Atienza, Erica Jean Q.

AGR12
BSA1

Assignment: Look for the meaning of the following terms related to plant genetics.
1. Genotype -each plant's genotype contributes to its phenotype, which, in this case, is
the outward appearance of its flowers. A particular genotype is described as homozygous
if it features two identical alleles and as heterozygous if the two alleles differ. The process
of determining a genotype is called genotyping.
2. Phenotype -the phenotype of a plant is a term used to describe observable
characteristics, such as height, biomass, leaf shape and so on. We use the term
phenotype in a more specific context to describe the collective expression of the genotype
in conjunction with the environment on a plant's observable characteristics.
3. Dominant -the tallest individuals or species in a stand of vegetation (such as a forest),
which receive the greatest amount of sunlight.
4. Recessive -recessive traits become latent, or disappear, in the offspring of a
hybridization. The recessive trait does, however, reappear in the progeny of the hybrid
offspring.
5. Codominant -is exemplified by a plant that bears flowers with two distinct color
phenotypes. For instance, a white-spotted red flower could be caused by a cross between
a red flower and a white flower. The alleles for the red and white color phenotypes mean
that they are codominant.
6. Additive -additive genes are those which each contribute independently to a given
trait. These are the easiest for the breeder to handle. For example suppose yield was
determined by six genes, each of which had an equal effect on yield.
7. Polymorphism -a discontinuous genetic variation resulting in the occurrence of
several different forms or types of individuals among the members of a single species. A
discontinuous genetic variation divides the individuals of a population into two or more
sharply distinct forms.
8. Mutation -mutations in plants are a naturally occurring phenomenon that alters the
appearance of a plant's characteristics, most notably in the foliage, flowers, fruit, or stems.
For example, a flower may exhibit two colors, exactly half and half. Many times, the
mutant plants return to normal the next season.
9. Complex trait -are believed to result from variation within multiple genes and their
interaction with behavioral and environmental factors.
10. Multifactorial -a multifactorial stress combination occurs when more than two to three
abiotic and/or biotic stress factors simultaneously impact a plant.
11. Polygenic -polygenic inheritance is defined as quantitative inheritance, where
multiple independent genes have an additive or similar effect on a single quantitative
trait.” Polygenic inheritance is also known as multiple gene inheritance or multiple factor
inheritance.
12. Monogenic -most plants are resistant to most pathogens. Resistance to a pathogen
is determined by the genetic make-up of a plant, and can be due to a single gene in the
host plant (monogenic) or to more than one gene (polygenic).
13. Haplotype -is a specific combination of jointly inherited nucleotides or DNA markers
from polymorphic sites in the same chromosomal segment. In the present review, we
discusses the potential and need of haplotypes in the crop breeding for the development
of improved varieties.
14. Phase –this are the stages in plants.
15. Multilocus genotype -amultilocus genotype is a unique combination of alleles across
two or more loci.
16. Epistasis -is an interaction at the phenotypic level of organization. The genes that
are involved in a specific epistatic interaction may still show independent assortment at
the genotypic level. In such cases, however, the phenotypic ratios may appear to
deviate from those expected with independent assortment.
17. Interaction -in plant communities each plant might interact in a positive, negative, or
neutral manner. Plants often directly or indirectly alter the availability of resources and the
physical habitat around them. Trees cast shade, moderate temperature and humidity,
alter penetration of rain, aerate soil, and modify soil texture.
18. Pleiotropy -a pleiotropic gene is a single gene that controls more than one trait.
During his study of inheritance in pea plants, Gregor Mendel made several interesting
observations regarding the color of various plant components.
19. Allelic association -are a powerful tool for investigating multiple or complex traits
related to any single/multiple stress. GWAS on various plants/crops have identified
novel gene candidates, or genes or quantitative trait loci, responsible for abiotic stress
and biotic stress.
20. Linkage disequilibrium, gametic phase disequilibrium -linkage disequilibrium
refers to the non-random association of alleles between genetic loci on the same or
different chromosome. It is also called as gametic phase disequilibrium. LD occurs
when genotypes at the two loci are not independent of another.