0 COMPANY PROFILE ............................................................................................. 9
1.3.1 MAGZONIK INVERTER AND SOLAR CO. LIMITED .................................... 9
1.3.2 SOME OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY......................................... 9
1.3.3 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART .................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 11
2.0 AREAS OF EXPERIENCE........................................................................................... 11
2.1 POWER INVERTER..................................................................................................... 11
2.2 INVERTER PRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 14
2.2.1 THE TRANSFORMER .......................................................................................... 15
2.2.2 TRANSFORMER DESIGN CORE ...................................................................... 15
2.2.3 TRANSFORMER WINDING PROCESS ............................................................ 17
2.2.4 CALCULATION USED IN DESIGNING POWER INVERTER
TRANSFORMER ................................................................................................................. 17
2.2.5 MAKING OF BOBBIN/FORMER ....................................................................... 21
2.2.6 WINDING OF THE COPPER COIL ................................................................... 21
2.2.7 TESTING OF THE WOUND TRANSFORMER................................................ 22
2.3 THE OSCILLATOR AND DRIVER UNIT ................................................................ 22
2.3.1 DRIVER SECTION ................................................................................................ 23
2.4 INVERTER AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH (CONTROL UNIT)................ 25
2.5 PRODUCTION OF PACKING CASING ................................................................... 25
2.5.1 PRIMING ................................................................................................................ 25
2.5.2 BASE SMOOTHING.............................................................................................. 26
5|Page
2.5.3 AUTOBASE PAINTING........................................................................................ 26
2.6 INSTALLATION PROCESS ........................................................................................ 27
2.7 MAINTENANCE, SAFETY AND PRECAUTION .................................................... 27
2.8 SOLAR PANELS, INSTALLATION AND SOLAR STREET LIGHT ................... 28
2.9 SOLAR PANEL ............................................................................................................. 28
2.9.1 TYPES OF SOLAR PANEL .................................................................................. 28
2.9.2 IMPORTANT FACTOR CONSIDERED WHEN INSTALLING SOLAR
PANEL. .................................................................................................................................. 29
2.9.3 INSTALLATION OF SOLAR PANEL ................................................................ 29
2.10.1 SOLAR POWERED STREET LIGHT .................................................................... 31
2.10.2 PRODUCTION OF SOLAR STREET LIGHT ................................................... 31
2.10.3 CHARGE CONTROLLER ................................................................................... 32
2.10.4 MOLDING OF THE BASEMENT FOR THE STREETLIGHT POLES ....... 33
2.10.5 INSTALLATION OF THE SOLAR POWERED STREET LIGHT ................ 34
2.11 STORAGE (BATTERIES) ........................................................................................ 35
2.11.1 TYPES OF BATTERIES ........................................................................................... 35
2.11.2 VRLA: -……………………………………………………………...……………40
2.11.3 FLOODED BATTERIES (AIR VENTED) ......................................................... 35
2.11.5 VARIOUS CONNECTION OF BATTERIES ..................................................... 36
2.11.6 VARIOUS APPLICATION OF BATTERY ........................................................... 37
2.11.7 REVIVING OF FLOODED BATTERIES.............................................................. 38
2.11.8 HYDROMETER .................................................................................................... 38
2.11.9 PROCESS OF REVIVING A FLOODED BATTERY ....................................... 40
2.11.10 TESTING OF BATTERIES .................................................................................. 40
2.11.11 BATTERY RACK .................................................................................................. 41
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 42
3.0 CHALLENGES/PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND THEIR SOLUTIONS .......... 42
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 43
4.0 APPRAISAL, RELEVANCE TO EEE DISCIPLINE, & CONCLUSION .................. 43
4.1 APPRAISAL AND CONCLUSION: - ......................................................................... 43
4.2 RECOMMENDATION: ................................................................................................ 44
4.3 RELEVANCE TO EEE DISCIPLINE: ............................................................................ 44
4.3 REFERENCES: ................................................................................................................. 45
6|Page
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: WIRE SWG AND CURRENT RATING .................................................................. 20
TABLE 2: SETTINGS DONE ON THE FINISHED PRODUCT ....................................................... 27
TABLE 3: VARIOUS APPLICATION OF BATTERY.................................................................. 38
7|Page
CHAPTER ONE
8|Page
It enables students of tertiary institutions to be exposed to the needed experience in
handling equipment and machinery that are not available in schools.
It gives firms the avenue to assess the quality of graduates of tertiary institutions both
practically and theoretically.
The scheme helps the students in building their communication skills with staffs at work
and in human inter-relationship.
It exposes students to work ethics in their chosen profession.
It gives students the opportunity to implement practical ideas gained from laboratories
in institutions to solve real life problems.
9|Page
1.3.3 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
10 | P a g e
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 AREAS OF EXPERIENCE
During the course of my industrial training I was involved, taught and exposed to the process
entails in the production of an inverter which include winding of transformer, building of different
circuitry, assembling, fabrication of the packaging casing etc. I was also taught how to handle the
different machines use in the fabrication of an inverter casing which includes drilling machine,
cutting machine, hacksaw, jig-saw, welding machine etc.
11 | P a g e
also rectify in other to charge the battery. A typical power inverter device or circuit requires a
relatively stable DC power source capable of supplying enough current in ampere-hour for the
intended power demands of the system. The input voltage depends on the design and purpose of
the inverter. Examples include: 12 V DC, for smaller consumer and commercial inverters that
typically run from a rechargeable 12 V lead acid battery or automotive electrical outlet. 24V DC,
36V DC and 48 V DC, which are common standards for home energy systems that I worked with.
The following are the designs specifications
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
The two dominant commercialized waveform types of inverters are modified sine wave and
sine wave. There are two basic designs for producing household plug-in voltage from a lower-
voltage DC source, the first of which uses a switching boost converter to produce a higher-voltage
DC and then converts to AC. The second method converts DC to AC at battery level and uses a low
frequency transformer to create the output voltage, the second method was the one used in our
production
o SINE WAVE:
A power inverter device which produces a multiple step sinusoidal AC waveform is referred
to as a sine wave inverter. To more clearly distinguish the inverters with outputs of much less
distortion than the modified sine wave (three step) inverter designs, where power inverter devices
12 | P a g e
substitute for standard line power, a sine wave output is desirable because many electrical products
are engineered to work best with a sine wave AC power source. The standard electric utility
provides a sine wave, typically with minor imperfections but sometimes with significant distortion.
Sine wave inverters with more than three steps in the wave output are more complex and have
significantly higher cost than a modified sine wave, Switch-mode power supply (SMPS) devices,
such as personal computers or DVD players, function on quality modified sine wave power. AC
motors directly operated on non-sinusoidal power may produce extra heat,
o MODIFIED SINE WAVE:
The modified sine wave output of such an inverter is the sum of two square waves one of
which is phase shifted 90 degrees relative to the other. The result is three level waveform with equal
intervals of zero volts; peak positive volts; zero volts; peak negative volts and then zero volts. This
sequence is repeated. The resultant wave very roughly resembles the shape of a sine wave. Most
inexpensive consumer power inverters produce a modified sine wave rather than a pure sine wave.
The waveform in commercially available modified-sine-wave inverters resembles a square wave
but with a pause during the polarity reversal. When operating induction motors, voltage harmonics
are usually not of concern; however, harmonic distortion in the current waveform introduces
additional heating. Numerous items of electric equipment will operate quite well on modified sine
wave power inverter devices, especially loads that are resistive in nature such as traditional
incandescent light bulbs. Items with a switch-mode power supply operate almost entirely without
problems, but if the item has a mains transformer, this can overheat depending on how marginally
it is rated. However, the inductive loads may operate less efficiently owing to the harmonics
associated with a modified sine wave and produce a humming noise during operation.
OUTPUT FREQUENCY
The AC output frequency of a power inverter device is usually the same as standard power line
frequency, 50 hertz
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
The AC output voltage of a power inverter is often regulated to be the same as the grid line voltage,
typically 220 VAC at the distribution level, even when there are changes in the load that the inverter
is driving. This allows the inverter to power numerous devices designed for standard line power.
OUTPUT POWER
13 | P a g e
A power inverter will often have an overall power rating expressed in voltage ampere{VA} or kilo
voltage ampere {KVA} This describes the power that will be available to the device the inverter is
driving and, indirectly, the power that will be needed from the DC source.
BATTERIES
The runtime of an inverter powered by batteries is dependent on the battery power and the amount
of power being drawn from the inverter at a given time. As the amount of equipment using the
inverter increases, the runtime will decrease. In order to prolong the runtime of an inverter,
additional batteries can be added to the inverter. When attempting to add more batteries to an
inverter, there are two basic options for installation: this will be further discuss
14 | P a g e
2.2.1 THE TRANSFORMER
Transformer is an inductively coupled circuit used for transmitting alternating
current energy, it is used in power electronics applications normally serve to provide isolation from
the input mains and to reduce voltage stress on switching components by more closely matching
the operating voltage to the switch voltage ratings, during my industrial training, the center-tapped
transformer (usually called two anode transformer) was used for modified sine wave inverter
configuration, which is common in our production due to it cheap and non-complex setup. The
center-tapped transformer used in powering the inverter serves as a step-up transformer. The
number of turns on the primary winding is different from that of Secondary winding. The primary
and secondary windings of conventional transformer for electronic application are wound on
tubular bobbin usually called former (insulated spool that serves as a support for the coil) made of
plastic or fiber material. The wound bobbins(former) are then enclosed by iron or steel cores in the
shape of figure start of “E” and “I” shaped laminated metal sheets, assembled through and round
the wound bobbins. The laminations are then clamped down to form a rigid assembly; the
transformers have insulator paper shrouds to insulate the windings from each other and from the
core. Both primary and secondary windings are wound on the same bobbin.
2.2.2 TRANSFORMER DESIGN CORE
15 | P a g e
The two most common and basic designs of transformer construction are the Closed-core
Transformer and the Shell-core Transformer. In the “closed-core” type (core form) transformer, the
primary and secondary windings are wound outside and surround the core ring. In the “shell type”
(shell form) transformer, the primary and secondary windings pass inside the steel magnetic circuit
(core) which forms a shell around the windings as shown below.
During my training the shell-type construction was the one use in winding the inverter
transformer. Shell type transformer cores overcome leakage flux as both the primary and secondary
windings are wound on the same center leg or limb which has twice the cross-sectional area of the
two outer limbs. The advantage here is that the magnetic flux has two closed magnetic paths to flow
around external to the coils on both left and right hand sides before returning back to the central
coils. This means that the magnetic flux circulating around the outer limbs of this type of
transformer construction is equal to Φ/2. As the magnetic flux has a closed path around the coils,
this has the advantage of decreasing core losses and increasing overall efficiency.
Figure 6: different laminations size Figure 7: pictorial of the arranged E & I lamina
16 | P a g e
Figure 8:center-tapped transformer Figure 9:completely wound transformer
2.2.3 TRANSFORMER WINDING PROCESS
A transformer works on AC signals; it cannot work on DC signals, as a DC signal does not
generate mutual inductance. A transformer consists of two coils, which are wound each on
laminated core. It is made up of primary and secondary sides respectively. There are two types of
coils; these are:
- Primary coil and
- Secondary coil.
The coil to which the AC supply is applied is called the primary coil/winding. The coil in
which Electromagnetic field (EMF) is induced and the output is taken is called secondary
coil/winding. The secondary coil can have one or more windings. In the transformer, electric energy
is transferred from one circuit to another circuit. During this transfer, the current and the voltage
can be changed, that is they can be increased or reduced. There is no direct electrical connection
between the primary and the secondary coil in a transformer. When AC current flows in the primary
coil, there is change in the magnetic flux generated in the primary coil with induced EMF which is
transferred to the secondary coil. The voltage generated in the secondary coil depends on the ratio
between the number of turns in the primary coil and number of turns in the secondary coil.
2.2.4 CALCULATION USED IN DESIGNING POWER INVERTER TRANSFORMER
In a transformer, the relationship between voltage, current and number of turns in the coils
is given by: -
= =
17 | P a g e
Where:
Taking a 2KVA 12V-0-12V center-tapped inverter transformer as a case study for my write up,
Taking the magnetic flux density to be 1.4Tesla (assumed value) constant of proportionality (K) =
1.0,
The power Rating for the Inverter transformer (KVA) =2.0KVA, E2=12V
Then Input rating =output /Efficiency=2000VA×0.80=1600VA (this value will also be used to
18 | P a g e
(b) Net Core Area Ai= =4,549.5mm2
.
.
Ai= 0.9Ag (stacking factor = 0.9) ,Ag = = 5,055
.
Primary turns N1 = = = 9 turns (7) this will be double because the transformer is center-
.
tapped
Since the winding is wound twice on the primary side for both halves of the switching period,
kva rating
Secondary Current I2 = = =9.09
input voltage
19 | P a g e
The table below is used to choose the conductor size of the coil using the ampere of the individual
winding
20 | P a g e
The table above is being followed when considering the maximum burst current for a short period
of time, the table is also helpful when testing a transformer that is the secondary winding of the
transformer has a higher resistance, more number of turns and it wire gauge is smaller whereas
the primary winding of the transformer has a lower resistance, few number of turns and it wire
gauge is bigger because the current drawn from the battery is higher
2.2.5 MAKING OF BOBBIN/FORMER
21 | P a g e
The copper coil is manually tensioned and wound round the bobbin/former, a liquid varnish (chilak)
is poured into the wound coil to make it stick together and also help to filled air space that cause
vibration when the transformer is loaded, thereafter the two coil are separate with an insulator paper
The iron sheet laminations are then arranged into the wound bobbin
2.2.7 TESTING OF THE WOUND TRANSFORMER
The following are checked when testing a wound transformer
1. Winding Resistance: -
Winding resistance can be represented by the resistances of the copper coil used in the
windings, R1 and R2 for primary and secondary, respectively. This can be tested using the
ohmmeter on the digital multimeter.
2. Winding voltage: -
The transformer’s secondary terminal is connected to a 220VAC and the output voltage at
the primary terminal is measured using a voltage meter, this will give a 12VAC range for a 12volt
inverter ,24volt range for a 24volt inverter and 48volt range for a 48volt inverter, this depends on
the size of the lamination and copper coil that was used
22 | P a g e
The oscillator and driver unit are assembly on a ready-made printed circuit board. The components
datasheet plays an important role in identifying the various component that can be use and their
characteristics The oscillator uses an SG3524 with other component to generate the 50Hz
frequency required to generate AC supply by the inverter.
2.3.1 DRIVER SECTION
Mosfet drive signal from pins of the SG3524 are coupled to base of transistors. This result in the
separation of the signal into two different channels and an amplification of the signal to a sufficient
output level from the transistors collector. The resulting MOSFET drive signal at collector is
coupled to the gate of each MOSFET in the first and second MOSFET channels respectively. The
driver section made up of the MOSFETS AND RESISTORS are incorporated with the oscillator
on the printed circuit board . Heat sinks are attached to the back of the of the driver unit
23 | P a g e
The capacity of an inverter is a function of:
The type and number of power MOSFETs used
The size and capacity of the power transformer used for AC Power Supply
The driver unit configuration consists of an array of MOSFETs connected in parallel. The MOSFET
commonly used by the company in the driver design has its path number as IRFP260N, IRFP250.
the following datasheet parameters is for IFRP250:
- Current rating = 39A
- Voltage rating = 100V
- Power factor (pF) = 0.75
- Power rating = 190W
The Total number of MOSFET is given by:
Number of MOSFETSs = Actual Power of the design/ Power rating of the MOSFET:
That is; 1500/190 = 7.89 Hence, 8 MOSFETs were used; with 4 on each parallel channel, boosting
the current to drive the transformer.
24 | P a g e
2.4 INVERTER AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH (CONTROL UNIT)
the control unit function as the medium or controller that tells the inverter what to do at a
point in time. The control unit consist of the following circuitry for
1. Low battery
2. Overload
3. Mains detector
4. Automatic change over.
25 | P a g e
2.5.2 BASE SMOOTHING
Base smoothing is the process of smoothing the surface of the primed metal work, this is done by
using a silicone paper and water.
This make the surface to be smoothed before laying the auto base paint
2.5.3 AUTOBASE PAINTING
After finish assembling of the product the following setting are done on the inverter
26 | P a g e
Inverter output voltage 220volts
Inverter frequency 50Hz
Minimum battery voltage 10.0volts
Minimum A.C. input voltage 180V
Maximum A.C. input voltage 250V-
Table 2: settings done on the finished product
27 | P a g e
2.8 SOLAR PANELS, INSTALLATION AND SOLAR STREET LIGHT
2.9 SOLAR PANEL
28 | P a g e
1. The system is connected to the utility grids and has battery storage to provide the power
need for consumption.
2. The system is connected to a battery storage to provide emergency power back up.
Solar panel installation accessories include
1. Aluminium solar rack
2. Bot and nut
3. Nail
4. Connecting wires
5. Binding wire
2.9.2 IMPORTANT FACTOR CONSIDERED WHEN INSTALLING SOLAR PANEL
The following factor are considered before installing a solar panel are as follows
1. Location: - when installing the solar panel, it must not face the direction of either sunrise
or sunset, in order to achieve an optimized energy, form the solar panel, therefore the solar
panel must face the direction of the sun path
2. Seasons: - solar panels receive more direct ultra-violet ray of the sunlight during the
summer (dry season) than in the rainy season even though the panel was often set to the
latitude of an angle equal to the latitude
3. Climate: - solar arrays are most efficient in the brightest day. Direct sunlight efficiency can
dramatically be reducing if the sky is overcast
4. Obstacle or shade: - anything that blocks the sunlight from falling on the solar panel will
reduce the efficiency of the array, which include shadows from nearest building, tree
branches, leaves, dust and other debris
2.9.3 INSTALLATION OF SOLAR PANEL
The azimuth angle of the square solar cells is the angle of south direction and Vertical plane of the
square, which is the direction during installation of the solar panels. In general, efficiency of the
solar cell is highest when the square faces south (i.e. azimuth angle of 0 °). The declining angle is
the angle between the surface of the solar cell and the horizontal plane which is the best declining
angle that the square can make the maximum generating capacity per year. The optimum declining
angle is related to the local latitude and with the raise of the latitude, the inclination will also
increase.
29 | P a g e
.
30 | P a g e
2.10.1 SOLAR POWERED STREET LIGHT
31 | P a g e
which is finally stored in the battery. When the light intensity reduced to about 10 lx during night
and open circuit voltage of the solar panels reaches at a certain value, the controller has detected
voltage value and then act, the Battery offer the energy to the LED light to drive the LED. the LED
emits visible light at a certain direction. Battery discharges after certain time passes, the charge and
discharge controller will act again to end the discharging of the battery in order to prepare next
charging or discharging again A good LED street lighting system is characterized with high
efficiency, energy-saving, long-life, high color rendering index and environmental protection,
which not only has a great significance on energy-saving of the city lighting
The following basic requirements on a qualified solar LED street light system shall meet during
design process:
(1) Learn general information of the meteorological conditions in the area.
(2) Select the cost-effective solar panel, the controller, the battery and a series of components.
(3) Adopt effective measures to protect the system.
The system consists of:
(1) Solar panel
(2) LED lamps
(3) Light pole
(4) Control box (charger controller, battery
(5) wires and cables
2.10.3 CHARGE CONTROLLER
The charge controller is the intelligent core of the whole solar streetlight system and inverter
system, in the street light system the charge controller controls the entire system's normal operation
and automatically prevents the battery's overcharge, or over discharge. Its basic functions must also
have light control, time control and anti-reverse connection etc. The controller generally has a
simple measurement function.
Automatic switch of lamp
The LED lights automatically turn on in the evening and automatically turns off power
supply at dawn or certain time, this is the time control function of the controller. It should be noted
that: In the evening and dawn, the ambient light changes slowly, the brightness still varies during
this process. In general, we can add a delay circuit (A few minutes) in the light control circuit. Thus,
when the lights turn on or turn off, there will be no flicker phenomenon.
32 | P a g e
During design of the controller, such as Load Terminal Short-circuit Protection, Anti-
Lightning Protection, Battery Reverse Polarity Protection and other technical requirements are
also necessary selection of the solar street light battery
33 | P a g e
Figure 23: cross - section of fabrication of the solar streetlight
34 | P a g e
2.11 STORAGE (BATTERIES)
35 | P a g e
easy replacement
some of the available designs are even good for deep cycle application
excellent for working at extreme cold weather condition
2.11.5 VARIOUS CONNECTION OF BATTERIES
The runtime of an inverter powered by batteries is dependent on the battery power and the amount
of power being drawn from the inverter at a given time. As the amount of equipment using the
inverter increases, the runtime will decrease. In order to prolong the runtime of an inverter,
additional batteries can be added to the inverter. When attempting to add more batteries to an
inverter, there are three basic options for installation:
36 | P a g e
Three (3) major ways in which batteries are connected are: -
1) SERIES CONNECTIONS: - this is the type of connection in which the configuration of the
battery is added up in the end to end (positive terminal to negative terminal), Series
configuration If the goal is to increase the overall voltage of the inverter,
CYCLE USAGE: when a battery is being used as a power source on a regular basis and it is being
discharge and subsequently recharged the battery is considered to be in a cyclic use, this
determining factor in the life of this battery is the number of charge and discharge cycles that can
be completed. In t cyclical application of battery up to 1,000 charge and discharge cycle can be
expected depending on the average depth of discharge (DOD)
STANDBY USAGE: standby usage is meant to act as an emergency power source where the main
power source has failed due to some reason. consequently, standby batteries are always keep fully
charge so that they can serve as reserve. In standby use of battery, the battery is expected to last
longer than a cycle use battery, during my training, most of the inverter installation I was involved
in are either based on cyclic usage or standby usage, depending on the client, also all cyclic usage
is integrated with solar based system, which help to compensate the inverter system during the day
time
37 | P a g e
The Table Below Shows Various Application of Battery
38 | P a g e
Figure 26: an hydrometer
The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer correlates
to relative density and this point is used to determine or measure of its state of charge, this help to
test to quality of the sulphuric acid in a flooded
The hydrometer makes use of Archimedes principle: a solid suspended in a fluid is buoyed
by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the submerged part of the suspended solid ,
the lower the density of the fluid ,the deeper a hydrometer of a given weight sinks the stem is
calibrated to give a numerical reading
39 | P a g e
Figure 27: inner view of an hydrometer
40 | P a g e
The battery to be tested must be well charge and left for up to 12hrs before using a battery load
tester to test it, the battery load tester work by powering a heating element in the tester, this drawn
a lot of ampere from the battery, these depend on the rating of the battery load tester and the testing
period must not be more be than 60 seconds
41 | P a g e
CHAPTER THREE
o HEIGHT
During the installation of solar panels, some of the installation were done at higher
height to the ground level, this bring about the use of safety devices such as safety belt and
ropes
42 | P a g e
CHAPTER FOUR
43 | P a g e
4.2 RECOMMENDATION:
In view of my experience during my industrial training, the following recommendations
are made to the students, university, industrial training fund (I.T.F) and the companies:
Students should personally ensure that they get a good placement for the program in time
to commence and gain the best from the six-months.
Students should make sure that the entire period for the attachment is completed before
bowing out of the program.
Also, student should have a focused mind and interest as it will help them get the maximum
knowledge attainable from the company attached to.
Not all students have the opportunity of getting good industrial training placement, so the
university should ensure they establish good relationships with companies, firms and
organizations capable of assisting in the SIWES program on a yearly basis thereby helping
the less privileged students.
On the part of I.T.F, Student supervision should also be intensified to make the program
more effective.
The firms should ensure that a well-structured program for the period of training is spelt out
and be seriously adhered to, so that students can benefit.
Also, the firms should see their role in the program as one of contributing to the nation’s
educational system and not as a means of exploiting I.T students as cheap labor.
The relevance of the experience gained can be linked to the following courses:
o Electrical service design
o Renewable energy
o Power electronics
o Electromagnetic field and waves
44 | P a g e
4.3 REFERENCES:
www.wikipedia.com/power inverter
www.brighthubengineering.com/diy-electronics-devices/96783-designing-your-own-
transformer/
Magzonik inverter manual
Forrest, M. (2000). Getting Started in Electronics (2nd Edition).
www.datasheetcatalog .com
45 | P a g e