MA 102 (Ordinary Differential Equations)

IIT Guwahati
Tutorial Sheet No. 1 Semester: March-June 2022

Basics of ODEs, Picard’s Theorem.

(1) Determine the order and degree of the following differential equations. Also, classify these
ODEs as linear or nonlinear.

d2 y
(i) + x sin y = 0
dx2
d2 y
(ii) + y sin x = 0
dx2 1
d2 y

dy 2
(iii) 1 + =x 2
dx   dx3 
d6 y d4 y

dy
(iv) 6
+ 4
+y =x
dx  dx dx3
d3 y

(v) sin = x + y.
dx3
d3 y
(vi) = sin(x + y).
dx3  2 3
 2 2 d y
dy dx2 d4 y
(vii) + 4  4 2 + = 0.
dx2 d y dx4
dx4
Solution: (i) Order=2, Degree=1, nonlinear; (ii) Order=2, Degree=1, linear; (iii) Or-
der=2, Degree=2, nonlinear; (iv) Order=6, Degree=1, nonlinear; (v) Order=3, D=undefined,
nonlinear; (vi) Order=3, Degree=1, nonlinear; (vii) Order=4, Degree=3, nonlinear.

(2) Eliminating the arbitrary constants c1 , c2 , obtain the differential equation satisfied by the
following functions.
(a) y = c1 e−x + c2 e2x ; (b) x2 + c1 y 2 = 1; (c) y = c1 x − c31 .

Solution: (a) Differentiate given equation two times and eliminate the constants from
the given equation and the resultant equation to get the ODE y 00 − y 0 − 2y = 0;
(b) Differentiate given equation and eliminate the constants from the given equation and
the resultant equation to get the ODE y 0 = (xy)/(x2 − 1);
(c) Differentiate given equation and eliminate the constants from the given equation and
the resultant equation to get the ODE y = xy 0 + (y 0 )3 .

(3) Are the following equations exact? If exact, obtain the general solution.
(i) (2xy − sec2 x)dx + (x2 + 2y)dy = 0
(ii) (x − 2xy + ey )dx + (y − x2 + xey )dy = 0
Solution: (i) Since My (x, y) = 2x = Nx (x, y), the equation is exact. Then, there exists
f (x, y) such that fx = M and fy = N . Integrate fx = M w.r.t. x to have
Z
f (x, y) = (2xy − sec2 x)dx + g(y) = x2 y − tan x + g(y).

Now, x2 + 2y = fy (x, y) = N (x, y) = x2 + 2y =⇒ g 0 (y) = 2y. Thus, g(y) = y 2 . Hence, the

solution to the equation is given implicitly by f (x, y) = c i.e., x2 y − tan x + y 2 = c.
2

(ii) In this case, My = −2x + ey = Nx . Arguing as in (i), we obtain

x2
Z
y
f (x, y) = (x − 2xy + e )dx + g(y) = − x2 y + xey + g(y).
2
2
and g(y) = y /2.
2
The general solution is thus given by f (x, y) = c i.e., x2 − x2 y + xey + y 2 /2 = c.