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Kashmir and India
Kashmir and India
October 1947
3 October 1947: Khwaja Ghulam Nabi Gilkar, under the assumed name "Mr.
Anwar", issued the proclamation of a provisional 'Azad Kashmir' government
in Muzaffarabad. This government fails with the arrest of Gilkar in Srinagar. [76][77]
5 October 1947: Nehru is informed by Dwarakanath Kachru that the Maharaja
had lost control of the western districts of the state.[78]
6 October 1947: An armed rebellion began in Poonch.[79][80]
6 October 1947: The Maharaja replaced Chief of State Forces Banbury and
Police Chief Powell with Hindu officers.[81]
7 October 1947: The Maharaja imposed rigorous precensorship of the press,
especially of all views regarding the State's accession. [82]
8 October 1947 – 9 October 1947: The Owen Pattan post on Jhelum river was
captured by rebels. Sehnsa and Throchi were abandoned by State Forces after
attack.[49]
8 October 1947 – 9 October 1947: Pakistani raids on the borders
of Jammu and Kathua districts began.[83][84]
10 October 1947: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expedited Justice Mahajan's leave
from Punjab High Court, which enabled him to accept the Prime Ministership.
Mahajan visited Indian leaders and Lord Mountbatten in Delhi before he
proceeded to Srinagar.[85]
12 October 1947: K. H. Khurshid, Jinnah's private secretary, was sent to Kashmir
to mobilise support for Pakistan, and reported: "Muslim Conference is now
practically a dead organisation." He advocated Pakistan to use force, and "supply
arms and foodstuff to the tribes within and without the state." [86]
14 October 1947: Some activists of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and
the Akalis mounted attacks on villages of the Jammu district, which killed
Muslims and set houses on fire,[87] stated to be the beginning of the 1947 Jammu
violence.[88]
15 October 1947: Mehr Chand Mahajan took charge as Prime Minister of the
state. Concentration of tribesmen reported at Abbottabad-Mansehra.[49]
17 October 1947: Brigadier N.S. Rawat given the charge of the Jammu Brigade
of the State Forces, and Brigadier Khuda Baksh made Chief of Staff, second in
command.[89][90][91]
17 October 1947 – 18 October 1947: A battalion of Patiala State Forces arrives in
Jammu and a mountain battery (artillery regiment) is stationed in Srinagar. [92][93]
18 October 1947: Sheikh Abdullah attended the meeting of the Standing
Committee of All India States Peoples Conference in Delhi.[94]
19 October 1947 – 22 October 1947: The Maharaja and the new prime minister
travelled to Jammu province and investigated the Pakistani border raids,
visiting Jammu (19 October), Bhimber (20 October), Kathua (21 October) and
returning to Srinagar on 22 October.[95]
20 October 1947: Lorries carrying 900 Mahsud tribesmen departed the Frontier
tribal region heading to Kashmir. Governor George Cunningham sent a letter to
Indian Army Chief Gen. Rob Lockhart warning him about the invasion; the letter
was received on 23 or 24 October.[96]
21 October 1947: The Maharaja appointed Bakshi Tek Chand, a retired judge of
the Punjab High Court, to frame a constitution for the state. [40] This stalled due to
the impending invasion.
21 October 1947: Dak Bungalow at Bhimber was attacked by rebels. There were
accusations that this was an effort to kill or abduct the Maharaja, who had been
scheduled to visit that day.[49]
21 October 1947: Journalist G. K. Reddy, working for Associated Press of
India (API) in Lahore, received a telephone call from the Pakistan Army
Headquarters in Rawalpindi, stating that the Ramkot post was being attacked
that night, and the news should be published as coming from Palandri.[97]
21 October 1947 – 22 October 1947: Pakistan precipitated the first Indo-Pakistani
War when it launched a tribal lashkar (levy) from Waziristan to overthrow the
Maharaja's government.[98] Thousands of Pashtuns from Pakistan's North West
Frontier Province, recruited covertly by the Pakistani Army,
invaded Kashmir along with the Poonch rebels, allegedly incensed by atrocities
against fellow Muslims in Poonch and Jammu. The tribesmen engaged in looting
and killing along the way.[99] Pro-Pakistan members of the Maharaja's army
rebelled at Domel (Muzaffarabad) and took control of the Jhelum river bridge. [76]
22 October 1947: All the Muslim members of the State Police in Jammu City
were disarmed and ordered to go to Pakistan. [100]
24 October 1947: New Delhi received the news of tribal invasion via two
channels, from General Gracey of Pakistan Army communicated to General
Lockhart and from R.L. Batra, the Deputy Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir,
to Nehru.[101] Batra carried a message from the Maharaja which requested military
assistance and proposed accession to India. [102]
24 October 1947: A second provisional government of Azad Kashmir was
established under the leadership of Sardar Ibrahim with nominal headquarters
at Palandri.[103]
24 October 1947: Bhimber fell to rebels after an attack by armoured vehicles of
the Pakistan Army.[49][104][105]
25 October 1947: A Defence Committee meeting in Delhi, headed by Lord
Mountbatten, considered the Maharaja's request. Ministers were unanimous in
sending military assistance, but disagreed on whether to accept Kashmir's
accession. The secretary of the States Department, V. P. Menon, was sent to
Kashmir to assess the situation.[106]
26 October 1947: V. P. Menon brought news that the situation in Kashmir was
critical and that the Maharaja was ready to agree to "any terms". The accession
was accepted on the condition of a future ratification by the people and the
appointment Sheikh Abdullah to the government. The Maharaja moved from
Srinagar to Jammu, his winter capital.[106]
26 October 1947 – 27 October 1947: The Maharaja signed the Instrument of
Accession (IOA), acceding the state to the Indian Union. India accepted the
accession, regarding it provisional[107] until such time as the will of the people could
be ascertained.
27 October 1947: The Indian army entered the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh
Abdullah endorsed the accession but termed it ad hoc and to be ultimately
decided by the people of Jammu and Kashmir. He was appointed head of the
emergency administration.[107]
27 October 1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah ordered General Douglas Gracey to
send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declined, pointing out the fact of
Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from Supreme
Commander Claude Auchinleck to the effect that, in the event of an inter-
Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.
27 October 1947: The Kashmir Liberation Committee was formed to manage
Pakistan's conduct of the war. It was headed by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan,
with Colonel Akbar Khan as the military member, Ghulam Muhammad, the
finance minister, and Sardar Ibrahim, the president of the provisional Azad
Kashmir government.[108][109]
28 October 1947: Field Marshal Auchinleck flew to Lahore to explain the stand
down order to Jinnah. Upon his suggestion, Jinnah invited the Indian leaders for
a conference in Lahore but the Indian Cabinet declined the invitation.
29 October 1947: Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan entered the war officially by
deciding to maintain a force of at least 5,000 tribesmen in Kashmir. [110] Tribesmen
again poured into Kashmir.[111]
31 October 1947: Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the head of the Emergency
Administration in Kashmir.[112]
31 October 1947: Major William Brown, the commander of the Gilgit Scouts, led a
coup against the governor of Gilgit and imprisoned him. A provisional
government was declared by the rebels.
November 1947
1 November 1947: Lord Mountbatten and Mohammad Ali Jinnah met in Lahore,
as the Governors General of India and Pakistan. Mountbatten offered India's
proposal that the accession of Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir should be
decided by an impartial reference to the will of the people in the form of
a plebiscite. Jinnah rejected the offer.[115]
Early November: Sheikh Abdullah recommended that India give an ultimatum
and declare war against Pakistan upon the expiry of the ultimatum. Nehru did
not favour a broader war.[116]
3 November 1947: Tribesmen broke through to within 5 miles (8.0 km) of the
Srinagar airport and were beaten back. Indians suffered heavy casualties.
Indian Home Minister Vallabhbhai Patel argued for the army to be reinforced;
two more battalions were air-lifted, and a squadron of armoured cars and field
artillery were dispatched from Pathankot.[117]
3 November 1947: Mendhar, in the eastern part of the Poonch district fell to
rebels; Bagh and Rawalakot followed in quick succession. Hindu and Sikh
refugees from these areas took shelter in Nowshera, Mirpur, Kotli and Poonch,
which were all surrounded by rebels. [118]
5 November 1947: Most of the tribesmen withdrew to Uri in the face of the Indian
assault. Many returned home, sensing that the fight was lost. [119]
5 November 1947 – 6 November 1947: Convoys of Muslim refugees
from Jammu going to West Punjab were attacked by armed bands supported by
State troops; very few survived.[120] 6 November became a remembrance day in
Pakistan and Azad Kashmir.[121]
7 November 1947: Reinforced Indian troops in the Kashmir Valley engaged the
tribesmen at Shalateng and inflicted heavy casualties. The defeated tribal
forces were pursued and Baramulla and Uri were recaptured.[117]
7 November 1947: Rajouri was captured by Azad rebels. 30,000 Hindus and
Sikhs gathered there were killed in the 1947 Rajouri Massacre before it was
relieved, with the exception of 1,500 who escaped to the hills. [122]
9 November 1947: An attack on a convoy of Muslim refugees from Jammu was
repelled by Indian troops, killing 150 of the attackers. No further attacks on
convoys were reported after this incident. [120]
13 November 1947: Major General Kalwant Singh issued an order to the 50 Para
Brigade to relieve Nowshera, Jhangar, Mirpur, Kotli and Poonch in seven days.
The ambitious plan was criticised by General Roy Bucher.[122]
16 November 1947: Pakistan's Political Agent, Khan Mohammad Alam Khan,
arrived in Gilgit and took over the administration. The provisional government
was dismissed.[114]
17 November 1947: The Jammu Praja Parishad was formed with Hari Wazir as
party president and Hansraj Pangotra as general secretary. Pandit Prem Nath
Dogra and Balraj Madhok were also major founding members.[123]
18 November 1947: 50 Para Brigade relieved Nowshera.[124]
25 November 1947: Mirpur fell to rebels. 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs taking shelter
at the town were killed in the 1947 Mirpur Massacre during the rebel
occupation.[125] The day is remembered as the "Mirpur day" in Indian-
administered Jammu.[126]
26 November 1947: 50 Para Brigade relieved Kotli, but evacuated it the next day
due to the difficulty of defending it against the surrounding rebels. [127]
26 November 1947 – 27 November 1947: During Liaquat Ali Khan's visit to Delhi
for a Joint Defence Council meeting, the two countries reached an agreement
on the sharing of sterling balances. A tentative agreement on Kashmir was
reached; Pakistan agreed to use its influence on the raiders to withdraw, India
to scale back its troops, and the UN to be approached for holding a plebiscite. [128]
However, the agreement was vetoed by Jinnah: "No commitments should be
[129]
made without my approval of terms of settlement. Mr. Liaquat has agreed and
promised to abide by this understanding," read his note to the ministers. [130] The
next day, India's Defence Committee was informed that Pakistan was
reinforcing the tribesmen.[131]
28 November 1947: Horace Alexander estimated that 200,000 Muslims had been
affected by the anti-Muslim violence in Jammu. Mahatma Gandhi spoke about it
in his prayer meeting, and reproached Sheikh Abdullah for not curtailing the
Maharaja's powers.[132]
30 November 1947: Large concentrations of insurgents were reported
at Sialkot, Gujrat and Jhelum.[130]
December 1947
December 1947: Liaquat Ali Khan visited the Azad staging areas in the Sialkot
District and was enraged by the reports of atrocities narrated by the Azad rebels. He
issued a renewed call to arms.[133][134]
4 December 1947: The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctioned
military involvement in the Kashmir War. One million rounds of ammunition and
twelve volunteer officers were provided.[135]
8 December 1947: A meeting between Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan, along with
ministers and Lord Mountbatten, was deadlocked. Mountbatten proposed that the UN
be invited to break the deadlock.[136]
15 December 1947 – 20 December 1947: Indian forces lost ground and Nehru
contemplated escalating the war across the international border to strike against the
raider's bases, but decides against it.[137]
20 December 1947: Mountbatten recommended India take the matter to the UN,
where he says it would have a "cast-iron case". He believed the UN would promptly
direct Pakistan to withdraw. The proposal was discussed in the Indian Cabinet. [138]
22 December 1947: Nehru handed Liaquat Ali Khan a formal letter demanding that
Pakistan deny assistance to the raiders. [139]
24 December 1947: Indian forces were evicted from Jhangar by rebels. However,
they repelled the attack on Nowshera by 27 December. India reinforced Kashmir by
an additional brigade.[140]
27 December 1947: British Commonwealth Minister Philip Noel-Baker considered it a
"political miscalculation" by India that the UN Security Council would condemn
Pakistan as an aggressor. The events before Kashmir's accession would also come
into play. He predicted that the question of plebiscite would be the focus of the
Security Council.[141][142]
28 December 1947 – 30 December 1947: Mountbatten urged Nehru "to stop the
fighting and to stop it as soon as possible". Exchanges between Mountbatten and
Nehru were passed on to the British government, which was advised that any Indian
defeat in the Kashmir valley would immediately lead to a broader war. Prime Minister
Attlee warned Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the
UN. Britain alerted the US, which requested clarifications from the Indian
government.[140][143]
31 December 1947: India referred the Kashmir problem to the UN Security Council.
31 December 1947: The British Commonwealth Relations Office (CRO) asked its
permanent representative at the UN, Alexander Cadogan, about the validity of Indian
claims. Cadogan responded that India was entitled to charge Pakistan as an
aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51,
including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan". [144]
1952
October 1951: Jammu Praja Parishad became an affiliate of the newly
founded Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the precursor of the Bharatiya Janata Party.[177]
November 1951: The Constituent Assembly passed legislation stripping the Maharaja of
all powers and making the government answerable to the Assembly. [178]
January 1952 – June 1952: Jammu Praja Parishad renewed agitation and called for the
full integration of the state with India. The army was called to impose order and several
hundred activists were imprisoned. Jana Sangh and other Hindu nationalist parties
staged a demonstration outside the Indian Parliament in support of the Praja Parishad.
[179]
14 December 1952: A "Satyagrahi" named Mela Ram was shot and killed by police in
Chhamb while attempting to hoist the Indian national flag. It is estimated over 30,000
individuals came to his funeral in mourning and in support of the movement. [189][190][191]
1953
May 1953: Jana Sangh leader Syama Prasad Mukherjee made a bid to enter Jammu
and Kashmir, citing his rights as an Indian citizen. He was promptly arrested at the
Jammu border. In a widespread agitation in Jammu, Punjab and Delhi, 10,000
activists were imprisoned.[185][186]
May 1953: Abdullah headed a subcommittee of the National Conference which
recommended four options for the state's future, all involving a plebiscite or
independence. Abdullah remained firm in negotiations with the central government
regarding centre–state relations. [192][193]
2 June 1953: Pakistani prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra and Nehru meet in
London.[194]
23 June 1953: Syama Prasad Mukherjee died in prison. Large protests were held in
Delhi and other parts of the country.[195]
25 July 1953: Bilateral talks between Pakistan and India in Karachi. [196]
August 1953: The National Conference working committee recommendations were
opposed by three of Abdullah's five-member cabinet, including Deputy Prime
Minister Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad. They were further strengthened by the
communist faction led by G. M. Sadiq. They informed Sadr-i-Riyasat Karan
Singh that Abdullah had lost the majority within the cabinet. [197][195]
8 August 1953: Sheikh Abdullah was dismissed by Sadr-i-Riyasat and later arrested.
Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed was appointed as the new prime minister.[198]
16 August 1953: Bilateral talks between Pakistan and India in Delhi. The two
countries agreed to appoint a Plebiscite Administrator within six months. A plebiscite
was to be held in all regions and the state partitioned on the basis of the results. [196][199]
[200]
September 1953: Following reports of a US-Pakistan alliance, Nehru warned
Pakistan that it had to choose between winning Kashmir through plebiscite and
forming a military alliance with the United States. [201][202]
1954
February 1954: The Constituent Assembly, under the leadership of Bakshi Ghulam
Mohammad, passed a resolution ratifying the accession of Kashmir to India. [203][204]
May 1954: Pakistan and US signed a mutual defence assistance agreement. Nehru
withdrew the plebiscite offer to Pakistan. [202] He stated his concerns about the cold-war
alignments and that such an alliance affects the Kashmir issue. India resisted
plebiscite efforts from this point.
1955–1957
February 1955 – 1956: The violent 1955 Poonch uprising erupted in Poonch
Division in Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir as a result of the dismissal of
Sardar Ibrahim Khan. The uprising was most severe in Rawalakot and Pallandri.[206]
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