Return-on-investment

on Building Information
Modelling (BIM)
From a cost factor to sustainable
profit growth

White paper

Abstract
Despite BIM’s potential to improve revenues and efficiency in the construction industry, many still hesitate to use
it. However, it requires a fundamental rethink of the way of working and should be demanded as a standard by all
stakeholders. This white paper uses a state-of-the-art construction project case study to show the positive impact BIM
can have on both construction and operating costs.

TÜV SÜD
Contents
Introduction 4

Project introduction and analysis of the profitability of BIM over time 6

Drivers for result improvement through BIM 8

The potentials from the perspective of the stakeholders 10

Summary and outlook 11

What are the implications of these challenges for your company? 11

About TÜV SÜD Advimo 12

About Horváth 13

About TÜV SÜD experts

Alexandra Massuthe
COO, Real Estate and Infrastructure, TÜV SÜD Advimo
As the Head of Operations at TÜV SÜD Advimo, Alexandra is responsible for the
implementation of operation excellence in the company as well as business models of the
future, including BIM and sustainability consulting and management. With over 10 years
of experience, Alexandra specialises in the development and successful implementation
of new, especially digital, business models. In her eight years management role in the Real
Estate & Infrastructure division, she had successfully built up TÜV SÜD Real Estate testing
segment in Austria.

Matthias Mosig
Head of Digital Transition, Real Estate & Infrastructure, TÜV SÜD Advimo
As the Head of Digital Transition at TÜV SÜD Advimo, Matthias focuses on process
consulting as well as IT/CAFM consulting for Real Estate and Facility Management. A
key aspect of his work in recent years is expanding the range of BIM Consulting and BIM
Management services. As a member of working groups such as Real FM, GEFMA and
ZIA focusing on BIM, digitalisation and CAFM, he takes an active part in interlinking and
implementation of standardisation in planning/building and operation.

2 Return-on-investment on Building Information Modelling (BIM) | TÜV SÜD

About Horváth experts
Jana Bienert
Managing Consultant, Construction Industry Team Member
As a member of the Construction Industry Team in the Competence Center of Industrial
Goods and High Tech at Horváth, Jana focusses on performance management and
reporting, making the digital transformation visible and measurable. With a Master’s
Degree in Global Management, she brings profound knowledge in cost and profit
accounting, a global perspective and disruptive approaches proven in multiple
international projects in different industries.

Leonie Dowling
Senior Project Manager, Head of Construction Industry
In her role as the Head of the Construction Industry at Horváth, Leonie is an expert for
business transformation. She applies her deep experience from the construction and
building materials industry in areas such as process optimisation, strategy development,
sales and pricing to steering concepts. She has a Master’s Degree in International Business
and is a certified SCRUM master with a broad professional background in the industry.

Dr. Stefan Zeibig

Partner of Competence Center Industrial Goods and High Tech, Construction Industry
As a Partner responsible for Industrial Goods and High Tech and the Construction Industry
at Horváth, Stefan has more than six years of industry experience and more then ten
years of consulting expertise. His profession focuses on the integration of management
control, controlling processes and systems and has been proven in various projects such
as business transformations with SAP S/4HANA, production controlling and the global
manufacturing footprint optimisation. This makes Stefan an absolute expert in the area of
performance management.

Dr. Ralf Sauter

Partner of Competence Center Industrial Goods and High Tech
As Horváth‘s Partner for the Competence Center Industrial Goods and High Tech, Ralf
drives the development of strategic, organisational and corporate steering topics across
the different industries and branches. Ralf has a PhD with a focus in manufacturing and
materials as well as controlling and finance. He has extensive knowledge accumulated
in his 25 years at Horváth in the areas of consumer goods, machinery and plant
manufacturing, the construction industry and the automotive sector. Throughout this time,
he has accompanied the transformation and redesign of multiple players in the building
material, construction and building technology sectors.

TÜV SÜD | Return-on-investment on Building Information Modelling (BIM) 3

Introduction

Increased complexity and a continuing construction boom with comparably

low productivity development in the construction industry
Productivity in the
construction industry
has barely changed in
recent decades.
Productivity in the construction
industry has barely changed in recent
decades. In other economic sectors,
such as the manufacturing industry,
productivity increases have been
achieved through standardisation of
production processes, continuous
improvement programs, automation
of production, integration of the value
chain and knowledge management
among skilled workers. Meanwhile,
digitalisation and process efficiency
in the construction industry are
progressing at a slow pace. The
good economic situation in the
construction industry, which has
prevailed for several years, has so far
been only slightly dampened by the
Corona pandemic. The construction
boom, combined with the increasing
complexity of buildings, constant cost
pressure, the general shortage of
skilled workers and the associated
quality problems are creating a
constant demand for efficiency in the
successful completion of orders from
all parties involved.

Building Information Modelling - The heart of digitalisation and the basis

for improving sales and earnings in the construction industry
Building Information Modelling the associated methods, processes construction phase to operation
(BIM) has been at the centre of and organisational frameworks are and demolition. When BIM is used,
digitalisation in the construction structured. Information and designs numerous levers are available for
industry for several years. With BIM, are linked and integrated into a improving results through increased
a virtual model of the building is structured model used by all parties sales and efficiency, as well as cost
created over its entire life cycle and involved, from planning through the reductions.

Many parties in the construction industry still hesitate to use BIM

While more and more construction
players are using BIM, there are
still many concerns about applying
and testing the methodology in a
first project. The implementation
of BIM requires a rethinking of the
fundamental way of working, and
leads to an integral planning in which
effort is shifted into early phases of
the project. This is the case because
information relevant for planning,
realisation and operation of the
building has to be integrated into
BIM from the beginning and is then
successively enriched. The initial
investment in BIM due to labour and
material costs, the uncertainty of the
contractor’s ability to deliver on the
client side, a non-uniform system
landscape and lack of standardisation
among the participants, as well as the
cultural change that in some cases
has not yet taken place, continue
to keep many players from fully
integrating BIM into their upcoming
construction projects. TÜV SÜD’s
experience shows that smaller
and medium-sized planning and
engineering offices in particular are
reluctant to do so, while larger general
planners, general contractors and
general subcontractors are already
relatively advanced in this respect.
However, the slow progress of BIM
dissemination is also related to the
low demand for BIM projects on the
client side. This, therefore, leads to
a vicious circle that can possibly
be broken by company-internal and
public funding projects.

4 Return-on-investment on Building Information Modelling (BIM) | TÜV SÜD

FIGURE 1: LEVERS FOR IMPROVED RESULTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
INCREASE IN REVENUE
New business models
Establishment of data-based business
models
New Services
Establishment of range of data-based
business models
Improved customers interaction
Increased quality of advice
Higher customer satisfaction
Securing existing customer business
The public sector intends to increasingly establish BIM in the DACH region
Currently more and more pilot projects
with BIM are being executed and
standardisations are systematically
being established, both nationally and
internationally, e.g. ISO 19650. Due
to cost pressure and the investment
backlog in the modernisation of
construction in recent years, the
public sector is now using the
chances of digitalisation in planning,
building and running a building. BIM
development began in December
2015, and since then various pilot
The question remains: How positive is the impact of BIM on projects, and
who can benefit from the investment?
It is apparent that the construction
industry is moving in the direction of a
widespread use of BIM. Nevertheless,
its implementation and usage ultimately
depend on the economic feasibility
of an investment in BIM. Particularly
in the phase of digital transformation
in which we currently find ourselves,
TÜV SÜD | Return-on-investment on Building Information Modelling (BIM)
INCREASE IN EFFICIENCY
Time savings
In planning and executing projects
Improved workload
Optimised resource planning and control
Efficient cooperation
Through collaboration on model
Contract capacity
More capacity due to faster defect-free
execution
projects in the infrastructure sector
have started with a first BIM step-by-
step plan from the Federal Ministry of
Transport and Digital Infrastructure.
The projects have focused mainly
on Deutsche Bahn. Since 2020,
the Federal Ministry of the Interior
together with the Federal Defence
Ministry have been developing a BIM
implementation strategy, including
BIM project templates for the entire
federal construction program. From
2022 onwards, about 6,000 federal
there are potentials for both building
owners and construction companies.
In the cooperation of TÜV SÜD and
Horváth, we can draw on relevant
project experience in consulting and
realisation of BIM projects, industry-
specific know-how, expertise in the
REDUCTION IN COSTS
Material savings
Less waste due to more precise planning,
correct materials
Fixed cost savings
Efficient work flow, fewer defects, less
rework
Improved safety
Better coordination, more transparency
Reduced risk
Lower time, budget and quality risk
construction projects in Germany
will be implemented using BIM. In
Switzerland, the digitalisation of the
construction industry is a fundamental
part of the government’s digitalisation
strategy. The Swiss Railway (SBB)
plans to consistently use BIM
methodology for all its real estate and
infrastructure projects. In Austria,
on the other hand, the legislator has
so far refrained from making BIM
mandatory.
transformation of organisations,
combined with the core competence
of business management and
performance optimisation, to present
a picture that is based on practical
experience regarding the key drivers
of return on investment (ROI) for BIM.
5
Project introduction and analysis of the
profitability of BIM over time
A state-of-the-art new construction
project of TÜV SÜD is the centrepiece
of an analysis of the profitability of an
investment in BIM based on a driver
tree.
To answer the question of how
positively BIM affects projects,
and for whom an investment in
BIM is beneficial, we have applied
established empirical values of
the potentials of a use of BIM to a
selected project. The effect of BIM
on revenue and cost in the individual
phases of the building’s life cycle was
examined in detail, using a driver tree
of cost and revenue drivers.
BIM leads to a shift of efforts to earlier stages of the object’s life cycle
In order to evaluate the positive
effects shown in the analysis, it is
first necessary to consider the cost
structure of the building. Typically,
when distributing the life cycle costs
of a building, it is assumed that the
operating costs account for about 80
percent of the total costs of a building.
The presented object shows that this
is not always the case, as the majority
of the costs (about 65 percent) are
attributable to the design/construction
phase and the smaller share (about
35 percent) to the operating phase.
With the use of BIM, this effect is
intensified and the costs of operating
the building only account for a share
of about 31 percent of the total costs
in the example project when applying
6 Return-on-investment on Building Information Modelling (BIM) | TÜV SÜD
The example project is a new TÜV
SÜD building, which was completed in
2018 with approximately 37,250 m² of
gross floor space above ground. The
planning phase for the building took
about 2 years, while the construction
phase needed another 2 years. The
lifespan of the building in the analysis
is assumed to be 35 years; demolition
costs are not included in the analysis.
Testing the economic feasibility
with and without the use of the BIM
methodology on one and the same
project is impossible, as this would
require constructing and comparing
a building both with and without BIM.
FIGURE 2: LIFE CYCLE COSTS OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Construction costs (EUR thous)
Literature 20%
Without BIM 65% (124,400)
With BIM 69% (91,485)
the potentials that can be realised
with BIM. This shift is due to the fact
that higher initial investments, such
as more energy-efficient technical
building or construction concepts,
mean that costs are higher at the
beginning. A considerable reduction in
In addition to the exemplary project
that has already been completed
without BIM, TÜV SÜD will have
the opportunity to carry out this
comparison with another building with
similar underlying conditions and the
use of BIM methodology right from the
start.
Since the second new building is only
in phase three, the actual figures for
planning, construction and the first
operating phase of the example project
were used for this profitability analysis
and compared to the theoretical
savings potential of using BIM.
Utilisation costs (EUR thous)
80%
35% (68,376)
31% (40,603)
costs is achieved in the much longer
operating phase. In the case of using
BIM in the example project, the costs
would have shifted proportionally even
more to the construction phase, due to
further savings in the operating phase
generated by BIM.
An investment in BIM amortises in the short term, but the relevant effects
appear in the medium and long term
The analysis of the sample project planning phase are relatively small, an the short term due to the high savings
shows a 67-fold ROI that can be investment in BIM will pay for itself in in construction costs.
achieved with an investment in BIM.
This investment takes into account the FIGURE 3: CUMULATIVE AMORTISATION OF BIM USE OVER TIME
costs incurred for the implementation
EURthous. Savings/Profit Investment
of the individual project with the
75,000
BIM methodology during initial
70,000
application on the side of the client
and the planner. The effect consists of
25,000
increased revenue through BIM, e.g.
20,000
through an increase in the value of 15,000
the building in the event of a sale, as 10,000
well as cost savings in the planning, 5,000
construction and operating phases. 0
-5,000
Even though the savings in the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... 38 38 Year

47 percent of the improvement in project EBIT of around €70 million is

attributable to the planning and construction phase
Around 47 percent of the improvements
in project EBIT for TÜV SÜD’s new
construction project would have
resulted from savings in the planning
and construction phase and 40 percent
from the operating phase. This aspect
explains why the effects can already be
exploited in the short term.
In the construction phase, it is
primarily the costs according to the
contract (i.e. the costs of construction)
that offer potential for high efficiency
benefits and cost reductions because,
for example, overdimensioning of the
technical building equipment (TBE) is
avoided. The reduction of subsequent
costs accounts for a relatively small
share. During the use of the building,
the majority of the savings result from
lower operational running costs, to a
lesser extent from reduced ongoing
ancillary costs.
In addition, the application of BIM has
a positive effect on sales. Potentials
in this respect exist in roughly equal
amounts in value enhancement
(e.g. increase of the sales price
through transparent inventory and
operational documentation) and in
the avoidance of lost revenues that
might occur without an application
of BIM (e.g. delay in overall project
progress resulting in delayed start
of production of the core business,
FIGURE 4: TOTAL EFFECT BY SALES AND COST PER PHASE
13
2
40
BIM
CONTRIBUTION
TO TOTAL EFFECT
IN %
45
or lost rental income). The savings
potential in the planning phase is
negligible, which can be explained by
the fact that planning only accounts
for a small share of total costs. In
addition, the effect is primarily based
on a shortening of the process cycle
times as well as an increased training
effort with the first BIM projects. In
the construction phase, on the other
hand, the costs can be reduced by a
much larger proportion.
Revenue
7% value increase/project turnover
6% loss of revenue
Planning
2% planning/development costs
Construction work
42% operational costs
3% ongoing assoicated costs
Operation
32% operational costs
8% ongoing associated costs

TÜV SÜD | Return-on-investment on Building Information Modelling (BIM) 7

Drivers for result improvement through BIM
The greatest leverage
for improving returns
through BIM
would lie in space
optimisation.
In absolute terms, the contractually
agreed construction costs show the
greatest potential; in relative terms,
the operating costs offer the greatest
potentials.
A closer look at the effects shows that
the absolute and relative potentials
for revenue growth (in terms of the
increase in market value) and cost
savings are very different for each
phase, due to the underlying drivers. In
Six drivers account for over 50 percent of BIM potentials
When examining the question of
where the use of BIM has the greatest
impact, the following six drivers can
be identified. They account for over 50
percent of the potential:
■
Space optimisation through TBE
compaction and optimised layout
planning: The greatest leverage
for improving returns through BIM
would lie in space optimisation
through TBE compaction and
optimised layout planning in
relation to a comparable building
such as the example project.
Compared to 2D planning, this
could lead to savings in space not
to be built amounting to approx.
6 percent of the total project costs.
8 Return-on-investment on Building Information Modelling (BIM) | TÜV SÜD
FIGURE 5: REVENUE AND COST POTENTIAL THROUGH BIM USAGE PER
PHASE
Value increase/project turnover 5,120
Loss of revenue 4,500
Planning/development costs 1,337
Contractual costs
Rework costs 1,843
Operational costs
Ongoing associated costs 5,299
the planning phase, the savings effect
is both relatively and absolutely low, at
11 percent. While the costs according
to the contract make up the largest
share in absolute terms at almost
■
Reduction of maintenance
work preparation: The second
largest driver is the reduction of
maintenance efforts during building
operation. By using BIM, work
preparation and on-site inspections
for maintenance measures are
reduced due to up-to-date and
complete technical data that is
available on the move. A saving of
approx. 2 hours per malfunction
report can be assumed for 50
percent of the malfunction reports.
■
Reduction of operational running
costs: With up-to-date, structured
and complete submitted data
and corresponding as-built
documentation, additional costs
for follow-up enquiries by the
Potential through using BIM (thous. EUR)
+4%
% Potential through using BIM (%)
+100%
-11%
29,734 -29%
-18%
22,474 -45%
-28%
€30 million, the savings potential of the
operational cost, representing approx.
45 percent cost reduction through
BIM, should be emphasised.
client and start-up costs for
the operational business by the
facility management company
are avoided. Support for mobile
devices makes reporting faster
and easier, while increasing the
quality of documentation. The
creation of reports and decision-
making bases, as well as the
qualification and approval of
measures, is thus significantly
accelerated. Maintenance cycles
can be steered on a demand basis.
When damage actually occurs, the
point of damage can be identified
directly by means of efficient
analysis. Overall, the time required
by facility management is massively
reduced. In the future, these
 effects will be further enhanced
by the use of technologies such as
predictive maintenance and sensor
technology, which build on the data
from the BIM model.
BIM-based thermal building
■
simulation: Another driver that
reduces costs in construction
is BIM-based thermal building
simulation. Optimised data by
means of planning-integrated
thermal simulation lead to cost
certainty, schedule compliance and
reduction of CAPEX and OPEX for
roof and shed, with major effects
on the facade. The proven impact
of BIM-based thermal building
simulation relates to the investment
costs in the construction phase.
In addition, lower operating costs
are incurred when the building is in
use, which also has an impact as a
driver of profitability improvement
through BIM.
■
Avoidance of profit loss due to
timely completion: A further
driver should be emphasised that
can lead to an increase in sales
compared to a scenario without
BIM. If one assumes a possible
delay of approx. 3 months for
construction projects of this
magnitude, there will be lost profit
during this time if the project is to
be used by the owner. Alternatively,
there may be lost rental income if
the property is not intended for the
owner’s own use, but for rent. This
can be avoided by using BIM, since
completion on schedule as planned
is possible.
■
BIM-based system simulation:
By performing a project-specific
simulation in advance, investments
in heating, cooling and ventilation
systems can be carried out in a
targeted manner and thus reduced
overall. Like the thermal building
simulation, the system simulation
TÜV SÜD | Return-on-investment on Building Information Modelling (BIM)
also leads to savings in operating
costs for heating, cooling and
ventilation, in addition to reduced Sustainability is
investment costs. becoming increasingly
important in society,
In addition to the explicitly explained
and also in the
drivers, 52 further drivers were
identified that play a role in improving construction industry.
sales or reducing costs. These
include, for example, the reduction of
the volume of additional work through and also in the construction industry.
collision control/clash detection, These challenges can be met with the
optimal construction process planning support of BIM, since sustainability
and budget monitoring with real- goals can be taken into account
time control, the optimisation of from the very beginning of planning,
construction site logistics, BIM-based and reduced resource and energy
cost management, and the reduction requirements have a direct impact on
of material waste through need-based the carbon footprint of a construction
purchasing. project. In addition, BIM enables
improved safety instructions on the
Apart from the drivers that have a construction site, so that the number
direct financial impact, BIM has of accidents on the construction site
various effects that cannot be can be reduced. Finally, the use of
measured quantitatively. Examples BIM contributes to an overall increase
include the positive effects on the in customer satisfaction and visibility
environment, on health and safety, from the contractor’s point of view,
and on the reputation of the parties leading to increased reengagement
involved. Sustainability is becoming rates and new market opportunities.
increasingly important in society,
FIGURE 6: THESE SIX DRIVERS MAKE UP OVER 50% OF SAVINGS
USING BIM
Space optimisation through Reduction of maintenance work preparation
TBE compaction and Savings: 7,560 thousand EUR
optimised layout planning
% of total effect: 11%
Savings: 7,680 thousand EUR
% of total effect: 11%
BIM-based system Avoidance of profit
simulation loss due to timely
Savings: 4,480 thousand completion
EUR Additional profit: 4,500
thousand EUR
% of total effect: 6%
Reduction of operational % of total effect: 6%
running costs
Savings: 6,896 thousand EUR
% of total effect: 10%
BIM-based thermal building simulation
Savings: 5,120 thousand EUR
% of total effect: 7%
9
The potentials from the perspective of the
stakeholders
Building owners are the main profiteers
While the potentials of BIM with an
almost 70-fold ROI can hardly be
doubted in general, the question of
who benefits from these potentials
becomes even more important. Taking
into account the investments to be
carried by the involved parties, the
Contractors are benefiting insufficiently at present
The improved customer
interaction and higher
customer satisfaction
result in potentials for
sales increases.
In the project example, the contractor
was only able to benefit indirectly
10
analysis of the example project shows
that the building owner would have
been the main beneficiary. Although
he also has to bear a large share of
the investment costs, he benefits
in return from almost two thirds of
the effects achieved. Also, facility
from many drivers that lead to a
reduction in construction costs.
Drivers such as space optimisation
or BIM-based thermal simulation
and plant simulation reduce the
total construction volume. The client
benefits from this, while the contract
sum is reduced accordingly from the
contractor’s point of view. In addition,
supplements are massively reduced
due to accurate planning and collision
checks using BIM. Nevertheless,
Return-on-investment on Building Information Modelling (BIM) | TÜV SÜD
management companies benefit to a
relatively large extent, since numerous
savings in the operating phase are
related to an increase in the efficiency
of external service processes.
based on a risk and profit margin of 3
percent in relation to the construction
costs, an increase in the margin of
the construction companies by a
factor of three to over 9 percent can
be seen. The efficiency improvements
also optimise their capacity utilisation
and create order capacities for
additional projects. Furthermore, the
improved customer interaction and
higher customer satisfaction result in
potentials for sales increases.
Summary and outlook

BIM should be demanded as a standard by all stakeholders – new business

models have to be developed.
The profitability of BIM as a whole
can hardly be questioned. Although
the positive effects are only slightly
apparent in the planning phase, the
effect is even greater during the
construction and operating phase.
Since all players benefit sufficiently
in terms of their own optimisation
potential, the use of BIM should be
demanded as standard. The maturity
of BIM should thus become a core
criterion in the selection process
for planners and contractors, and it
is only a matter of time before BIM
becomes established across the
board.
For the other players, especially
planners and contractors, the
increasing use of BIM means that
components of the business models
that are successful today may not be
sustainable in the long term. Instead,
the use of BIM creates potential for
increasing revenue through new or
changed data-based business models
or an additional range of data-based
services. Particularly in the period
of transformation, in which not all
competitors have yet established
the use of BIM, there is the option of
pricing the use of BIM accordingly – a
cost position for the building owner,
which is usually profitable due to the
high potentials.

What are the implications of these challenges for

your company?
BIM is far more than a technology, discuss the relevance of these individual transformation process
and requires a holistic transformation challenges and your BIM strategy to ensure the long-term economic
process. We would be happy to with you, and support you in your success of your company.

TÜV SÜD | Return-on-investment on Building Information Modelling (BIM) 11

About TÜV SÜD Advimo
TÜV SÜD Advimo offers you optimum
value creation for your real estate. We
perform all technical, economic and
organisational planning, consulting,
and management tasks for you along
the life cycle of your property. With
our experienced building certification
auditors and experts in the field
About Horváth
Horváth is an international,
independent management consultancy
firm with over 1,000 employees
in locations in Germany, Austria,
Switzerland, Hungary, Romania, the
USA, Saudi Arabia, and the United
Arab Emirates. We represent in-depth
knowledge across different industries
and top-level subject matter expertise
in all company functions – with a focus
on performance management and
transformation. We carry out projects
for our international customers around
the world. In this context, we provide
12
of environmental protection and
resource conservation, we also
advise and support you in all matters
relating to the energy efficiency and
sustainability of your buildings.
We are represented by 250 employees
at 14 locations in Germany, Austria
precise knowledge of, and take into
account, the local conditions thanks
to the cooperation with our partners
in the consultancy alliance “Cordence
Worldwide”.
Our specialists support companies
and top executives with extensive
competence in business models,
organizational structures, processes
and systems to successfully align
their organizations for the future.
We combine passion and effective
implementation to turn change into
Return-on-investment on Building Information Modelling (BIM) | TÜV SÜD
and Switzerland. You benefit from
the short distances and flexibility of
a modern medium-sized company,
combined with the comprehensive
technical expertise and stability of the
TÜV SÜD Group worldwide.
success across whole companies,
in individual business areas or in
functions such as sales, operations,
procurement, controlling & finance,
HR and IT. Horváth stands for project
results which create sustainable
benefits and value. That is why
our consultants accompany their
customers from the business
management concept and anchoring
in processes and systems through to
change management and training of
managers and employees.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.build-ing.de/fachartikel/detail/digitalisierung-gern-aber-spaeter/
BIM Deutschland. (2020). BIM Deutschland. Link: https://www.bimdeutschland.de/
BuildingRadar. (October 22, 2020). Lebenszykluskosten kurz erklärt. Link: https://
buildingradar.com/de/construction-blog/lebenszykluskosten/
Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR). (2019). Beitrag der
Digitalisierung zur Produktivität in der Baubranche. Bonn: Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt-
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