H E A T T R A N S F E R

HEAT TRANSFER

DR. NGUYEN NGOC HOANG

Dept. of Food & Biological Process & Equipment
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
ngochoang.ibft@gmail.com
mobile: 0904667684
 Course Objectives

1 HEAT TRANSFER PRINCIPLES

2 SPECIFIC BASIC HEAT TRANSFER CASES

3 BASIC HEAT EXCHANGER TYPES

4 HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN METHOD

 Course Objectives

5 REFRIGERATION PRINCIPLES

6 SINGLE STAGE CYCLE

7 TWO STAGE CYCLE

 b

Prescribed Textbook
Frank Kreith, Raj M. Manglik, Mark S. Bohn. Principles of Heat
Transfer. 7th ed. Singapore. Cengate Learning Inc., 2011
T. W. Fraser Russell, Anne S. Robinson, Norman J. Wagner, Mass
and heat transfer. New York, Cambrigde University Press, 2008
Reference Literature
[1] William S. Janna. Engineering Heat Transfer. 2nd ed. Boca Raton.
CRC, 2000
[2] John H. Lienhard. A Heat Transfer Textbook. 3rd ed.
Massachusetts. Plogiston, 2008
[3]. Purdue University Thermophysical Properties Research Center.
Thermophysical Properties of Matter. New York, NY: IFI/Plenum, 1970-
1979
[4]. Reid, R. C. The Properties of Gases and Liquids. 4th ed. New York,
NY: McGraw-Hill, 1987
LECTURE PRESENTATION
 HEAT TRANSFER

HOW
WHEN
WHAT
HEAT
TRANSFER
Text
WHAT
 WHAT IS HEAT TRANSFER?

Heat Transfer is the transmission of energy

in form of heat from one body or region to
another
 HEAT TRANSFER

HOW
HOW
WHEN
WHEN
WHAT
HEAT
TRANSFER
Text
WHAT
 WHEN DOES HEAT TRANSFER?

Second law of thermodynamics

Heat can flow from a higher temperature region to
a lower temperature region, but not the other way
around
The transmission of heat is from the
difference of temperature
higher temperature region to
is driving force of the transmission
the lower one
 Q&A

Definitely wrong
conclusion

touch to an ice piece

Does the heat
transfer from the
ice piece to the
feel cold hand???
 HEAT TRANSFER

HOW
HOW
WHEN
WHEN
WHAT
HEAT
TRANSFER
Text
WHAT
 Diagram

HEAT TRANSFER

1 2 3
CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION
 HOW DO HEAT TRANSFER?

There are three fundamental methods of heat

transfer
 HEAT MEASUREMENT

Dimensions are our Units are the means of

basic concepts of expressing dimensions
Heat transfer numerically, for
measurements
such as ….. instance...

Dimension Unit

Heat quantity Concept J, Btu

Heat transfer rate J/s, W, Btu/h

Heat flux J/m2, Btu/h.ft2

oC, oK, oF
Temperature
 HEAT MEASUREMENT

The heat quantity is proportional to mass of material, the

temperature difference and the specific heat capacity

Q=mCT (J)

Where:
The specific heat capacity of a material is the quantity of
heat needed to raise the temperature of a unit mass
through a unit degree (J/KgoK).
 HEAT MEASUREMENT

 Heat flow (or heat transfer rate) is heat quantity

transmitting per unit time

𝑄
𝑞= (W)
𝑡

 Heat flux is heat quantity transmitting through an unit

heat transfer area per unit time.

" 𝑄
𝑞 = (W/m2)
𝐴.𝑡
DEMENSIONS & UNITS
 Example

Problem: A 500-g copper coffee cup is filled with 200-g of coffee.

How much heat was required to heat cup and coffee from 20 to 960C?
Where the specific heat of copper Cm = 390 J/Kg Co and that of coffee
water Cw = 4186 J/Kg Co
Solution:
Total heat is that required to raise temperature of mug and coffee-water
().

QT = mccc t + mwcw t
Coffee-water: (0.20 kg)(4186 J/kgC0)(76 C0)

Copper cup: (0.50 kg)(390 J/kgC0)(76 C0)

QT = 63,600 J + 14,800 J
 CLASS PROBLEMS

Problem: A cylindrical resistor on a circuit board dissipates 0.6 W of power.

The diameter and length of the resistor are 0.4 cm and 1.5 cm respectively.
The amount of heat dissipated in 24 h and the heat flux are to be determined.
Assumes that heat is transferred uniformly from all surfaces

Solution:
The amount of heat this resistor dissipates during a 24-hour period is
Q  qt  (0.6 W)(24 h)  14.4 Wh = 51.84 kJ

The surface of the resistor (heat transfer area)

D 2  (0.4 cm) 2
As  2  DL  2   (0.4 cm)(1.5 cm)  0.251  1.885  2.136 cm 2
4 4
The heat flux on the surface of the resistor:

q 0.60 W
q 
"
  0.2809 W/cm 2

As 2.136 cm 2
 HEAT MEASUREMENT

Change of phase
The latent heat of fusion (hf) of a substance is the heat per
unit mass required to change the substance from the solid to the liquid
phase of its melting temperature.

hf =Q/m

The latent heat of vaporization (hv) of a substance is the heat

per unit mass required to change the substance from a liquid to a vapor
at its boiling temperature

hv =Q/m
 LATENT HEAT EXCHANGE

 Problem: What is the heat in Joules required to convert

25 grams of 0 °C ice into 0 °C water ?
heat of fusion of water = 334 J/g

Solution:
Heat required to convert 0 °C ice to 0 °C water
Use the formula q = m·hf
q = (25 g)x(334 J/g)
 Class problem

 Problem: What is the heat in Joules required to convert 25 grams of

-10 °C ice into 150 °C steam?
heat of fusion of water = 334 J/g; heat of vaporization of water = 2257 J/g
specific heat of ice = 2.09 J/g·°C; specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g·°C
specific heat of steam = 2.09 J/g·°C
 Solution:
The total energy required is the sum of the energy to heat the -10 °C ice to
0 °C ice, melting the 0 °C ice into 0 °C water, heating the water to 100 °C,
converting 100 °C water to 100 °C steam and heating the steam to 150 °C.
Step 1: Heat required to raise the temperature of ice from -10 °C to 0 °C.
Use the formula q = mcΔT
q = (25 g)x(2.09 J/g·°C)[(0 °C - -10 °C)]
Step 2: Heat required to convert 0 °C ice to 0 °C water
Use the formula q = m·hf
q = (25 g)x(334 J/g)
Step 3: Heat required to raise the temperature of 0 °C water to 100 °C water
q = (25 g)x(4.18 J/g·°C)[(100 °C - 0 °C)]
 LATENT HEAT EXCHANGE

 Problem: What is the heat in Joules required to convert 25 grams of

-10 °C ice into 150 °C steam?
heat of fusion of water = 334 J/g; heat of vaporization of water = 2257 J/g
specific heat of ice = 2.09 J/g·°C; specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g·°C
specific heat of steam = 2.09 J/g·°C
 Solution:
Step 4: Heat required to convert 100 °C water to 100 °C steam
q = m·ΔHv
q = (25 g)x(2257 J/g)
Step 5: Heat required to convert 100 °C steam to 150 °C steam
q = mcΔT
q = (25 g)x(2.09 J/g·°C)[(150 °C - 100 °C)]
Step 6: Find total heat energy
HeatTotal = HeatStep 1 + HeatStep 2 + HeatStep 3 + HeatStep 4 + HeatStep 5
HeatTotal = 522.5 J + 8350 J + 10450 J + 56425 J + 2612.5 J
HeatTotal = 78360 J
 CONDUCTION

WHAT IS HEAT CONDUCTION?

Heat is transferred by conduction within a body

or substance by direct molecular communication
WHAT IS CONDUCTION MECHANISM?

In solids, heat conduction is due to two effects:

- The lattice vibrational waves induced by the
vibrational motions of the molecules positioned at
relatively fixed positions in a periodic manner called a
lattice
- The energy transported via the free flow of electrons
in the solid
 CONDUCTION

The lattice vibrational waves?

- Every atom is physically bonded to its neighbours in

some way.
- If heat energy is supplied to one part of a solid, the
atoms vibrate faster.
- As they vibrate more, the bonds
Between atoms are shaken more.
- This passes vibrations on to the
next atom, and so on
The energy transported via the free electrons
 In metals, some of the electrons (often one per atom)
are not stuck to individual atoms but flow freely among
the atoms.
 Now if one end of a bar is hot, and the other is cold, the
electrons on the hot end have a little more thermal
energy- random jiggling- than the ones on the cold end.
 So as the electrons wander around, they carry energy
from the hot end to the cold end, which is another way of
saying they conduct heat.
 CONDUCTION

Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction

- Joseph Fourier developed the mathematical theory of

heat conduction in the nineteenth century
 CONDUCTION

Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction

The rate of heat flow, dQ/dt, through a homogeneous
solid is directly proportional to the area, A, of the section
at right angles to the direction of heat flow, and to the
temperature difference along the path of heat flow,
dT/dx, and to the thermal conductivity
 CONDUCTION

Thermal conductivity
is a material property that indicates the amount
of heat that will flow per unit time across an unit
area when the temperature gradient is unity
k (W/m)
 CONDUCTION

Thermal conductivity
 CONDUCTION

Thermal conductivity & temperature

- The thermal conductivity of pure
metals decrease when temperature
increase

- For non metals solids the

conductivity increases with
increase in temperature

- The thermal conductivities of

most liquids decrease with
increasing temperature, with water
being a notable exception

- The thermal conductivity of a gas

increases with increasing
temperature
 CONDUCTION

Thermal conductivity & temperature

. The relatively high thermal
conductivities of pure metals are
primarily due to the electronic
component.
- As the temperature increases, the
molecular vibrations increase (in
turn decreasing the mean free path of
molecules). So, they obstruct the flow
of free electrons, thus reducing the
conductivity.

- In case of non metals, there are no

free electrons. So, only the molecular
vibrations are responsible for
conduction of heat
 The thermal conductivity of pure metals decrease when
temperature increase over 200oK

Process Heat Transfer Principles and Applications - Robert W. Serth - Elsevier Science &
Technology Books
 Example

 Problem: The roof of an electrically heated home is 6 m long, 8 m

wide, and 0.25 m thick, and is made of a flat layer of concrete whose
thermal conductivity is k 0.8 W/m · °C. The temperatures of the
inner and the outer surfaces of the roof one night are measured to
be 15°C and 4°C, respectively, for a period of 10 hours. Determine
(a) the rate of heat loss through the roof that night and (b) the cost of
that heat loss to the home owner if the cost of electricity is
$0.08/kWh.
 Example

 Solution:
Assumptions : Steady operating conditions exist during the entire
night since the surface temperatures of the roof remain constant at the
specified values.
 The area of the roof is A = 6 m x 8 m = 48 m2,
 The heat transfer through the roof is

 The amount of heat lost through the roof during a 10-hour period

 The cost of the heat loss

 Class problem

Problem: A refrigerator consumes 600 W of power when operating, and its motor
remains on for 5 min and then off for 15 min periodically. Refrigerator has height of 1.8
m, width of 0.8 m and length of 1.2 m. the thickness of the refrigerator walls is 0.03m.
What is the average thermal conductivity of the refrigerator walls?
Assumptions 1 Quasi-steady operating conditions exist. 2 The inner and outer surface
temperatures of the refrigerator remain constant. The coefficient of performance (COP)
of the refrigerator is 2.5. The temperature difference between two side of the
refrigerator’s walls is constant and equal to 30oC.
Solution:
The total surface area of the refrigerator where heat transfer takes place is

Since the refrigerator has a COP of 2.5, the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated
space, which is equal to the rate of heat gain in steady operation, is

But the refrigerator operates a quarter of the time (5 min on, 15 min off). Therefore, the
average rate of heat gain is
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