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CHAPTER # 01 CLASS : XII

PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
“CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS”

Q: What is the meaning of classification of elements?

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ELEMENTS:
 The classification of the elements means:
o The elements which resembles each other in some respect are separate those elements which differ.
o The best classification is that which brings together elements which resemble one another in greater number of ways.

Q: State and explain the Law of Triad or Dobereiner’s Classification.

INTRODUCTION:
 Johann Dobereiner discovered that a group of three elements closely related in chemical properties.
 The group of three elements is known as ‘Triad’ and this classification is known as Law of Triad or Rule of Triad.
 He arranged the elements in the ascending order of their atomic weights.

STATEMENT:
 According to law of triad:
“Central atom of each group of triad had an atomic mass almost equal to arithmetical mean
of atomic masses of other two elements”
EXAMPLES:

TRIADS ATOMIC MASSES ARITHMETIC MEANS

Lithium 07 07 + 39
Sodium 23 = 23
Potassium 39 2
Chlorine 35.5 35.5 + 127
Bromine 80 = 81.25
Iodine 127 2
Calcium 40 40 + 137
Strontium 87 = 88.5
Barium 137 2

CONCLUSION:
 Law of triad cannot be extended to classification of all elements because it is true only in cases of very few elements.

Q: State the Law of Octaves or Newland’s Classification.

INTRODUCTION:
 The second classification of elements was proposed by an English chemist John Newland.
 He arranged the elements in the ascending order of their atomic weights.
 He called this regularity of elements as Law of Octaves.

STATEMENT:
 According to low of octaves:
“If elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic masses,
the eighth element starting from a given one, have similar properties as first one”

EXAMPLES:
NEWLAND’S ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS
Elements Li Be B C N O F
A. Mass 07 09 11 12 14 16 19
Elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
A. Mass 23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5
Elements K Ca
A .Mass 39 40

CONCLUSION:
 Sodium (Na) is eighth element from Lithium (Li) and has similar properties.
 Magnesium (Mg) is eighth element from Beryllium (Be) and has similar properties.

Q: Write down the advantages and disadvantages of law of octaves.

ADVANTAGES OF LAW OF OCTAVES:
 Provide a base for the classification of elements:
o It provides a base for classification of elements into groups of elements having similar properties.
 Provide an idea towards the modern periodic table:
o This law provided a great idea towards the development of modern periodic table.
 Term of periodicity:
o It explains term of periodicity: The repetition of chemical and physical properties at regular interval is called periodicity

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DISADVANTAGES OF LAW OF OCTAVES:

th
Superior only for the first 16 elements:
th th
o This law good for the first 16 elements but did not work after 17 element.
 Position of Hydrogen:
o Hydrogen was not included in this sequence.
 Position of noble gases:
o This law did not include noble gases and heavier elements.

Q: State and explain the Lother Meyer’s classification.

INTRODUCTION:
 Lother Meyer is a Germen chemist published an incomplete periodic table in a book in which they were arranged 56
elements on the basis of their atomic masses in VIII vertical columns or groups from I to VIII.

ATOMIC VOLUME:
 Lother Meyer calculated the atomic volumes of elements.
 The atomic volume of an element is the volume which would be occupied by 1 gram atomic weight (1 mole) of atoms
of element if it were a solid. Gram atomic weight
Atomic volume =
Density

OBSERVATION:
 He plotted a graph between atomic volumes of elements against their increasing atomic masses. This graph consists
of sharp peaks.
 He observed that: “Elements with similar physical properties occupied similar position in the curve”

EXAMPLE:
 The highly reactive alkali metals occupy the peaks of the curve there by showing that they have similar properties and
these elements have largest atomic volumes.

Q: State the Mendeleev’s classification.

INTRODUCTION:
 Mendeleev is a Russian chemist arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass.
 He observed that the properties of the elements repeated themselves at equal intervals.
 He proposed the law which is called Mendeleev’s Periodic Law.
 Mendeleev’s periodic table consists of 8 vertical columns called groups and 12 horizontal rows called periods.

STATEMENT:
 According to Mendeleev’s periodic law:
“The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic weights”

Q: Write down the advantages and disadvantages of Mendeleev’s periodic table.

ADVANTAGES OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE:
 It helped in systematic study of elements:
o There was a regular gradation in physical and chemical properties therefore it helped in systematic study of elements.
 Group number of an element:
o The group numbers of an element indicates the highest valence state it can make.
 Empty spaces:
o Mendeleev’s left many empty spaces in this periodic table for unknown elements.
 Correct the atomic masses:
o Mendeleev’s arrangement of elements helped to correct the atomic masses of elements.

DISADVANTAGES OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE:

 Order of the elements:
o The order of the elements according to atomic mass was reversed in certain cases.
 The structure of atoms:
o Mendeleev’s table does not give an idea of the structure of atoms.
 The position of isotopes:
o Mendeleev’s table does not give any indication about the position of isotopes.
 Change in the atomic masses:
o The change in the atomic masses of two successive elements is not constant.
 Position of Lanthanides and Actinides series:
o Position of Lanthanides & Actinides series have been assigned place in the periodic table which goes against the
periodic law.

Q: State the modern periodic law.

INTRODUCTION:
 The modern periodic table is the result of discovery of atomic number.
 Moseley succeeded to expose a relation between properties and atomic numbers of the elements.
 Based on the concept of atomic number Bohr, Werner and Bury proposed the Modern Periodic Law.
 The modern periodic table contains 7 horizontal rows called periods and 16 vertical columns called groups.
 Modern periodic table also known as Bohr’s Long form of Periodic Table.

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STATEMENT:
 According to Modern periodic law:
“The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic numbers”

CONCLUSION:
 The modern periodic law provided logical and scientific ground for the classification of elements.
 The modern periodic law also provided justification for correcting the position of some elements.
 In modern periodic table elements are arranged in order of their increasing atomic numbers.
 The elements having similar properties are repeated at regular intervals.

Q: Explain how Modern periodic law removed the defects of Mendeleev’s classification?
MODERN PERIODIC LAW REMOVED THE DEFECTS OF MENDELEEV’S CLASSIFICATION:
 Moseley succeeded to expose a relation between properties and atomic numbers of the elements.
 Based on the concept of atomic number Bohr, Werner and Bury proposed the Modern Periodic Law.
 Following are the some defects of Mendeleev’s periodic table which are removed by Modern periodic law:
1. The modern periodic law provided justification for correcting the position of some elements which are wrongly
placed in Mendeleev’s periodic table.
2. The problem of position of isotopes also solved since all the isotopes of the same elements have the same atomic
number, so they are given the same one place in the modern periodic table.
3. The problem of position of Lanthanides (Rare earth elements) and Actinides (Discovered after Mendeleev) are
solved by placing them separately at the bottom of the periodic table.
 These defects are removed only due to the arrangement of elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers.

Q: Why was the Mendeleev’s periodic law modified? Give at least two reasons
MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC LAW MODIFIED:
 Due to following reasons the Mendeleev’s periodic law modified:
1. Classification of elements
 Mendeleev’s periodic law cannot give any logical and scientific ground for the classification of elements.
2. Order of the elements:
 The order of the elements according to atomic mass was reversed in certain cases.
3. The structure of atoms:
 Mendeleev’s table does not give an idea of the structure of atoms.
4. The position of isotopes:
 Mendeleev’s table does not give any indication about the position of isotopes.
5. Change in the atomic masses:
 The change in the atomic masses of two successive elements is not constant.
6. Position of Lanthanides and Actinides series:
 Position of Lanthanides and Actinides series have been assigned place in the periodic table which goes against the
periodic law.

Q: Distinguish between Mendeleev’s periodic law and Modern periodic law.

MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC LAW MODERN PERIODIC LAW

The physical and chemical properties of elements are the
periodic function of their atomic weights.
This is depends upon atomic weights.
Mendeleev’s periodic law cannot give any logical and
scientific ground for the classification of elements.
Some elements are wrongly placed in Mendeleev’s
periodic table.
This law cannot give any justification of representation of
the transition elements in same group.
The physical and chemical properties of elements are the
periodic function of their atomic numbers.
This law is depends upon atomic numbers.
Modern periodic law provided logical and scientific ground
for the classification of elements
Modern periodic law provided justification for correcting
the position of some elements which are wrongly placed
in Mendeleev’s periodic table.
This law gives the justification of representation of the
transition elements in same group.

“LONG FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE”

Q: Discus the long form of periodic table on the basis of electronic configuration
Q: Write down the properties of short and long periods.
LONG FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE ON THE BASIS OF ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION:
 The electronic configuration of elements provided a fundamental basis to the classification of elements.
 Properties of elements change in a periodic manner as the atomic number increase from one inert gas to the next
higher inert gas.
 The basic concept of Aufbau principle of building up of electronic shells is that:
“Every electron goes to the lowest energy level available”
 The energy sequence of orbital is: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p.
 The periodicity of elements is closely related with this sequence of energy levels.
 The tabular arrangement of elements which follow the Aufbau principle is called Long form of periodic table.
 Periodic table is built up as follows on the basis of electronic configuration:

THE FIRST PERIOD:

 The first period contains only 02 elements.
 The first period contains 1 element of s – block and 1 element of p – block.

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 The first period starts from Hydrogen (H) and ends at Helium (He).

1 2
The first period starts with electronic configuration 1s and ends at 1s .
 The first period is the shortest period of the modern periodic table.
 The first period signify the filling up of K – shell.

THE SECOND PERIOD:

 The second period contains 08 elements.
 The second period contains 02 elements of s – block and 06 elements of p – block.
 The second period starts from Lithium (Li) and ends at Neon (Ne).

1 2 6
The second period starts with electronic configuration 2s and ends at 2s 2p .
 The second period is the short period of the modern periodic table.
 The second period signifies the filling up of L – shell.

THE THIRD PERIOD:

 The third period contains 08 elements.
 The third period contains 02 elements of s – block and 06 elements of p – block.
 The third period starts from Sodium (Na) an ends at Argon (Ar).

1 2 6
The third period starts with electronic configuration 3s and ends at 3s 3p .
 The third period is the short period of the modern periodic table.
 The third period signifies the filling up of M – shell.

THE FOURTH PERIOD:

 The fourth period contains 18 elements.
 The fourth period contains 02 elements of s – block, 06 elements of p – block and 10 elements of d – block
 The fourth period starts from Potassium (K) and ends at Krypton (Kr).

1 2 10 6
The fourth period starts with electronic configuration 4s and ends at 4s 3d 4p .
 The fourth period is the long period of the modern periodic table.
 The fourth period signifies the filling up of N – shell.

THE FIFTH PERIOD:

 The fifth period contains 18 elements.
 The fifth period contains 02 elements of s – block, 06 elements of p – block and 10 elements of d – block
 The fifth period starts from Rubidium (Rb) and ends at Xenon (Xe).

1 2 10 6
The fifth period starts with electronic configuration 5s and ends at 5s 4d 5p .
 The fifth period is the long period of the modern periodic table.
 The fifth period signifies the filling up of O – shell.

THE SIXTH PERIOD:

 The sixth period contains 32 elements.
 The sixth period contains 02 elements of s – block, 06 elements of p – block, 10 elements of d – block and 14
elements of f – block.
 The sixth period starts from Cesium (Cs) and ends at Radon (Rn).

1 2 14 10 6
The sixth period starts with electronic configuration 6s and ends at 6s 4f 5d 6p .
 The sixth period is the longest period of the modern periodic table.
 The sixth period includes a group of 14 elements called Lanthanides which placed at the bottom of periodic table.

THE SEVENTH PERIOD:

 The seventh period contains 32 elements.
 The sixth period contains 02 elements of s – block, 06 elements of p – block, 10 elements of d – block and 14
elements of f – block.
 The seventh period starts from Francium (Fr) and ends at Oganesson (Og)

1 2 14 10 6
The sixth period starts with electronic configuration 7s and ends at 7s 5f 6d 7p .
 The seventh period is also the longest period of the modern periodic table.
 The seventh period includes a group of 14 elements called Actinides which placed at the bottom of periodic table.

“PERIODS OF THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE”

Q: Define the term period. How many periods are there in modern periodic table?
PERIODS:
 The term of period define as: “The horizontal rows of elements in the modern periodic table are called Periods”
 There are seven periods in the modern periodic table.

Q: From which group a period starts and at which group a period ends?
 All periods except the 1 , start with an alkali metal (I – A) with 01 electron in their valence shell.
st

 All periods end with zero group (VIII – A) with valence shell having 8 electrons except Helium (He) which has only 2
electrons.

Q: What are the short and long periods in the modern periodic table?
SHORT AND LONG PERIODS:
 There are seven periods in the modern periodic table
 These 7 periods are divided into two groups according to length of periods or number of elements present in period:

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1. SHORT PERIODS:
 First, second and third periods are called Short periods.
 The first period contains only 02 elements. * The second period contains 08 elements.
 The third period also contains 08 elements.

2. LONG PERIODS:
 Fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh periods are called Long periods.
 The fourth period contains 18 elements. * The fifth period also contains 18 elements.
 The sixth period contains 32 elements. * The seventh period also contains 32 elements.

“GROUPS OF THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE”

Q: Define the term group.

GROUPS:
 The term of group define as: “The vertical columns of elements in the modern periodic table are called groups”
 Elements of a group have similar valence shell configuration therefore have similar properties.
 The group number indicates the total number of electrons in valence shell of that element.

Q: How many families are present in modern periodic table?

 Basically groups of modern periodic table divided into two families:

1. A – FAMILY:

th
A – Family is further sub – divided in to 8 groups. ( I – A to VIII – A )
 The elements of A – Family are called Main elements or Representative elements.
 The properties of these elements are represented by valence electrons.

2. B – FAMILY:

th
B – Family is further sub-divided in to 8 groups. ( I – B to VIII – B )
 The elements of B – Family are called Transition elements.
 The properties of these elements show a gradual change.

Q: Define transition elements. Write down the basic properties of transition elements.
TRANSITION ELEMENTS: (I – B to VIII – B Groups)
 Elements in group I – B, II – B, through VIII – B are known as the Transition Elements b/c they show their properties
which are transitional b/w highly reactive & strong electropositive elements
 Transition elements have incomplete inner electron shells.
 Transition elements have variable valences.
 Transition elements are metals.
 Transition elements are brittle and god conductor of heat and electricity.
 Transition elements have high melting points.
 The compounds of transition element have characteristic colour.
 Transition elements have an outstanding ability to form complex ions by co-ordination.
Q: Write down the valence shell electronic configuration of each group of modern periodic table.

GROUPS V.S.E.C GROUPS V.S.E.C

1 1 10
I–A ns I–B ns (n – 1) d
2 2 10
II – A ns II – B ns (n – 1) d
2 1 2 1
III – A ns np III – B ns (n – 1) d
2 2 2 2
IV – A ns np IV – B ns (n – 1) d
2 3 2 3
V–A ns np V–B ns (n – 1) d
2 4 1 5
VI – A ns np VI – B ns (n – 1) d
2 5 2 5
VII – A ns np VII – B ns (n – 1) d
2 6 2 6
VIII – A ns np VIII – B ns (n – 1) d

Q: Give the valence shell electronic configuration of the following:

NAME OF BLOCK VALENCE SHELL ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

1 2
s – block ns to ns
2 1 2 6
p – block ns np to ns np
2 1 2 10
d – block or Outer transition elements ns (n – 1) d to ns (n – 1) d
2 1 1 2 14 10
f – block or Inner transition elements ns (n – 2) f (n – 1) d to ns (n – 2) f (n – 1) d
1 2 2 1 2 6
Representative elements ns to ns and ns np to ns np
2 1 1 2 14 10
Lanthanides ns (n – 2) f (n – 1) d to ns (n – 2) f (n – 1) d
2 1 1 2 14 10
Actinides ns (n – 2) f (n – 1) d to ns (n – 2) f (n – 1) d

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“TYPES OF ELEMENTS BASED ON ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION”

Q: Explain the types of elements on the bases of electronic configuration.

TYPES OF ELEMENTS:
 The elements of the modern periodic table divided in to four types on the bases of electronic configuration:

1. THE NOBLE GASES:

 The noble gases are found at the end of each period in zero group or VIII – A group.

2 6
The valence shall electronic configuration of noble gases is ns np
 The noble gases are mono atomic in nature.
 The noble gases are live in gaseous state.
 The noble gases are colourless.
 The noble gases have no tendency to form compounds.
 The noble gases are mostly chemically non – reactive.
 The noble gases are diamagnetic.
 The noble gases are representing greater stability due to completely filled outer shell.
 Outer most shell of these elements is complete having 08 electrons except Helium.

2. REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS:
 All the elements of A – family of the periodic table are called Representative Elements.
 Representative elements consist of metals, non-metals and metalloids.
 Some of the Representative elements are paramagnetic and some are diamagnetic.
 Representative elements consist of s – block elements and p – block elements.

s – Block elements:
 The elements in which s – orbital are being progressively filled are called s – block elements.
 The elements of groups I – A and II – A are belong to s – block.

1 2
The valence shell configuration varies from ns to ns .
 They all are metals and electropositive in nature.

p – Block elements:
 The elements in which p – orbital are being progressively filled are called p - block elements.
 The elements of groups III – A, IV – A, V – A, VI – A, VII – A and VIII – A are belong to p – block.

2 1 2 6
The valence shell configuration varies from ns np to ns np .
 They consist of metals, non-metals and metalloids.

3. d – BLOCK ELEMENTS:
 The elements in which last electron enters d – orbital are called d – block elements.
 These elements are also called outer transition elements.

2 1 2 10
Valence shell configuration of these elements are ranges from ns (n – 1) d to ns (n –1) d
 They all are metals and electropositive in nature.
 There are four series of outer transition elements.

4. f – BLOCK ELEMENTS:
 The elements in which last electron enters f – orbital are called f – block elements.
 These elements are also called inner transition elements.

2 1 1 2 14 10
The valence shell configuration of these elements are ranges from ns (n – 2) f (n – 1) d to ns (n – 2) f (n – 1) d .
 They all are metals and electropositive in nature.
 There are two series of inner transition elements.

MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

Sub group – A Sub group – B

s – BLOCK P – BLOCK d – BLOCK f – BLOCK

I – A to II – A III – A to VIII – A I – B to VIII – B III – B

7 + 6 = 13 6x6 = 36+1 = 37 4 x 10 = 40 2 x 14 = 28

13 + 37 = 50 40 + 28 = 68

50 + 68 = 118

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS

NOTE: Attempt any TWO questions, Q # 01 is compulsory.

Q # 01: (a) What are the types of elements based on electronic configuration in the periodic table?
(b) State the modern periodic law. Explain how it removed the defects of Mendeleev’s system of classification?
(c) State Mendeleev’s periodic law. Why this law was modified?

Q # 02: (a) Explain how modern periodic table is divided into blocks. Also write general E.C of each block?
OR
Define Modern periodic law and discuss the different blocks in the modern periodic table.
(b) State the following with examples: 1. Dobereiner's law of Triads 2. Newland's law of Octaves
(c) Define Periodicity. Give the 4 advantages and 4 defects of Mendeleev’s periodic table.

Q # 03: (a) Give the position of elements in modern periodic table, bearing the atomic umbers: 11, 17, 29 and 49
(b) Give the V.S.E.C of: 1. I – A and I – B 2. V – A and V – B 3. VIII – A and VIII – B
(c) Give the valence shell electronic configuration of the following:
1. Zero group elements 2. Representative elements
3. Outer transition elements 4. Inner transition elements

Q # 04: (a) Write the E.C, group, period and block of elements with atomic number 24, 15, 20 and 47
(b) Give the V.S.E.C of: 1. II – A and II – B 2. IV – A and VI – B 3. III – A and III – B
(c) Define Period and Group. Give valence shell configurations of:
1. Alkali metals 2. Carbon family 3. Halogens 4. Noble gases
5. Coinage metals 6. Alkaline earth metals 7. Nitrogen family 8. Boron family

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PAST YEARS M.C.Qs
1. The first seven groups of the periodic table are divided into sub groups ‘A’ consisting:
A. Transition Elements B. Representative Elements C. Metallic Elements D. Complex Elements

2. Elements of group I – B are called:

A. Normal element B. Rare Earth metals C. Coinage metals D. Alkali metals

3. The number of valance electrons in the elements of II – A Group is / are ______________

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5

4. The atomic number of an element belonging to group V – A and 3rd period is:
A. 7 B. 13 C. 15 D. 23

5. All noble gases fulfill the octate rule except:

A. Ne B. Ar C. He D. Xe

6. The element having the symbol 'Ga' belongs to this family:

A. Carbon B. Nitrogen C. Boron D. Beryllium

7. The elements of same group have the:

A. Same number of electrons B. Same number of valence electrons
C. Same number of protons D. Same valence shell

8. Hydride ion and Helium atom have the same:

A. Number of protons B. Number of electrons C. Number of neutrons D. Valency

9. Elements belonging to the same group in the periodic table are:

A. Ca and Na B. Ca and Be C. Ca and Li D. Ca and K

10. Lanthanides are the elements in which electrons enter in:

A. f – shell B. s – sub shell C. d – sub shell D. p – sub shell

11. The number of elements in each lanthanide and actinide series is

A. 2 B. 14 C. 18 D. 18

12. The outer most shell involved in the chemical bonding is called:
A. Valance shell B. s – orbital C. p – orbital D. None of them

13. The compound formed between an element X of group II – A and Y of group III – A has the formula
A. X2Y3 B. XY3 C. X2Y D. X3Y2

14. A formula that gives only the relative number of each type or atoms in a molecule is called _________
A. Empirical formula B. Molecular formula C. Formula D. All of these

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