Thin–Walled Structures 148 (2020) 106595

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Thin-Walled Structures
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Slip factor of high strength steel with inorganic zinc-rich coating

Yan-Bo Wang , Yuan-Zuo Wang , Kun Chen , Hua-Jian Jin *
College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The loading resistance of slip critical steel connection is determined by the slip factor between faying surfaces
Slip factor and pretension force in bolts. The shot-blasting treatment is a commonly used and simple type of surface
Surface treatment treatments. In order to avoid the risk of rusting of shot-blasted surfaces which threatens the structure safety, shot-
Inorganic zinc-rich coating
blasted surfaces are generally coated with aluminum or zinc-based product. In this study, the slip factors of high
High strength steel
Creep test
strength steels (Q550, Q690 and Q890) with inorganic zinc-rich coating are investigated. Two values of coating
thickness (60 μm and 80μm) are selected and the influence of thickness of coating on slip factor is studied. Based
on classical friction mechanism theory, compared with slip factor of shot-blasted surface, the decreasing of slip
factor of surface with inorganic zinc-rich coating is analyzed. Moreover, the coating thickness effect on slip factor
is also investigated. Because the difference between the measured slip displacement at 5 min (short-term tests)
and 3 h (long-term tests) exceed 2 μm, corresponding creep tests are carried out to evaluate long-term effects.
Based on tests results, the recommended values of slip factor of high strength steel surface with inorganic zinc-
rich coating is 0.30.

1. Introduction
The slip resistance of slip critical joint is determined by pretension
force in bolts and slip factor of steel faying surface. The slip resistance of
the joint is calculated by
FS ¼ μnf nb Fp
where μ is the slip factor, nf is the number of slip planes, nb is the number
of high strength bolts and Fp is the pretension force of the high strength
steel bolt. In general, the pretension force in each bolt is approximately
fixed to 60%–70% of the tensile strength of the bolt. Accordingly, if the
numbers of the slip planes and bolts are determined, the slip factor is the
most critical parameter in the evaluation of the slip resistance for the
joint. In current design standards [1–4], the slip factor of faying surfaces
is determined with consideration of the influences of surface prepara­
tions and conditions. The shot-blasting treatment is a commonly used
and simple type of surface treatments. However, without corrosion
resistant treatment, the slip resistance of the joint is possible to decrease
due to the corrosion of faying surfaces. In order to avoid the risk of
rusting of shot-blasted surfaces which threatens the structure safety,
shot-blasted surfaces are generally coated with specific corrosion resis­
tance treatments [5]. Inorganic zinc-rich coating method characterized
by high corrosion resistant, has been widely adopted in recent years [6,
7]. However, the slip factor of faying surfaces with coating is generally
lower than that of uncoated surfaces. In addition, creep deformation of
coating generally occurs, which induces loss of pretension force in bolts.
Therefore, in the slip test procedure, stability of slip factor should be
considered.
The influence of coating type on slip factor is significant. Because of
(1)
good performance on anti-corrosive and stability, there are three coating
types widely used: hot-dip galvanizing, aluminum coating and zinc-rich
coating. The slip factor of hot-dip galvanizing surface after pickling
cleaning ranges from 0.15 to 0.25. When shot blasting method rather
than pickling cleaning method is used, higher slip factor of hot-dip
galvanizing surface can be obtained. Anna and Chiza conducted a
research to study the slip resistance of high strength bolted connection
with zinc-metallized surface and metalized-galvanized faying surface
[8]. They reported that metallized faying surfaces showed greater slip
resistance than the uncoated blasted surfaces. The zinc-rich coating is
generally classified into inorganic type and organic type. Kulak sum­
marized the experimental results on slip factor of zinc-rich coating
surfaces and reported that the slip factor of inorganic type is higher than
that of organic one [9]. Maiorana et al. [10] reported that the slip factor
increases with the increasing of the percentage of zinc in the coating
component. On the other hand, the coating thickness has been recog­
nized as one significant parameter in the calibration procedure of slip

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hj2in@tongji.edu.cn (H.-J. Jin).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.106595
Received 29 July 2019; Received in revised form 20 November 2019; Accepted 30 December 2019
Available online 9 January 2020
0263-8231/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Y.-B. Wang et al. Thin-Walled Structures 148 (2020) 106595

Fig. 1. Dimensions of standard test specimens (Unit: mm).

factor. In RCSC [4], the influence of coating thickness is considered for

Table 1
long-term tests but negligible for short-term tests. In general, the creep
Classification of specimens.
phenomenon becomes more significant with the increasing of coating
thickness, which induces the decreasing of pretension force and slip Specimen Bolt grade Steel grade Coating thickness Repeat

resistance. However, contrary conclusions are drawn by some re­ Q345-60 10.9 Q345 60 μm 5
searchers. According to experimental investigation on slip factor of Q550-60 10.9 Q550 5
Q690-60 12.9 Q690 5
inorganic zinc-rich coating with various thicknesses, Geoffrey et al. [11]
Q890-60 12.9 Q890 5
reported that the slip factor of surface with coating thickness of 50 μm Q550-80 10.9 Q550 80μm 5
–80 μm is higher than that of surface with coating thickness of 20 μm –30 Q690-80 12.9 Q890 5
μm . Cruz et al. [12] conducted a series of tests to compare the slip factor
of S275 normal strength steel and S690 high strength steel with different
zinc epoxy coating thickness of 70 μm and 135 μm . However, with Table 2
limited specimens, the influences on slip factor induced by steel grade Slip load.
and coating thickness cannot be considered separately.
Specimen Slip load
High strength steel with nominal yield stress not less than 460 MPa
has been increasingly used in structures owing to the architectural ad­ FS;max (kN) FS;min (kN) FSm (kN)
vantages and high structural efficiency [13]. Meanwhile, high strength Q345-60 249.6 193.5 222.2
bolt critical joint characterized by fast installation and good perfor­ Q550-60 245.0 191.7 210.4
mance is largely used in high strength steel structures and numerous Q550-80 252.9 214.1 228.9
studies were carried out to investigate the design strength of bolted Q690-60 278.2 237.3 252.0
Q690-80 292.8 253.0 272.7
connection [14–18]. Because of lacking of available values of slip factors Q890-60 279.2 249.4 266.2
of HSS faying surface, the slip resistances of HSS joint and hybrid joint
between HSS and mild steel are investigated by the authors and it has *FS;max is maximum value of slip loads in one series of test; FS;min is minimum
value of slip loads in one series of test.
been demonstrated that the influence of steel grades on slip factor
should be considered [19]. However, the slip resistance and stability of
HSS joint with inorganic zinc-rich coating have not been studied well. In
the present study, the slip resistance of mild steel (Q345) and high
strength steels (Q550, Q690 and Q890) surfaces with zinc-rich coating is
investigated for varying values of coating thickness under short and long
duration loadings. The test results are compared with those of uncoated
shot-blasted surfaces. The effects of steel strength and coating thickness
on slip factor are discussed. According to experimental results, the slip
factor for zinc-rich coating surface of high strength steels is
recommended.

2. Experimental study

2.1. Specimen details and surface treatment

Fig. 2. Surface with inorganic zinc-rich coating.
One strength grade of mild steel (Q345) and three different strength
grades of HSS (Q550, Q690 and Q890) are considered in the present
Q345/Q550 and Q690/Q890 steel core plates. The thicknesses of HSS
research program. According to Annex G of EN 1090–2 [20], each
(Q550, Q690 and Q890) and mild steel (Q345) plates are 10 mm and 12
standard test specimen consists of two cover plates and two core plates
mm, respectively.
in 100 mm width, jointed together by four M20 bolts, installed in
The surface preparation is carried out as specified in Table 1. The
normalized holes of 22 mm diameter, as shown in Fig. 1. The grade 10.9
surfaces of steel plates are all cleaned to remove rust after shot blasted.
bolt and grade 12.9 bolt are selected to offer matching strength with
The zinc-riche coating with two different thicknesses (60 μm and 80 μm )

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Y.-B. Wang et al. Thin-Walled Structures 148 (2020) 106595

Fig. 3. Arrangement of strain gauges on bolt.

is applied on the surface through an electric arc, as shown in Fig. 2. The

inorganic zinc-rich primer with 35% zinc content used in the present.
Zinc powder and ethyl silicate is taken as main raw materials in addition
to high molecular compound, thickener, filler, auxiliary agent, solvent,
Fig. 4. Slip test setup.
etc. This coating has high zinc powder content and excellent cathodic
protection performance. The alcohol soluble tetraethyl orthosilicate
(TEOZ) zinc rich paint is used in this study. Before the steel plates are
assembled, the coating thickness is measured using a Qnix4500 coating
thickness gage. A total of five different spots are selected for each plate
to determine the mean value of coating thickness (see Table 2).

2.2. Pretension force of bolt

The bolt pretension force is applied by using torque wrench in ac­

cording to EN 1993-1-8 [2], calculated by
FP;C ¼ 0:7fu Ae (2)

where fu is the tensile strength of the high strength bolt steel ( fu ¼1040
MPa and 1220 MPa for grade 10.9 and grade 12.9 bolts). The Ae is the
effective area of high strength bolt ( Ae ¼245 mm2 for M20 bolts). By
using Eq. (2), the pretension forces FP;C ¼ 155 kN and 180 kN are
calculated for grade 10.9 bolt and grade 12.9 bolts, respectively. In the
pretension process, two strain gauges are attached on two notched sides
to measure the axial strain of bolt to monitor the pretension forces in
bolts. Two through holes are punched on the bolt head to lead wires
from strain gauges to data collector, as shown in Fig. 3 . The target strain
can be obtained by Eq. (3) with the determined pretension force. The
error of the applied strain (average value of the two strain gauges) was
controlled within �3% of the target strain.
E � An
εave ¼ (3)
Fp
Fig. 5. Installation of bolts and loading diagram.
where E is elastic modulus of the high strength bolt; εave is the average
value of tensile strain measured by the two strain gauges; An is the net
area of the notched section of bolt.

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Y.-B. Wang et al. Thin-Walled Structures 148 (2020) 106595

Fig. 6. Slip process of specimen.

Fig. 7. Typical load-slip displacement curves.

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Y.-B. Wang et al. Thin-Walled Structures 148 (2020) 106595

Table 3
Slip factors.
Specimen Slip factor

μm Sμ (%) μcar

Q345-60 0.357 2.863 0.299

Q550-60 0.333 1.312 0.306
Q550-80 0.363 1.946 0.324
Q690-60 0.340 1.869 0.302
Q690-80 0.365 1.887 0.365
Q890-60 0.354 1.389 0.326

can be divided into three stages: (1) the load is initially transferred by
friction and the slip displacement increases with the load up to the peak
point; (2) after the peak load point, kinetic friction occurs with obvious
slip accompanied with sharp drop in load until the bolt shank contacts
again with the hole wall; (3) then, the load is transferred by bolt bearing
at the and the load increases with the displacement. To investigated the
influence factors of slip factor of high strength steel with inorganic zinc-
rich coating, the load value of peak point in the load-slip displacement
Fig. 8. Definition of slip loads in tests. curve is defined as the slip load. Because two slips at top and bottom
ends of specimen are observed in most cases of these tests, there are two
2.3. Test setup different values of slip loads obtained from one specimen. Therefore, a
total of 10 values of slip loads can be obtained from each group of tests
The test setup used in this study is shown in Fig. 4 and all tests are with 5 repeats.
carried out using a universal test machine with capacity 1000 kN at In Annex G of EN 1090–2 [20], for each group test, the mean value of
Tongji University, Shanghai. Two linear variable displacement trans­ slip loads FSm is calculated by Eq. (4).
P
ducers (LVDTs) with capacity 50 mm are attached to each end to mea­ FSi
sure the displacement between core plates and cover plates. In order to FSm ¼ (4)
n
make sure the load is transferred by friction instead of by bolt bearing,
the pretension force of high strength bolts is applied with special where FSi is the slip load of the specimen i; n ¼ 10 is the number of
consideration (see Fig. 5): (1) Fasten nuts to loose contact by hand experimental data for each group.
without any tool; (2) To reserve the gap between the bolt and hole on the The slip factor μi for the specimen i, the mean value of slip factors μm
inner side, a small compression force of 5 kN is applied on each end of and the standard deviation of slip factors Sμ are calculated by using Eqs.
the specimen to make sure that the bolt shanks are contacted under (5)–(7).
compression; (3) Tight the nuts to achieve the target pretension force of
FSi
bolt. μi ¼ (5)
nf nb Fp
According to Annex G of EN 1090–2 [20], for each series of tests, five
test specimens are tested. The first four test specimens are applied an P
μi
increment tensile load with a rate of 0.5 kN/s and duration time is 10 μm ¼ (6)
n
min to 15min. The fifth test specimen is loaded with a specific load of
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
90% of the mean value of slip loads obtained from first four tests for 3 h, P
ðμi μm Þ2
to investigate the behavior of specimen under sustained loads. For the Sμ ¼ (7)
fifth specimen, if the difference between the measured slip displacement n 1
at 5 min and at 3 h with target load does not exceed 2 μm , the slip load
where Fp is the pretension force in the high strength bolt; nf ¼ 2 is the
shall be calculated using the first four test results. If the delayed slip
displacement of the fifth specimen exceeds 2 μm , the other three
extended creep tests shall be tested under sustained load.

3. Experimental results

3.1. Short duration tests

Two straight lines are marked on top and bottom parts of the spec­
imen to monitor the slips between steel plates, as shown in Fig. 6. The
typical load-slip displacement curves for specimens obtained from tests
are shown in Fig. 7. Based on observation, in most cases, two ends of the
specimen slip one by one, and the test procedure can be characterized by
two slips: (1) With the increase of load, the first slip occurs at one end
companied with a sharp drop in testing load, and the 1st peak load is
recorded to calculate the corresponding slip factor. (2) Since the load
transfer of the slipped end turns into bolt bearing, the testing load in­
creases again. Then, the slip of the other end companied with sharp drop
in testing load is observed, and the 2nd peak load is recorded to calcu­
lated the second slip factor.
A typical load-slip displacement cure is shown in Fig. 8. The curve Fig. 9. Typical slip displacement-time curve.

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Y.-B. Wang et al. Thin-Walled Structures 148 (2020) 106595

Table 4 tightening bolts (M30) at the top of the device. Two strain gauges are
Slip displacement with a duration of 5min/3h attached on two notched sides of the bolt to measure the axial strain of
Specimen End Slip Mean Slip Mean bolt to monitor the pretension forces in bolts. Disc springs are installed
displacement value displacement value at the bottom of the device to eliminate the loss pretension force due to
(5min) (μm) (3h) (μm) slip deformation of the specimen.
(μm) (μm)
The results of creep test are listed in Table 5 and the typical slip
Q550-60 Top 5.0 4.1 22.0 20.3 displacement-log time figure of specimen Q690-60 is plotted in Fig. 11.
Bottom 3.2 18.7 The linear fitting is conducted using these data with 0.967 fitting
Q550-80 Top 3.9 2.65 17.1 14
Bottom 1.4 10.9
Q690-60 Top 3.3 3.3 18.9 18.4 Table 5
Bottom 3.2 17.9 Linear extrapolation of the slip displacement at 50 years.
Q690-80 Top 5.7 5.7 10.4 9.9
Bottom 5.8 9.5 Specimen Slip displacement (μm)
Q890-60 Top 3.6 3.1 10.7 18.2
Q550-60 73.9
Bottom 2.5 25.8
Q550-80 55.0
Q690-60 36.1
Q690-80 39.0
number of slip planes; nb ¼ 2 is the number of bolts in one specimen. The Q890-60 64.8
characteristic value of slip factor is taken as the 5% fractile value [20]. In
the present experiments, for ten values of slip factor obtained from 5
specimens, the characteristic value is taken as the mean value minus
2.05 times the standard deviation.
μcar ¼ μm 2:05Sμ (8)

All characteristic of slip loads and slip factors mentioned above are
summarized in in Table 3.

3.2. Long duration tests

The fifth test specimen of each group is loaded with a specific load of
90% of the mean value of slip loads obtained from first four tests for 3 h.
The typical slip displacement-time curve is plotted in Fig. 9. Based on
experimental results shown in Table 4, it can be found that the for the
fifth test of each group, the delayed slip displacement defined as the
difference between the recorded slip displacement at 5 min and at 3 h,
exceed 2 μm . Consequently, the other three extended creep tests shall be
tested. According to Annex G of EN 1090–2, the applied load of the
extended creep test is determined by Eq. (5) with slip factor μ ¼ 0.30.
Fig. 11. Linear extrapolation of the slip displacement-Log time curve
The duration time of creep tests is 40 days in this study and the creep
(Q690-60).
loading device is shown in Fig. 10. The axial tension force is applied by

Fig. 10. Creep loading device.

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Y.-B. Wang et al.
Fig. 12. Relationship of slip factor and steel strength grade.
Fig. 13. Friction model of adhesion force and furrow force.
Fig. 14. Interaction between faying surfaces with inorganic zinc-rich coating.
precision. The linear extrapolation of the slip displacement-Log time
curve is also plotted in Fig. 11. It can be observed that the 0.3 mm slip
displacement is not reached in the extrapolation curve up to 50 years.
The same conclusion can be obtained from results of creep tests of all
specimens, as summarized in Table 5. Therefore, the slip factor shall be
determined from previous four short-term tests.
7
Thin-Walled Structures 148 (2020) 106595
Fig. 15. The comparison of slip factor.
4. Discussion
The relationship between the mean value of slip factor and the steel
strength grade is illustrated in Fig. 12. It has been demonstrated in the
previous paper that the influence of steel strength grade on the slip
factor of shot-blasted surfaces should be considered, because the higher
surface roughness can be obtained for the steel plate with lower strength
(hardness). Accordingly, the slip factor tends to increase with the
decreasing of steel strength due to the reduced interlock action between
the contacted surface pair [19], as schematically shown in Fig. 13. The
friction force between contact surfaces consists of furrow force and
adhesion force which are products of interlock action between furrows
of faying surface and adhesion effect between contact area, respectively.
However, in the present experimental study, the interlock action is
established between the contacted inorganic zinc-rich coatings rather
than the directly contacted steel plate surfaces as illustrated in Fig. 14.
The slip factors of various strength grades of steels with inorganic
zinc-rich coating present few discrepancies limited to 9%, as shown in
Fig. 12. This is mainly attributed to the contacted surfaces becoming
smoother after coated with zinc-rich paint, which may weaken the
furrow force between the contacted surface pair by replacing the bond
force between atoms of faying steel surfaces by the weaker Van der
Waals forces between coatings. Therefore, it can be observed that the
slip factor of surfaces with zinc-rich coating is lower than that of
shot-blasted surfaces by about 49%–78%.
The comparison of slip factors of surfaces with two different coating
thicknesses is shown in Fig. 15. It can be observed that the slip factor of
steel surface with 80 μm inorganic zinc-rich coating is higher than that
of steel surface with 60 μm coating by about 10%.
The interlock action between faying surfaces becomes weak after
inorganic zinc-rich coating is used. Accordingly, adhesion effect be­
tween coatings plays the main part of the friction force. Under pressure
and transverse shear force, the contacted area may increase with the
plastic deformation of the faying surfaces, as shown in Fig. 16. In the
present experimental study, the increase of the contacted area between
the surface pair is characterized by relative critical slip displacement at
the maximum slip resistance. The increase in critical plastic slip defor­
mation between the contacted steel plates before slip failure results in
the increasing of contact area as well as adhesion force, which means a
higher slip factor. The data points of slip factor, critical slip displace­
ment, coating thickness and steel grade are shown in Fig. 17. It can be
observed that there is a positive correlation between the slip factor and
critical slip displacement. The relative critical slip displacement of the
specimen Q890-60 is higher than those of the specimens Q690-60 and
Q550-60 by 7.0% and 20.2%. Similarly, the slip factor of the specimen
Q890-60 is higher than those of the specimens Q690-60 and Q550-60 by
Y.-B. Wang et al. Thin-Walled Structures 148 (2020) 106595

Fig. 16. Contacted surfaces of steel plates.

6. Conclusion

In this study, a total of 45 slip critical connections with inorganic

zinc-rich coating are tested to obtain the slip factor. Four strength grades
of steel are investigated, including mild steel (Q345) and high strength
steels (Q550, Q690 and Q890). Grade 10.9 bolts (for Q345 and Q550
steel plates) and Grade 12.9 bolts (for Q690 and Q890 steel plates) are
used. The conclusions can be drawn as follows:

(1) Because two parts of friction force are replaced by the interaction
between steel plates with inorganic zinc-rich coating rather than
steel plate surfaces after shot blasting, slip factors of various
strength grades of steels with inorganic zinc-rich coating present
few discrepancies. Therefore, the steel strength grade effect on
slip factor of steel surface with inorganic zinc-rich coating can be
ignored.
(2) The slip factor of steel surface with 80 μm thick inorganic zinc-
Fig. 17. Relationships of slip factor, slip critical displacement, coating thick­ rich coating is higher than that of surface with 60 μm thick
ness and steel grade. coating by about 10%.
(3) Extended creep tests are carried out to study the long-term effect
on slip resistance and stability of HSS surface with inorganic zinc-
Table 6
rich coating. Experimental results report that the load determined
Slip factors according to EN 1090.
using the proposed slip factor will not cause displacements
Specimen Slip load Slip factor greater than 0.3 mm during the design life (50 years) of the
FS;max (kN) FS;min (kN) FSm (kN) μm Sμ (%) μcar structure.
(4) The recommended value of slip factor of high strength steel with
Q550-60 212.6 189.2 202.9 0.327 1.580 0.295
Q550-80 233.9 215.7 225.0 0.363 1.156 0.339
inorganic zinc-rich coating is 0.30 which is lower than that in
Q690-60 253.3 215.2 238.9 0.323 1.579 0.291 current design codes.
Q690-80 278.3 251.0 264.2 0.357 1.293 0.331
Q890-60 261.2 237.9 250.2 0.338 0.980 0.318 Declaration of competing Interest

None.
Table 7
Recommended slip factor for high strength steel with inorganic zinc-rich CRediT authorship contribution statement
coating.
Coating thickness High strength steel grade Yan-Bo Wang: Methodology, Writing - review & editing. Yuan-Zuo
Q550 Q690 Q890
Wang: Data curation, Writing - original draft. Kun Chen: Investigation.
Hua-Jian Jin: Data curation, Methodology.
60μm 0.30 0.30 0.30
80μm 0.30 0.30 0.30
Acknowledgement

Financial support by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the

4.1% and 6.3%. The test results of the specimens with 80 μm thick
People’s Republic of China under National Key R&D Program (Project
coating show the similar trend.
No. 2018YFC0705505) is greatly acknowledged.

5. Design recommendation
References

According to Annex G of EN 1090 [20], the load at the slip of 0.15
mm rather than the peak load is defined as the slip load. Therefore, the
slip loads at the slip of 0.15 mm obtained from tests are summarized in
Table 6. The mean values and characteristic values of the slip factors for
all specimens are calculated by using Eqs. (4)–(8) and summarized in
Table 6. Based on the characteristic values of the slip factor, the rec­
ommended slip factors of high strength steel with inorganic zinc-rich
coating are listed in Table 7.
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