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Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
RESPIRATORY TRACT
INFECTIONS
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INTRODUCTION
•Most common problem in children below 5 years.
•In this age group they get about 6‐8 episodes per year.
•It includes infections of nasal cavity, throat,
nasopharynx , ears , sinuses.
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ACUTE PHARNYNGITIS
• Nasopharyngitis:‐ Nasal symptoms are more
prominent.
• Tonsillopharyngitis:‐ Throat symptoms are more
prominent
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ETIOLOGY
• Viruses:‐ rhinoviruses, influenza, parainfluenza,
corona, adenoviruses are common.
• Bacterial:‐ Group A‐beta hemolytic streptococci,
(GABHS) is commonest. Others are H. influenza,
C.diptheriae.
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CLINICAL FEATURES
•Fever
•Running nose
•Sore Throat
•Conjuctival congestion
•Pain in deglutition
•Cough
Depending on the presenting symptoms one should try to
differentiate between viral & bacterial etiology, even though
exactly not possible.
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ACUTE PHANYNGITIS
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VIRAL
•Acute onset,
•Red eyes
•Rhinorrhea
•Exanthema,
•Diarrhea may be present.
•Cough more prominent.
•Pharyngeal exudates & cervical lymphadenopathy less
often
Indicates involvement of more than one mucus membrane
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BACTERIAL
• Acute onset, pain in throat, little nasal discharge &
less cough
• More pharyngeal congestion, thick exudates,
patchy tonsils & tender cervical lymphadenopathy
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COMPLICATIONS
• Suppurative:‐ Retropharyngeal abscess, peritonsilar
abscess, otitis media, mastoiditis, sinusitis.
• Nonsuppurative:‐ Acute rheumatic fever & acute
glomerulonephrits.
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DIAGNOSIS
• Diagnosis is essentially clinical
• Blood count, ESR, CRP level can help but have a
low predictive value
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• Throat culture is gold standard but a positive result
does not reliably distinguish acute streptococcal
pharyngitis from asymptomatic carriage.
• Rapid antigen detection test (RADTS) is also
available.
• ASO has NO role in diagnosis of acute pharyngitis as
it takes several weeks to become positive.
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TREATMENT
• Supportive treatment
• Rest, antipyretics, normal saline nasal drops,
sometimes first generation antihistaminics for
troublesome coryza.
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SPECIFIC TREATMENT
• Viral pharyngitis does not need antimicrobial
treatment
• GABHS is self limiting disease but antibiotics are
given to prevent morbidity & mortality.
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• Penicillin is the drug of choice
• But Amoxicillin is a good alternative & widely
used 40 mg/kg/day is given for 10 days.
• Erythromycin, Azithromycin and First
Generation Cephalosporins can also be given.
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TONSILLECTOMY
Indicated only if seven or more
infections of the tonsils per year
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ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA
• OTITIS MEDIA is defined as inflammation of the
middle ear.
• Children are more prone for ASOM because, the
Eustachian tubes communicating throat with ears
are straight & short
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TYPES
1. Acute otitis media (AOM)
2. Chronic supportive otitis media (CSOM)
3. Recurrent otitis media: Three or more episodes of
AOM in six months, 4 or more in one year.
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ETIOLOGY
• BACTERIA:‐
–Streptococcus pneumonia ,
–Haemophilus influezae
–Moraxella catarrhalis
• VIRUSES:‐
–RSV,
–Influenza.
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis is done by clinical
examination
by Otoscope
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OTOSCOPE
• The eardrum is inflamed & tense.
The eardrum is inflamed & tense.
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COMPLICATIONS
Two major complication
1. Pyogenic Meningitis
2. Deafness
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TREATMENT
• It is treated with Antibiotics Amoxicillin (40mg /kg/
day )
• If severe 3rd Generation Cephalosporins are used.
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• Treatment is continued for complete 10 days to
prevent complications & chronicity.
• For relief of pain, paracetomol is used.
• No role of local antibiotic drugs in ASOM.
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• Partially treated or untreated cases
may lead to middle ear effusion (MEE)
• MEE if not monitored can give rise to DEAFNESS.
• To avoid this TYMPANOMETRY is done every two
weekly till it resolves
• Sometimes TYMPANOCENTESIS is needed
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ACUTE SINUSITIS
• In children Maxillary & Ethmoid sinuses are
fully developed at birth. The Sphenoid sinus
by 3 years & Frontal sinus at 7 to 8 years.
•So infection of sinuses is common &
associated by NASOPHARYNGITIS
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CLINICAL FEATURES
• Nasal Congestion
• Purulent Nasal Discharge
• Fever
• Cough
• Halitosis
• Headache and Facial pain – rare in children
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TREATMENT
• Amoxycillin or Amoxy‐clav ‐40mg / kg / day or 3rd
generation cephalosphorins if severe.
• Treatment should be given for 14 days or 1 week
beyond symptom resolution.
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Thank You
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