International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS-2017)

Characterization of Voltage Sag Due to Faults and

Induction Motor Starting
Prof. Pallavi V. Pullawar Dr.Vijay G. Neve
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
JCOET, JCOET,
Yavatmal (M.S), India Yavatmal (M.S), India
ppullawar88@gmail.com vijay_neve@rediffmail.com

Abstract²The demand of power quality is increasing due to

fact that the equipment¶s in power system are much more
sensitive to power quality problems. Electronic instruments are
much more sensitive to voltage variation. This rising sensitivity of
instruments has drawn attention to more awareness of voltage
dips. The Objective of this paper is to characterize the voltage
sags due to faults and induction motor starting in power system.
The IEEE distribution system is simulated in PSCAD. The
output of PSCAD is given to MATLAB. In MATLAB program
feature extraction is carried out with the help of Wavelet
transform. Various statistical parameters are determined and
used as an input to ANN for characterization of voltage sags.

Keywords²voltage sag; PSCAD; MATLAB

Fig. 1. Voltage sag plot

I. INTRODUCTION Characterization of Voltage Sag (Dip)

An electrical power system is expected to deliver
undistorted sinusoidal waveform continuously at rated Voltage sag is characterized in terms of the following
frequency. A PQ problem can be defined as ³Any power parameters.[7]
problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency 1. Magnitude of sag
deviations that results in failure or missed operation of utility
2. Duration of sag
or end user equipment.´[9]. Voltage sag (Dip) is a power
quality problem that is most severe in power system. 3. Three phase balance
4. Phase-angle jump.
II. VOLTAGE SAG (DIP)
Factors Affecting Sag Characteristics
Voltage sags are referred to as voltage dips in Europe. 1. Type of fault:
IEEE defines voltage sags as a reduction in voltage for a short
time. The duration of voltage sag is less than 1 minute but 2. Location of fault:
more than 8 milliseconds (0.5 cycles). The magnitude of the 3. X/R ratio of the lines:
reduction is between 10 percent and 90 percent of the normal 4. Point on wave of sag initiation
root mean square (rms) voltage at 50 Hz.[1]

978-1-5386-1887-5/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

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III. SYSTEM UNDER STUDY

Fig. 2. IEEE distribution system

Fig. 4. Simulated waveforms for voltage dip due to LG fault

The decomposed signal for voltage dips are due to

different faults i.e. (LG, LL, LLG, LLL, LLLG) and starting
of induction motor are as shown below:

[1] LG fault

Fig. 3. Flowchart for classifying the voltage sag due to different faults and
starting of induction motor

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Voltage sag is obtained by creating different faults i.e.
(LG,LL,LLG,LLL,LLLG). The voltage sag can be obtained by
fault logic. Measuring the bus voltage at various buses
voltmeter Ea is connected. From study of bus no 1, the voltage
magnitude at bus no.1 is reduced by 0.5 pu i.e. voltage sag is
obtained. It remains same till recovery of fault. After recovery,
normal value of voltage is obtained. The remaining buses i.e. Fig. 5. Wavelet decomposition of signal of voltage sag due to LG fault
bus no.2, bus no.3 and bus no.4 are also affected.
Fig. 5 shows the original signal and wavelet decomposition
Fig. 4 shows simulated waveform for voltage dip due to waveforms of voltage signal up to sixth level i.e. (Here fault
LG fault. It is seen that there is dip in only one phase i.e. (in involves phase c to ground fault). The signal represents the
phase c). It can be seen from the simulated waveform, the voltage sag due to LG fault. The effect of LG fault could be
magnitude of voltage wave is reduced by 50% i.e. voltage dip more clearly visualized in D4 level. Likewise the decomposed
is obtained. The signals obtained from PSCAD are further voltage dips signal for different faults i.e. (LL, LLG, LLL,
analyzed with the help of wavelet transform. The wavelet LLLG) has been drawn.
transform decomposed the signal up to six levels using db4
wavelet.

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[2] Starting of Induction motor [2] Standard deviation

Fig. 8. Standard deviation of detailed coefficient at level 4 for

different faults and induction motor starting

From fig. 8, it has been seen that the magnitude of LG and

LLLG fault is same.

[3] Variance
Fig. 6. Wavelet decomposition of signal of voltage sag due to induction
motor starting.

V. STATISTICAL PARAMETERS APPROACH FOR SIMULATION

The statistical parameters such as max. value, standard

deviation, variance, skewness, kurtosis and energy are
calculated with the help of MATLAB programming, for
precise detection accuracy.
Fig shows the graphs of statistical parameter for voltage
sag considering different faults and induction motor starting of
at level 4.
[1] Maximum Value
Fig. 9. Variance of detailed coefficient at level 4 for voltage sag due to
different faults and induction motor starting
Fig. 9 shows the variance at level 4 for voltage sag due to
different faults and induction motor starting. It has been seen
that the magnitude for LLL fault and induction motor starting
is near about same.

[4] Skewness

Fig. 7. Maximum value of detailed coefficient at level 4 for voltage sag due
to different faults and induction motor starting

Fig. 7 shows the maximum value at level 4 for voltage sag

due to different faults and starting of induction motor . It has
been seen that the magnitude for LLL fault and induction
motor starting is same.
Fig. 10. Skewness of detailed coefficient at level 4 for voltage sag due
to different faults and induction motor starting
Fig. 10, it has been observed that the magnitude of LG and
LLLG is fault is found same.

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[5] kortosis TABLE I. : THE VARIATION IN CORRECT CLASSIFICATION WITH RESPECT

TO NUMBER OF PROCESSING ELEMENT FOR 6 PARAMETER BY USING MLP

No. of IM
LG% LL% LLG% LLL% LLLG%
PE starting%
1 100 100 100 100 0 0
2 50 50 100 100 66.66 100
3 100 100 100 0 100 100
4 100 100 50 100 100 100
5 100 100 100 100 100 100

Fig. 11. Kurtosis of detailed coefficient at level 4 for voltage sag due to
different faults and induction motor starting

The Kurtosis at level 4 for voltage sag due to different faults

and induction motor starting are as shown in fig. 11. Again it
has been seen that the magnitude of LG and LLLG fault is
found same.

[6] Energy

Fig. 13. Effect of number of processing element on classification

accuracy for 6 parameters by using MLP

Fig. 13, indicates that that when no. of PE considered as 5

then 100% accuracy is obtained. The voltage sag classification
is performed for five different faults i.e.
(LG,LL,LLG,LLL,LLLG) and starting of induction motor
Fig. 12. Energy of detailed coefficient at level 4 for voltage sag due to
different faults and induction motor starting
2. When 6 parameters (max. value, std. deviation,
The Energy of detailed coefficient at level 4 for voltage sag variance, skewness, kurtosis, energy) are given as
due to different fault and induction motor starting are as input to Generalized feed forward neural network.
shown in fig. 12. It has been observed that the magnitude of
LG and LLLG fault is near about same. TABLE II. THE VARIATION IN CORRECT CLASSIFICATION
WITH RESPECT TO NUMBER OF PROCESSING ELEMENT FOR 6
VI. ANN BASED CLASSIFICATION PARAMETER USING GFNN.

One of the most critical difficulties in constructing the ANN

is the selection of number of hidden layers and the number of No. LG% LL% LLG% LLL% LLLG% IM
neurons for each layer. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) and of starting
generalized feed forward neural network (GFNN) are used in PE %
this paper. Classification results obtained from ANN for 1 0 100 100 100 100 100
simulation are as follows: 2 0 100 100 100 33.33 100
3 0 100 100 100 100 100
1. When 6 parameters(max. value, std. deviation, 4 100 100 100 100 100 100
variance, skewness, kurtosis, energy) are given
as input to Multilayer perceptron network

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 International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS-2017)
Fig. 14. Effect of number of processing element on classification
accuracy for 6 parameters using GFNN
Fig. 14, indicates that that when no. of PE considered as 4
then 100% accuracy is obtained. The voltage sag classification
is performed for five different faults i.e, (
LG,LL,LLG,LLL,LLLG ) and induction motor starting.
CONCLUSION
In this paper the modified IEEE system is simulated in
PSCAD. The data obtained from simulation is in time domain.
With the help of magnitude of voltage and duration of events,
voltage sag can classify. But this is limited to particular
system. Hence for obtaining the universal classification the
Wavelet approach is used. DWT with its inherent time
frequency localization property is employed to extract
discriminating feature. Daubanchies Db4 wavelet is employed
since it has been demonstrated to perform well. But only the
computation of DWT does not provides discrimination
between voltage sag due to faults and induction motor starting.
Therefore at level 4 obtained from DWT are further subjected
to various statistical parameters for increasing the detection
accuracy. It is clear that with the help of visual inspection of
statistical parameters graphs obtained by applying wavelet
transform is difficult to Classify. Hence for proper
classification ANN is used.
By using GFNN for six different statistical parameters
such maximum value, standard deviation, variance, skewness,
kurtosis and energy gives 100% accuracy in simulation
analysis i.e. 100% classification of voltage sags due to faults
and induction motor starting is done.
508
FUTURE SCOPE
Detecting and classifying the various type of power quality
disturbances is our future work, In this paper cause of voltage
sag due to faults and starting of induction motor are classified.
ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ
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