NORWAY

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Norway

LAND AREA: 324, 220 square kilometers (125, 182 square miles)
TOTAL AREA: 385,207 km²
PRESIDENT: Norway is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy
PRIME MINISTER: Erna Solberg (since 2013)
CAPITAL: Oslo, 634, 293
POPULATION: 5.328 million
LANGUAGE: Norwegian
ETHNICITY/RACE: Norwegian 83.2% (includes about 60,000 Sami), other European
8.3%, other 8.5% by the Fact book as well.
RELIGIONS: 8.1%, Muslim 3.4%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, other Christian 3.8%, other
9.6%, unspecified 15.4%
GOVERNMENT: Norway is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional
monarchy. The country is governed by a prime minister, a cabinet, and a 169-seat
parliament (Storting) that is elected every four years and cannot be dissolved.
ECONOMY: Norway is one of the world’s most prosperous countries, and oil and
gas production account for 20% of its economy.
MAJOR INDUSTRIES: Shipbuilding, metals, wood pulp and paper, the chemical
industry, machinery and electrical equipment make up Norway's main
manufacturing industries.
NATURAL RESOURCES: Norway has rich resources of oil, natural gas, hydroelectric
power, forests, and minerals, and is one of the largest exporters of seafood.
COMMUNICATIONS:
TELEPHONES: there were approximately 44 thousand fixed telephone subscriptions
registered in Norway.
CELL PHONES: Norway is expected to rise in coming years, reaching 5.19 million users
in 2025.
INTERNATIONAL COUNTRY CODE: +47
INTERNET:
INTERNET COUNTRY CODE: NOR
INTERNET USERS: 5,221,440 98.0%

HISTORY
It started12,000 B.C. when the first immigration took place during this period as the
Norwegian coast offered good conditions for sealing, fishing, and hunting. They were
nomadic and by 9300 B.C they were already settled at Magerøya. Increased ice
receding from 8000 B.C. caused settlement along the entire coastline. The Stone Age
consisted of the Komsa culture in Troms and Finnmark and the Fosna culture further
south. The Nøstvet culture took over from the Fosna culture ca. 7000 BC, which
adapted to a warmer climate which gave increased forestation and new mammals for
hunting. The oldest human skeleton ever discovered in Norway was found in shallow
water off Sogne in 1994 and has been carbon dated to 6,600 BC. Ca. 4000 BC people
in the north started using slate tools, earthenware, skis, sleds and large skin boats.
NORDIC BRONZE AGE (1800-500BC)
The climate shift with colder weather started about 500 BC. The forests, which had
previously consisted of elm, lime, ash and oak, were replaced with birch, pine and
spruce. The climate changes also meant that farmers started building more structures
for shelter. Knowledge of ironworking was introduced from the Celts, resulting in
better weapons and tools.
NORDIC IRON AGE (500 BC–800 AD)
Because of chieftains' power increased during the Migration Period between 400 and
550 as other Germanic tribes migrated northwards and local farmers wanted
protection. This also resulted in the construction of simple fortifications. A plague hit
southern Norway in the 6th century, with hundreds of farms being depopulated. Most
were repopulated in the 7th century, which also saw the construction of several fishing
hamlets and a boom in trade of iron and soapstone across the North Sea. Some chieftains
were able to control most of the trade and grew in power throughout the 8th century.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS
In the month of October, year of 2018, Norwegian archaeologists headed by the
archaeologist Lars Gustavsen announced the discovery of a buried 20m long Gjellestad Viking
ship in Halden municipality.
UNION WITH SWEDEN
Christian Frederik, heir to the Danish and Norwegian crowns, had since 1813 been governor-
general of Norway. He spearheaded the Norwegian resistance against the Kiel Treaty and
planned to claim the throne as the legitimate heir. He traveled to Trondheim to gain support
for his person, and then assembled twenty-one prominent citizens at Eidsvoll on 16 February
1814 to discuss his plans. They rejected a new absolute monarchy and advised him instead to
convoke a constituent assembly to draw up a liberal constitution and decide the form of
government. Representatives from the entire country were elected to meet at Eidsvoll.
21ST CENTURY
In the day of 26, month of December, year of 2004 during a Christmas holiday and Boxing Day
celebration, several hundred of Norwegian people in Thailand and the other part across the
South and Southeast Asia were among thousands of people killed by the magnitude 9.0
Earthquake and tsunami off Sumatra. The 2011 attacks saw an attack on the Government
Headquarters in Oslo and Workers' Youth League camp at the island of Utøya by the
Norwegian gunman Anders Behring Breivik, killing over 77 people.In the 2013 Storting
elections, voters ended eight years of Labour rule. A coalition of the Conservative Party and
the Progress party was elected. The transition came amid an economy in good condition, with
low unemployment. In Norwegian parliamentary election 2017 the center-right government of
Prime Minister Erna Solberg won re-election.
MEMBER ORGANIZATION
Norway is a member of several unions. They are International Monetary Fund, North Atlantic
Treaty Organization, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Schengen
Area, United Nations, World Bank, World Trade Organization.
REFLLECTION
When it comes to Government and Politics I’ve learned that in the constitutional monarchy of
Norway the state power divides between the Parliament, the cabinet, and the Supreme
Court. In the year of 1814 the signing of the constitution was an important part in the
milestone for the modern Norway. I also amazed in the economy of Norway because they can
maintain the Nordic welfare model with the universal healthcare, and a market of economy,
and the comprehensive social security system. I’ve learned about my research that Norway
shares a long land border with Sweden. It also said in the research I did that the Kingdom of
Norway has a one of the fascinating history that stretches far back before the Vikings. Norway
is still a Puritans at heart.
RECOMMENDATION
Drinking problem is common for all the Scandinavian countries and it consist the Norway. In
this part of country you got totally wasted every weekend or two, this are their tradition that
have evolved greatly. My recommendation for this is if you can’t avoid drinking on the
weekends you can think of something else that can be a hobby for you and your family or
friends, because for me even if it’s part of your tradition you don’t have to follow if it can
harm your health and of course your life. Always drinking alcohol is not good to your health
though. You can get drunk, but be wise.
 CHINA

OFFICIAL NAME: The term China can also be used to refer to: the modern states known as
the People's Republic of China (PRC) and (before the 1970s) the Republic of China (ROC)
"Mainland China" (中國大陸/中国大陆, ZhōngguóDàlù in Mandarin )

LAND AREA :9,326,410

TOTAL AREA :9,596,960 km2 (3,705,410 sq mi)
PRESIDENT :Xi Jinping
PRIME MINISTER :Kyriakos Mitsotakis
CAPITAL :Beijing since October 1949
POPULATION :1,446,160,550
LANGUAGE :Mandarin
ETHNICITY/RACE : The major minority ethnic groups in China are Zhuang (16.9 million), Hui
(10.5 million), Manchu (10.3 million), Uyghur (10 million), Miao (9.4 million), Yi (8.7 million),
Tujia (8.3 million), Tibetan (6.2 million), Mongol (5.9 million), Dong (2.8 million), Buyei (2.8
million), Yao (2.7 million), Bai (1.9 million), Korean (1.8 million), Hani (1.6 million), Li (1.4
million), Kazakh (1.4 million) and Dai (1.2 million).
RELIGIONS :13–16% Buddhists 472.36 million; 10% Taoist; 2.53% Christians 46.27 million; and
0.83% Muslims 23.31 million.
GOVERNMENT :China's form of government is a communist state known as a People's
Republic. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the leading political party in China.
ECONOMY :China has a socialist market economy, which means that state-owned companies
account for the vast majority of the economy. The state-owned sector operates on the basis
of a free-market economy based on supply and demand. Market capitalism is a term used to
describe this strategy.

MAJOR INDUSTRIES :

Cotton Growing in China 93,200,000,

In-Home Care & Other Household Services in China 35,700,000

Building Construction in China 35,600,000

Full-Service Restaurants in China 24,431,000

Chinese Medicinal Herb Growing in China 16,483,498

Tobacco Growing in China 14,095,585

Fruit and Nut Growing in China 13,452,300

Building Completion & Interior Design in China 12,461,000, Bridge

Tunnel and Subway Construction in China 12,312,131

Fast-Food Restaurants in China 10,680,471

NATURAL RESOURCES :Natural resources of China include extensive mineral deposits, fossil
fuels, water as rain and in rivers, agricultural products, aquaculture, fisheries and native plants
and animals.

COMMUNICATIONS :

Internet
Telephone
Telegraph
Radio
Televisi
HISTORY

SHANG DYNASTY, CONFUCIUS

•1600-1050 B.C. Shang Dynasty - The Shang dynasty was founded by a tribal chief named Tan
and was China's first reigning dynasty in recorded history. The Shang era is distinguished by
achievements in astronomy and mathematics.

•551–479 B.C.: Confucius - His mother, a teacher, politician, and philosopher, raised him in
poverty. After earning prominence as a teacher, he entered politics as a town governor in 501
B.C., but lived in exile in 498 B.C. to avoid political adversaries.

Returning to China around 483 B.C., Confucius devoted most of his time to teaching disciples
his ideas (including, “Wheresoever’s you go, go with all your heart,” and “It does not matter
how slowly you go so long as you do not stop.”) His ideas would become central to Chinese
culture over time and endorsed by the government.

•221-206 B.C.: Qin Dynasty - The Qin Dynasty, which gave China its name (Qin is pronounced
"Chin"), was the country's first official empire. The Qins unified regional written scripts into a
single national script and established an imperial college to monitor translations.

Along the Ziwu Mountain range, the Qin Dynasty built the first Asian freeway, the 500-mile
Straight Road, and began work on the Great Wall by expanding the northern border wall.

At the foot of the Lishan Mountain, Qin Emperor Ying Zheng built an extensive underground
complex with 13,000 terracotta figures of warriors and horses

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

The Great Wall of China is a historic network of walls and fortresses in northern China that
spans more than 13,000 kilometres. The Great Wall was conceived by Emperor Qin Shi Huang
in the third century B.C. as a means of stopping incursions from barbarian nomads. It is
perhaps the most iconic emblem of China and its long and colourful history. The best-known
and best-preserved part of the Great Wall was constructed during the Ming dynasty, from the
14th to the 17th century A.D. Despite the fact that the Great Wall never effectively kept
invaders out of China, it became a potent emblem of Chinese civilization's enduring strength.

GREAT WALL OF CHINA THROUGH THE CENTURIES

Much of the Great Wall fell into ruin after the death of Qin Shi Huang and the end of the Qin
Dynasty. A series of border tribes seized control of northern China when the Han Dynasty fell.
The Northern Wei Dynasty was the most powerful of these, repairing and extending the
existing wall to guard against incursions from other tribes. More than 900 miles of wall were
erected or restored by the Bei Qi dynasty (550–577), while the Sui Dynasty (581–618) repaired
and extended the Great Wall of China several times. The Great Wall lost its value as a fortress
with the collapse of the Sui and the advent of the Tang Dynasty, since China had beaten the
Tujue tribe to the north and extended over the original border secured by the wall. The
Chinese were compelled to retire during the Song Dynasty because to threats from the Liao
and Jin peoples to the north, who had taken over large provinces on both sides of the Great
Wall. Genghis Khan's mighty Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty (1206-1368) eventually ruled over all of
China, parts of Asia, and parts of Europe. The Great Wall lost its value as a fortress with the
collapse of the Sui and the advent of the Tang Dynasty, since China had beaten the Tujue tribe
to the north and extended over the original border secured by the wall.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF CHINA'S ONE-CHILD POLICY

Reports surfaced in international media that in an effort to slow the rapid graying of the
workforce, couples in Shanghai the country's most populous city would be encouraged to
have two kids if the parents are themselves only children. Shanghai officials have since denied
any policy shift, saying this caveat is nothing new, but the contradictory reports are another
manifestation of ongoing rumors that Beijing is rethinking the controversial one-child policy
that has for the past three decades helped spur economic growth but exacted a heavy social
cost along the way. Improved sanitation and medicine led substantial population increase
soon after the foundation of the People's Republic of China, which was first viewed as an
economic blessing after a century of wars, plagues, and turmoil. In 1949, Mao Zedong
declared, "Even if China's population expands many times, she is completely capable of
finding a solution; the solution is production." "People are the most valuable resource in the
planet." Contraceptive imports were prohibited by the communist regime, which condemned
birth control. China's one-child policy was instituted in 1979 and has remained practically
unchanged since then. It has avoided over 250 million births since 1979, preventing China
from a population explosion. A "Certificate of Honor for Single-Child Parents" is given to those
who volunteer to have only one child. But critics of the policy note its negative social
consequences, particularly sex discrimination. China still has 32 million more boys than girls
under the age of 20. Analysts fear that with too few children to care for them, China's elderly
people will suffer neglect. Faced with mounting opposition to the law, some Chinese officials
have resorted to ruthless policing. In 2007, for example, authorities allegedly went to a half-
dozen communities with sledgehammers, threatening to beat holes in the homes of residents
who had failed to pay fines for having too many children. Officials have also been accused of
pushing pregnant women without birth certificates to seek abortions and increasing
punishments for families that break the rules. Riots erupted as a result. In Guangxi province,
up to 3,000 people demonstrated, some overturning cars and torching government facilities.
It's possible that several people were slain. Despite reports that the one-child policy will be
repealed in early 2008, China's top population official declared in May of that year that it
would not be repealed for at least a decade, when a strong demographic wave of
childbearing-age residents is likely to ebb. At least for some Shanghai couples, a modest
amount of change has arrived sooner than expected.

MEMBER ORGANIZATION

China, one of the founders of WHO, participated in the International Health Conference in
1946, which resulted in the drafting of the WHO constitution, turning over the functions of
the Office International d'HygienePublique (OIHP) to WHO and setting up of an Interim
Commission to prepare for the First World Health Assembly. WHO, WTO, APEC
REFLECTION

I realized while doing this research that it is important to learn about China because they are a
world leader and possess a growing economy.

“No matter how slow the process is, just keep on going.” This phrase comes to my mind
when I did research abut China. And that is exactly the reason why they became one of the
strongest countries in the world. They are competitive to the point that they became greedy
and started to aim the place of being the most powerful country of the world, and that’s
what makes them hate by some countries. I realized while doing this research that it is
important to learn about China because they are a world leader and possess a growing
economy.

RECOMMENDATION

We all know that China has a “One-child Policy.” This was created due to the rising of their
population. In some ways, the policy was successful, but not everyone on their country
agreed. Some reasons why they are not agree with this policy is that, this is not equally
enforced. Meaning, even some officials violated the policy; they’re not going to face some
penalties, opposite to the ordinary people who needs to give a fine more than $1.2 million. I
highly recommend that if they’re going to have this kind of policy, they should be fair,
whether the violator is an official or just an ordinary citizen. With that, they can gain the trust
and the approval of their covered citizens.
 INDIA

Country in South Asia

DESCRIPTION
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-
largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most
populous democracy in the world.
CAPITAL: New Delhi Trending
DIALING CODE: +91
POPULATION: 1.366 billion (2019) World Bank
CURRENCY: Indian rupee
PRESIDENT: Ram Nath Kovind
RELIGION
The majority of Asian Indians practice the Hinduism. The other major regions are
Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity and Islam; and a small percentage of
population practice Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Baha'I' Faith. With around 204
million Muslims (2019 estimate), India's Muslim population is about the world's
third-largest and the world's largest Muslim-minority population. India is home
to 10.9% of the world's Muslim population. According to Pew Research Center,
there can be 213 million Muslims in 2020, India's 15.5% population.
THREE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
The government comprises three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judiciary.
ECONOMY
The economy of India is characterised as a middle income developing market economy. It is
the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power
parity (PPP).] According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), on a per capita income
basis, India ranked 145th by GDP (nominal) and 122th by GDP (PPP). From independence in
1947 until 1991, successive governments promoted protectionist economic policies, with
extensive state intervention and economic regulation. This is characterised as dirigism, in the
form of the License Raj.The end of the Cold War and an acute balance of payments crisis in
1991 led to the adoption of a broad economic liberalisation in India. Since the start of the 21st
century, annual average GDP growth has been 6% to 7%,] and from 2013 to 2018, India was the
world's fastest growing major economy, surpass Historically, India was the largest economy in
the world for most of the two millennia from the 1st until the 19th century. For 2018, India
ranked 77th in Ease of Doing Business Index. ... India's GDP growth during January–March
period of 2015 was at 7.5% compared to China's 7%, making it the fastest growing MAJOR
economy. During 2014–15, India's GDP growth recovered marginally to 7.3% from 6.9% in the
previous fiscal.
NATURAL RESOURCES
India's major mineral resources include Coal (4th largest reserves in the world), Iron ore,
Manganese ore (7th largest reserve in the world as in 2013), Mica, Bauxite (5th largest reserve
in the world as in 2013), Chromite, Natural gas, Diamonds, Limestone and Thorium.
COMMUNICATION
Indirect Communication: The communication style of Indians tends to be polite and indirect.
They may try to speak appeasingly to those they are not close to in order to avoid conflict or
confrontation. ... Direct communication is reserved for relationships with a high level of trust
or crucial situations.
HISTORY
The history of India starts with the existence of India itself as It located in the continent of
Asia, India covers 2,973,193 square kilometers of land and 314,070 square kilometers of water.
Making it the 7th largest nation in the world with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometers.
Surrounded by Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh to the North East, China to the North, Pakistan
to the North West, and Sri Lanka on the South East coast.
India is a land of ancient civilizations. India's social, economic, and cultural configurations are
the products of a long process of regional expansion. Indian history begins with the birth of
the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the Aryans. These two phases are usually
described as the pre-Vedic and Vedic age. Hinduism arose in the Vedic period.
The fifth-century saw the unification of India under Ashoka, who had converted to Buddhism,
and it is in his reign that Buddhism spread in many parts of Asia. In the eighth century, Islam
came to India for the first time and by the eleventh century had firmly established itself in
India as a political force. It resulted in the formation of the Delhi Sultanate, which was finally
succeeded by the Mughal Empire, under which India once again achieved a large measure of
political unity.
It was in the 17th century that the Europeans came to India. This coincided with the
disintegration of the Mughal Empire, paving the way for regional states. In the contest for
supremacy, the English emerged 'victors'. The Rebellion of 1857-58, which sought to restore
Indian supremacy, was crushed; and with the subsequent crowning of Victoria as Empress of
India, the incorporation of India into the empire was complete. It was followed by India's
struggle for independence, which we got in the year 1947. Here is a brief timeline about the
history of India:
ANCIENT INDIA HISTORY
The History of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the Aryans.
These two phases are generally described as the pre-Vedic and Vedic periods. The earliest
literary source that sheds light on India's past is the Rig Veda. It is difficult to date this work
with any accuracy on the basis of tradition and ambiguous astronomical information
contained in the hymns. Indus valley civilization, which flourished between 2800 BC and 1800
BC, had an advanced and flourishing economic system. The Indus valley people practiced
agriculture, domesticated animals, made tools and weapons from copper, bronze, and tin
and even traded with some Middle East countries.
THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
A long time ago, in the eastern world, there rose a few civilizations. The main reasons for the
rise of these urban civilizations were access to rivers, which served various functions of
human beings. Along with the Mesopotamian civilization and the Egyptian civilization, rose
the Indus Valley civilization spanning Northwest India and modern-day Pakistan. The largest
amongst the three civilizations, the Indus Valley civilization flourished around 2600 BC, at
which time agriculture in India started flourishing. The fertile Indus valley made it possible for
agriculture to be carried out on a large scale. The most well-known towns of the Indus Valley
in today’s date are Mohenjo Daro and Harappa. Unearthing these two towns showed
excavators glimpses into the richness of the Indus Valley civilization, evidenced in ruins and
things like household articles, war weapons, gold and silver ornament - and so on. The people
of the Indus Valley civilization lived in well-planned towns and well-designed houses made of
baked bricks. In an era of developments and prosperity, civilization, unfortunately, came to an
end by around 1300 BC, mainly due to natural calamities.

VEDIC CIVILIZATION
The next era that India saw was that of the Vedic civilization, flourishing along the river
Saraswati, named after the Vedas, which depict the early literature of the Hindus. The two
greatest epics of this period were the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, still held in great
reverence by the followers of Hinduism.

BUDDHIST ERA
Next came the Buddhist era, during the time of the Mahajanapadas which were the sixteen
great powers, during the 7th and the 6th centuries BC. Prominent powers at the time were
the Sakyas of Kapilavastu and the Licchavis of Vaishali. Buddha, whose original name was
Siddhartha Gautam, was born in Lumbini near Kapilavastu and was the founder of Buddhism -
a religion based on spiritualism. He died at the age of 80 in 480 BC but his teachings spread
throughout southern and eastern Asia and are followed across the world today.

THE INVASION OF ALEXANDER

When Alexander invaded India in 326 BC, he crossed the Indus river and defeated the Indian
rulers in battle. Noteworthy of the Indians’ attempts at war, was the use of elephants,
something that the Macedonians had never seen before. Alexander then took over the lands
of the defeated kings.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY
The Gupta period has been referred to as the Golden Age of Indian history. When
Chandragupt I received the gift of Pataliputra in dowry when he married the daughter of the
chief of the ‘Licchavis’, he started to lay down the foundation of his empire, which extended
from the river Ganges or the Ganga to the city of Allahabad. He ruled for 15 years and was also
referred to as the ‘king of kings’ for his strategic conquests and the flourishing state of India.
HARSHAVARDHANA
The last of the ancient kingdoms in India was by the king Harshavardhana, who ascended the
throne at Thanneshwar and Kannauj after his brother died. While successful in a few of his
conquests, he eventually got defeated by the Chalukya Kingdom of Deccan India.
Harshavardhana was well-known for establishing relations with the Chinese, and also for
having high religious tolerance and strong administrative capabilities.

MEDIEVAL INDIAN HISTORY

The medieval history of India is renowned for deriving a lot of its character from Islamic
kingdoms. Extending across almost three generations, medieval India included a number of
kingdoms and dynasties:
- The Chalukyas
- The Pallavas
- The Pandyas
- The Rashtrakutas
- The Cholas

The Cholas were the most important rulers at this time, the 9th Century AD. Their kingdom
covered a large part of South India, including Sri Lanka and the Maldives. While the rulers
ruled bravely and carried out the annexation of multiple territories in India, the empire came
to an end in the 14th Century AD with an invasion by a man named Kafur Malik. The
monuments from the Chola Dynasty are still intact and are known for their rustic charm.
The next major empire was that of the Mughals, preceded by a rise in Islamic rulers. The
invasion of Timur was a significant point in Indian history before a Hindu revival movement
called the Bhakti movement, came to be. Finally, in the 16th Century, the Mughal empire
started to rise. One of the greatest empires of India, the Mughal empire was a rich and
glorious one, with the whole of India united and ruled by one monarch. The Mughal Kings
were Babar, Humayun, Sher Shah Suri (not a Mughal king), Akbar, Jehangir, Shah Jahan, and
Aurangzeb. They were responsible for setting up efficient public administration, laying out
infrastructure, and promoting the arts. A large number of monuments in India today exist
from the Mughal period. The death of the last Mughal King, Aurangzeb, sowed the seeds of
disintegration within India. Influencers of Islamic architecture in India, the Mughal kings are
still looked back in awe.
AKBAR
Emperor Akbar, also known as Akbar the Great or Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar, was the third
emperor of the Mughal Empire, after Babur and Humayun. He was the son of Nasiruddin
Humayun and succeeded him as the emperor in the year 1556 when he was only 13 years old.
SHAH JAHAN
Shah Jahan, also known as Shahbuddin Mohammed Shah Jahan, was a Mughal Emperor who
ruled in the Indian Subcontinent from 1628 to 1658. He was the fifth Mughal ruler, after Babur,
Humayun, Akbar, and Jahangir. Shah Jahan succeeded the throne after revolting against his
father, Jahangir.
CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI
Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the founder of the Maratha Empire in western India. He is
considered to be one of the greatest warriors of his time and even today, stories of his
exploits are narrated as a part of the folklore. King Shivaji used the guerrilla tactics to capture
a part of, the then, dominant Mughal empire.
MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
During the late 16th and the 17th Centuries, the European trading companies in India
competed with each other ferociously. By the last quarter of the 18th Century, the English had
outdone all others and established themselves as the dominant power in India. The British
administered India for a period of about two centuries and brought about revolutionary
changes in the social, political and economic life of the country.
However, the zenith of colonisation was achieved when the British arrived in the early 1600s
as traders. Capitalizing on the disintegration that existed in India after the Mughal rule, the
British actively used the strategy of ‘divide-and-rule’ to rule over India for over 2 centuries.
While the British had come in earlier, they only achieved political power in 1757 AD after the
Battle of Plassey.
They took a keen interest in the resources that India had to offered and have been looked
back at as plunderers of India’s wealth of resources - as they took cotton, spices, silk, and tea,
amongst numerous other resources. While they did lay out a massive chunk of India’s
infrastructure, by also bringing the Indians steam engines, it is seldom looked back at as an
equal relationship. The British Raj was divisive and pit Indians against one another, on the
basis of religion; and also mistreated the laborers. The Indians were essentially slaves of the
British rule and were working hard without any returns on their work. This, naturally, led to
multiple mutinies; and prominent freedom fighters came to the forefront. Different ideologies
of thought believed that there were different ways of gaining freedom; however, they all had
one common goal - freedom.
The British queen had asserted that the aim of the British was to help India progress -
however, multiple problems arose without the consultation of Indian leaders. One important
instance of this was when in the First World War, Britain launched an attack on Germany on
behalf of India, even though India did not wish for that to happen; and millions of Indian
soldiers were at the forefront of the British Indian Army during both the world wars - further
fuelling the Indian resistance. Over a million Indian soldiers were killed in both the World Wars.

REFLECTION
I learned that India has all the major minerals like coal, chromite, diamonds,etc. No wonder
they're one of the country that has a largest an richest economy for over 2 millennia, from 1st
to 19th century. I also learned that Indians did not want the war caused by the British to
happen. It's just that they trust Britain too much.
RECOMMENDATION
Based on my research, India faced so much troubles when they befriend Britain. British makes
the Indian leaders believe that they really want to help them. Unfortunately, British queens
started to do things without consulting Indian leaders, which make things worse and start to
create a war when they launched an attack to Germany on behalf of India. This war killed
millions of Indian soldiers. One thing I think I could recommend is that the next time they're
going to be friend to other country, make sure they think wisely which is I think Indian citizens
learned this lesson from what happened from the past. Aside from this could saved millions of
soldiers, it can also help their country to never face same tragedy like before.
 ARGENTINA

OFFICIAL NAME: "República Argentina" (Argentine Republic)

LAND AREA: 2,780,400 km2(1,073,500 sq mi)
TOTAL AREA: 2,780,400 km2
PRESIDENT: Alberto Fernández
PRIME MINISTER: Mauricio Macri
CAPITAL: Buenos Aires
POPULATION: 45,711,204 as of Thursday, September 30, 2021
LANGUAGE: Spanish
ETHNICITY/RACE:
• 96.7% White or Mestizo[7][b] Ha
• 2.4% Amerindian
• 0.5% East Asian[8][9][10][11]
• 0.4% African[12]
RELIGIONS:
• 79.6% Christianity
• —62.9% Roman Catholic
• —15.3% Protestant
• —1.4% Other Christian
• 19.2% No religion
• 1.2% Other
GOVERNMENT:
Argentina is within the framework of a federal system, is a presidentialrepresentative
democratic republic. The President of Argentina is both head of state and head of
government. Executive power is exercised by the President. Legislative power is vested in the
National Congress. The Judiciary is independent from the Executive and from the Legislature.
ECONOMY:
Argentina’s economy, which is one of the more powerful in the region, is dependent on
services and manufacturing, although agribusiness and ranching dominated the economy for
much of the 19th and 20th centuries. Argentina still produces more grain than any other
country in Latin America and is second in cattle rising only to Brazil, and its receipts from
tourism are second in the region only to those of Mexico. Its gross national product (GNP),
GNP per capita, and value added from manufacturing are also among the highest in the
region. However, the country has withstood a number of economic downturns, including
periods of high inflation and unemployment during the late 20th century and a major financial
crisis in the early 21st century.
MAJOR INDUSTRIES:
Food processing, beverages motor vehicles, auto parts appliances, electronics machinery,
equipment chemicals pharmaceuticals glass steel and aluminum cement textiles tobacco
products publishing furniture leather
NATURAL RESOURCES:
Argentina boasts rich oil and gas, mineral and agricultural resources. ... With vast expanses of
fertile land, Argentina is also a world leader in food production, and boasts major livestock
and agricultural industries.
COMMUNICATIONS:
postal, telephone, Internet, radio, television, and newspaper
HISTORY
• Europeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of Amerigo Vespucci. The
Spanish navigators Juan Díaz de Solís and Sebastian Cabotvisited the territory that is now
Argentina in 1516 and 1526, respectively.In 1536 Pedro de Mendozafounded the small
settlement of Buenos Aires, which was abandoned in 1541.Further colonization efforts came
from Paraguay—establishing the Governorate of the Río de la Plata—Peru and Chile.
Francisco de Aguirre founded Santiago del Estero in 1553. Londres was founded in 1558;
Mendoza, in 1561; San Juan, in 1562; San Miguel de Tucumán, in 1565. Juan de Garayfounded
Santa Fe in 1573 and the same year Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera set up Córdoba. Garay went
further south to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580 San Luis was established in 1596The Spanish
Empire subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate
wealth of the silver and gold mines in Bolivia and Peru, and as such it became part of the
Viceroyalty of Peru until the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 with
Buenos Aires as its capital.
• On 9 July 1816, the Congress of Tucumán formalized the Declaration of Independence,
which is now celebrated as Independence Day, a national holiday. One year later General
Martín Miguel de Güemes stopped royalists on the north, and General José de San Martín
took an army across the Andesand secured the independence of Chile; then he led the fight
to the Spanish stronghold of Lima and proclaimed the independence of Peru. In 1819 Buenos
Aires enacted a centralist constitution that was soon abrogated by federalists.
• The 1820 Battle of Cepeda, fought between the Centralists and the Federalists,
resulted in the end of the Supreme Director rule. In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another
centralist constitution, with Bernardino Rivadavia being appointed as the first president of the
country. However, the interior provinces soon rose against him, forced his resignation and
discarded the constitution.Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter
prevailed and formed the Argentine Confederation in 1831, led by Juan Manuel de Rosas.
During his regime he faced a French blockade (1838–1840), the War of the Confederation
(1836–1839), and a combined Anglo-French blockade (1845–1850), but remained undefeated
and prevented further loss of national territory. His trade restriction policies, however,
angered the interior provinces and in 1852 Justo José de Urquiza, another powerful caudillo,
beat him out of power. As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the liberal
and federal 1853 Constitution. Buenos Aires seceded but was forced back into the
Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 Battle of Cepeda.
• Between 1878 and 1884 the so-called Conquest of the Desert occurred, with the
purpose of giving by means of the constant confrontations between natives and Criollos in
the border, and the appropriation of the indigenous territories, tripling the Argentine territory.
The first conquest, consisted of a series of military incursions into the Pampa and Patagonian
territories dominated by the indigenous peoples, distributing them among the members of
the Sociedad Rural Argentina, financiers of the expeditions. The conquest of Chaco lasted up

to the end of the century, since its full ownership of the national economic system only took
place when the mere extraction of wood and tannin was replaced by the production of
cotton. The Argentine government considered indigenous people as inferior beings, without
the same rights as Criollos and Europeans.
• In 1912, President Roque Sáenz Peña enacted universal and secret male suffrage,
which allowed Hipólito Yrigoyen, leader of the Radical Civic Union(or UCR), to win the 1916
election. He enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms
and businesses. Argentina stayed neutral during World War I. The second administration of
Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis, precipitated by the Great Depression.
• In 1930, Yrigoyen was ousted from power by the military led by José Félix Uriburu.
Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest countries until mid-century, this coup
d'étatmarks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the country back
into underdevelopment.
• As of 2021, there was a report that that human rights problems in Argentina still occurs
up to now. Including police abuse, poor prison conditions, aboriginal violence against women
and child. Laws that can protect indigenous were failed to implement.

MEMBER ORGANIZATION
Argentina is a member of the Organization of American States, the Inter-American
Development Bank, the Latin American Integration Association and of MERCOSUR (Mercado
Común del Sur). The country is also a member of the Community of Latin American and
Caribbean States. Argentina was a signatory to the creation of the Foro para el Progreso del
América del Sur (Prosur) in Santiago, Chile, in 2019. Argentina became an observer member of
the Pacific Alliance (Alianza del Pacífico) in 2016.
Argentina was a founder member of the United Nations in 1945. As a contracting party to the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Argentina joined the World Trade Organization on its
establishment in 1995. The country is a member of the Group of 15 and the Group of 20.
REFLECTION
Argentina has been classified by the World Bank as a high-income nation. They create
products that makes the number of tourist on their country thrive. But just like what every
country is experiencing, their economy rate goes down a lot of times because of the
increasing number of unemployed and high-inflation rate during the late 20’s.
In addition to this, it is recently reported that the economy of Argentina just shrank nearly 10%
in 2020. I realized that maybe Argentina were not consistent when it comes to the quality of
their products or services, or maybe, their people were just tired of their governance.

RECOMMENDATION
Every human has a right, either you’re rich or poor; you must have your rights. But in
Argentina, those who have power were the ones who break these human rights, and just like
what I expect when I’m doing this research, indigenous citizens are the victims. Some of
these violated rights are the violation against women and children rights. And for me, that is
the biggest problem of Argentina and the reason why they’re shrinking. If they want a
peaceful and growing country, I would recommend that they should pay attention to these
Indigenous people and give them the rights that they deserve. This is now the right time to
focus their law on how to compensate for what they did to these poor people. And with that,
I believe that they can start their country a life without questioning and hurting each other.
 FRANCE

OFFICIAL NAME: French Republic (République Française)

LAND AREA: 551,697 square kilometers (213,011 square miles)
TOTAL AREA: 640,679 square kilometers (247,368 square miles)
PRESIDENT: Emmanuel Macron
PRIME MINISTER: Jean Castex
CAPITAL: Paris 2,175,601
POPULATION: 65.06 million
LANGUAGE: French
ETHNICITY/RACE: According to some estimates it is postulated that about 51 million are white
who account for 85% of the total French population, six million people are of North African
descent accounting for 10% of the total population, two million are black who account for 3.3%
of the population, and about one million or 1.7% of the population are of Asian origin.
RELIGIONS: 51.1% Christian, 39.6% atheism, 5.6% Muslims, 2.5% others, 0.4% undecided
LITERACY RATE: 99%
GOVERNMENT: France has a semi-presidential system of government with both president and
a prime minister. The prime minister is responsible to the French Parliament.
ECONOMY: sugar beets, wine, milk, beef, veal, cereals and oilseeds.
MAJOR INDUSTRY: banking and insurance, automobiles,

HISTORY
France, officially FRENCH REPUBLIC, country of northwestern Europe. Historically and
culturally among the most important nations in the Western world, France have a significant
role in the international affairs, with former colonies in every corner of the globe.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, the Alphs and the Pyrenees,
France has long provided a geographic, economic and linguistic bridge joining northern and
southern Europe. It is among the globe’s oldest nations, the product of an alliance of duchies
and principalities under a single ruler in the Middle Ages.

PREHISTORIC AND ANCIENT FRANCE

During the last ice age, humans called Cro-Magnons lived in France. They dwelt in caves and
they hunted animals such as mammoths and reindeer. They must have been resourceful
people to survive in such a harsh climate and they also created art. The Cro-Magnons are
known for the paintings they made on the walls of caves. They also carved figurines from ivory.
After the end of the ice age, the hunter-gatherer lifestyle came to an end in France. The
agricultural revolution began in the Middle East but farming began in France at about 6,000
BC. However, the change to farming from hunting and gathering food happened gradually. It
took centuries. For a long time, hunting was still an important source of food. Nevertheless,
by about 4,500 BC the stone age farmers had created a sophisticated society. They built
impressive stone tombs and they also erected menhirs (standing stones). The early farmers in
France used stone tools but about 2,000 BC bronze was introduced into France. Then about
900 BC, a people called the Celts or Gauls migrated to France. They brought iron tools and
weapons with them. At the top of Celtic society were the aristocrats. Below them were the
farmers and craftsmen. Celtic craftsmen were very skilled workers in iron, bronze, and gold.
Furthermore, trade flourished in Gaul and the Gauls built communities known as hill forts,
which could be considered the first French towns. Then about 600 BC, the Greeks founded
Marseilles and Gaul increasingly came into contact with the Mediterranean world. However,
the Gauls were hopelessly disunited. They were divided into about 60 tribes and that made it
easy for the Romans to conquer them.
ROMAN FRANCE
After Julius Caesar conquered Gaul in BC, the Gauls were forced to submit to Roman rule. The
Gauls adopted the Roman way of life (at least to a certain extent) However, as the Roman
Empire crumbled, some Germanic tribes took over and became independent. Clovis I made
Paris his capital in 507 AD. Clovis also subdued parts of southern France. By the mid-6th
century, the Franks ruled all of France. The Merovingian kings became figureheads and were
known as the do-nothing kings. In 800 AD the Pope crowned Charlemagne Emperor. He also
defeated the Bavarians and the Saxons. His successor Louis the Pious announced that after
his death the empire would be split among his sons. The western part was ruled by Charles
the Bald from 838 to 877. Eventually in 911 Charles the Simple made a treaty with the Viking
Chief, Rollo. He took Normandy in return for converting to Christianity and promising loyalty
to Charles.
FRANCE IN THE MIDLE AGES
By the late 11th century French kings had little or no power over most of France. Counts and
Dukes were largely independent. The French fought back against the English at the Battle of
Poitiers in 1356. France was successful and by 1375 the English were driven back until they
held no more than a few ports. In 1415 the English invaded again and won a victory at
Agincourt. Jeanne D'Arc (Joan of Arc) led a French revival in 1429. Joan claimed that from
about the age of 13 she heard 'voices'. The English burned her as a heretic in 1431. By 1453 the
English had been driven out of all France except Calais.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

The Estates-General met on 5 May 1789 and began arguing over how they should vote. In
June the third estate declared themselves the true representatives of the people. On 27 June
the king caved in and ordered the three estates to vote as one body. His decision caused
rejoicing in Paris but then troops marched towards Paris. Following the fall of the Bastille Paris
was given a new city government with a man named Bailly as mayor. To preserve law and
order in Paris a citizen's militia was formed. A wave of unrest then swept rural France, known
as the La Grande Peur (Great Fear). It declared that all men are born free and equal. Arbitrary
arrest and imprisonment were outlawed. Appointments to public posts were made on the
basis of ability rather than ability alone. On 4 August 1789 tithes were abolished. In November
1790 the Assembly voted to confiscate land belonging to the Church and pay the clergy a.
salary (making them state employees). Many of the clergy refused to co-operate with the
new plans and were dismissed. At that time Paris was divided into sections with sectional
assemblies. The Paris Commune seized power and formed a tribunal to try political prisoners.
Thousands of political prisoners were guillotined on 21 August 1792. On 20 August 1792, the
French army halted the Prussians at Valmy. The new government, the National Convention,
abolished the monarchy. In March 1793 the Vendee and parts of Brittany rose in revolt.
However, by December the uprising was crushed, with appalling bloodshed. The French
Revolution began on 22 September 1792, the first day of the French Revolution. At least
16,000 people were executed in the first 9 months. Many Jacobins were deists or atheists
and opposed to Christianity. The church was persecuted and many churches were vandalized
and closed. The only way to ensure their safety was to denounce him and remove him from
power. In 1794 he was sent to the guillotine and the apparatus of terror was dismantled.
Many churches were re-opened for worship for the first time since October 1793.

MEMBER ORGANIZATION
France is a charter member of the UN, having join on October 24, 1945 and actively
cooperates in ECE, ECLAP, ESCAP, and all the non-regional specialized agencies; it is one of
the permanent member of the security council. France is also a founding member of EU.

REFLECTION
I learned that France did everything to make their economy grow by creating different
products and services, also they create a beautiful country that makes their tourist industry
thrive. By the population of France, There is no impossible to do, especially when they have
unity and competitiveness

RECOMMENDATION
Although France has the second-most populated country, they still face a lot of economic
challenges. Like a number of unemployed in their country remains stubbornly high. Also their
lack of competitiveness even they run a current account deficit and make their economy grow
slowly. As for what I can recommend to them, since they already start doing things to resolve
this problem, I think they just need to show everyone and tell them exactly the reason why
changing those kinds of habits will be a big help for the sake of their economy. This people
need some eye-opener, and that is what their government should do.
 AUSTRALIA
OFFICIAL NAME: Commonwealth of Australia
TOTAL AREA: 7,700,00 km²

CAPITAL: Canberra

POPULATION: 25,892,000

LANGUAGE: English

RELIGIONS: Christianity 52.1%, Islam 2.6%, Buddhism2.4%, Hinduism 1.9%Sikhism 0.5%, Judaism
0.4%, No Religions 30.1%, other 0.4%.

INTERNATIONAL COUNTRY CODE: +61

CURRENCY :Australian dollar ($) (AUD)

GOVERNMENT: Australia is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy.

MONARCH: Elizabeth II

GOVERNOR GENERAL: David Hurley

PRIME MINISTER: Scott Morrison

ECONOMY:
The Australian economy is dominated by its service sector, which in 2017 comprised 62.7% of
the GDP and employed 78.8% of the labour force. Australia has the tenth-highest total
estimated value of natural resources, valued at US$19.9 trillion in 2019. At the height of the
mining boom in 2009–10, the total value-added of the mining industry was 8.4% of
GDP.Despite the recent decline in the mining sector, the Australian economy had remained
resilient and stable and did not experience a recession from 1991 until 2020.

The Australian Securities Exchange in Sydney is the 16th-largest stock exchange in the world in
terms of domestic market capitalization and has one of the largest interest rate derivatives
markets in the Asia-Pacific region.Some of Australia's large companies include
Commonwealth Bank, BHP, CSL, Westpac, NAB, ANZ, Fortescue Metals Group, Wesfarmers,
Macquarie Group, Woolworths Group, Rio Tinto, and Telstra.The currency of Australia and its
territories is the Australian dollar, which it shares with several Pacific nation states.

Australia's economy is strongly intertwined with the countries of East and Southeast Asia, also
known as ASEAN Plus Three (APT), accounting for about 64% of exports in 2016. China in
particular is Australia's main export and import partner by a wide margin. Australia is a
member of the APEC, G20, OECD and WTO. The country has also entered into free trade
agreements with ASEAN, Canada, Chile, China, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru,
Japan, Singapore, Thailand and the United States.The ANZCERTA agreement with New
Zealand has greatly increased integration with the economy of New Zealand and in 2011 there
was a plan to form an Australasian Single Economic Market by 2015.

The economy of Australia is a highly developed mixed economy. As of 2021, Australia was the
12th-largest national economy by nominal GDP (Gross Domestic Product), the 18th-largest by
PPP-adjusted GDP, and was the 25th-largest goods exporter and 20th-largest goods importer.
Australia took the record for the longest run of uninterrupted GDP growth in the developed
world with the March 2017 financial quarter. It was the 103rd quarter and the 26th year since
the country had a technical recession (two consecutive quarters of negative growth). As of
June 2021, the country's GDP was estimated at A$1.98 trillion.
NATURAL RESOURCES: Australia is the world's largest producer of opal and the world's
largest exporter of coal. The country is also one of the top producers of iron ore, nickel, gold,
uranium, diamonds, and zinc. New Zealand is an important producer of coal, silver, iron ore,
limestone, and gold.

HISTORY

PREHISTORY
Human habitation of the Australian continent is known to have begun at least 65,000 years
ago,with the migration of people by land bridges and short sea-crossings from what is now
Southeast Asia. The Madjedbebe rock shelter in Arnhem Land is recognized as the oldest site
showing the presence of humans in Australia. The oldest human remains found are the Lake
Mungo remains, which have been dated to around 41,000 years ago. These people were the
ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal Australian culture is one of the oldest
continual cultures on Earth.

At the time of first European contact, most Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers
with complex economies and societies.Recent archaeological finds suggest that a population
of 750,000 could have been sustained. Indigenous Australians have an oral culture with
spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime. The Torres
Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, obtained their livelihood from seasonal horticulture
and the resources of their reefs and seas.The northern coasts and waters of Australia were
visited sporadically for trade by Makassan fishermen from what is now Indonesia.
EUROPEAN ARRIVAL

The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded
European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and
crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken
captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon.He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula
in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February 1606 at the Pennefather River near the
modern town of Weipa on Cape York. Later that year, Spanish explorer LuísVaz de Torres
sailed through, and navigated, Torres Strait islands.The Dutch charted the whole of the
western and northern coastlines and named the island continent "New Holland" during the
17th century, and although no attempt at settlement was made, a number of shipwrecks left
men either stranded or, as in the case of the Batavia in 1629, marooned for mutiny and
murder, thus becoming the first Europeans to permanently inhabit the continent. William
Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in
1688 (while serving as a crewman under pirate Captain John Read) and again in 1699 on a
return trip. In 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named
New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain.

With the loss of its American colonies in 1783, the British Government sent a fleet of ships, the
"First Fleet", under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, to establish a new penal colony in
New South Wales. A camp was set up and the Union flag raised at Sydney Cove, Port Jackson,
on 26 January 1788, a date which later became Australia's national day, Australia Day. Most
early convicts were transported for petty crimes and assigned as labourers or servants upon
arrival. While the majority settled into colonial society once emancipated, convict rebellions
and uprisings were also staged, but invariably suppressed under martial law. The 1808 Rum
Rebellion, the only successful armed takeover of government in Australia, instigated a two-
year period of military rule.
The indigenous population declined for 150 years following settlement, mainly due to
infectious disease. Thousands more died as a result of frontier conflict with settlers. A
government policy of "assimilation" beginning with the Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
resulted in the removal of many Aboriginal children from their families and communities—
referred to as the Stolen Generations — a practice which also contributed to the decline in
the indigenous population. As a result of the 1967 referendum, the Federal government's
power to enact special laws with respect to a particular race was extended to enable the
making of laws with respect to Aboriginals. Traditional ownership of land ("native title") was
not recognised in law until 1992, when the High Court of Australia held in Mabo v Queensland
(No 2) that the legal doctrine that Australia had been terra nullius ("land belonging to no one")
did not apply to Australia at the time of British settlement.

COLONIAL EXPANSION

The expansion of British control over other areas of the continent began in the early 19th
century, initially confined to coastal regions. A settlement was established in Van Diemen's
Land (present-day Tasmania) in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. In 1813,
Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains west
of Sydney, opening the interior to European settlement. The British claim was extended to
the whole Australian continent in 1827 when Major Edmund Lockyer established a settlement
on King George Sound (modern-day Albany). The Swan River Colony (present-day Perth) was
established in 1829, evolving into the largest Australian colony by area, Western Australia. In
accordance with population growth, separate colonies were carved from parts of New South
Wales: South Australia in 1836, New Zealand in 1841, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in
1859.[81] The Northern Territory was excised from South Australia in 1911. South Australia was
founded as a "free province" — it was never a penal colony. Western Australia was also
founded "free" but later accepted transported convicts, the last of which arrived in 1868,
decades after transportation had ceased to the other colonies. In the mid-19th century,
explorers such as Burke and Wills went further inland to determine its agricultural potential
and answer scientific questions.

A series of gold rushes beginning in the early 1850s led to an influx of new migrants from
China, North America and continental Europe, and also spurred outbreaks of bushranging and
civil unrest; the latter peaked in 1854 when Ballarat miners launched the Eureka Rebellion
against gold license fees, Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained
responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the
British Empire. The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably
foreign affairsand defence.

NATIONHOOD

On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning,
consultation and voting. After the 1907 Imperial Conference, Australia and the other self-
governing British colonies were given the status of "dominion" within the British Empire. The
Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the Australian Capital Territory) was formed in 1911 as
the location for the future federal capital of Canberra. Melbourne was the temporary seat of
government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was being constructed. The Northern Territory
was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the federal
parliament in 1911. Australia became the colonial ruler of the Territory of Papua (which had
initially been annexed by Queensland in 1883) in 1902 and of the Territory of New Guinea
(formerly German New Guinea) in 1920. The two were unified as the Territory of Papua and
New Guinea in 1949 and gained independence from Australia in 1975.
In 1914, Australia joined Britain in fighting World War I, with support from both the outgoing
Commonwealth Liberal Party and the incoming Australian Labor Party. Australians took part in
many of the major battles fought on the Western Front. Of about 416,000 who served, about
60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded. Many Australians regard the defeat
of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth of the nation
— its first major military action. The Kokoda Track campaign is regarded by many as an
analogous nation-defining event during World War II.

Britain's Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between
Australia and the United Kingdom. Australia adopted it in 1942, but it was backdated to 1939
to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II.
The shock of Britain's defeat in Asia in 1942, followed soon after by the bombing of Darwin
and other Japanese attacks, led to a widespread belief in Australia that an invasion was
imminent, and a shift towards the United States as a new ally and protector. Since 1951,
Australia has been a formal military ally of the United States, under the ANZUS treaty.

After World War II, Australia encouraged immigration from mainland Europe. Since the 1970s
and following the abolition of the White Australia policy, immigration from Asia and elsewhere
was also promoted. As a result, Australia's demography, culture, and self-image were
transformed. The Australia Act 1986 severed the remaining constitutional ties between
Australia and the United Kingdom. In a 1999 referendum, 55% of voters and a majority in every
state rejected a proposal to become a republic with a president appointed by a two-thirds
vote in both Houses of the Australian Parliament. There has been an increasing focus in
foreign policy on ties with other Pacific Rim nations while maintaining close ties with
Australia's traditional allies and trading partners.
MEMBER ORGANIZATION

Australia is a member of many international or intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), the

most notable being the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, multilateral banks,
the World Trade Organization, and others.

REFLECTION

Based on my research, there are lots of aboriginal people in Australia. These people often
experiencing racism and unequality. But, we can tell that the government did not tolerate this
doings. Instead, they create a law that will end the line between these indigenous people and
those normal people.

RECOMMENDATION

Since this problems about aboriginal people is not totally ended, the highers should tell to
their scope the importance of understanding the aboriginal culture, to develop respect for
diversity and understanding of different culture. They already start to eliminate this matter,
and that’s a good thing.
 MEMBERS :

Mary Joy C. Macaltao

Marian Tolentino
Maxine Peralta
Daniela Narbonita
Reina Bato
Mynard Salinas
Joneric Ramos