1. At 60˚F and 54.0 psia, the specific weight of the of a certain gas material was 0.0875 lb f/ft3.

Determine the gas constant and its density.

Given: Required: Solution:

P
T = 60˚F R =? γ= γ=¿(ρ)(g)
RT
P γ
P = 54.0 psia ρ =? R= ρ=
(T )( γ ) g
lb f
0.0875
lb f ft 3
γ = 0.0875 lbf/ft 3
R = (54.0 ) ¿ ¿¿ ρ=
¿2 ft
32.2 2
s
R = 170.90 ft/˚ R ρ = 0.00217 slug/ft3

2. If methane gas has a specific gravity of 0.55 relative to air at 84.3 psia and 90 ˚F, what are its
specific volume at that same pressure and temperature? What is the value of R for the gas?

Given: γ gas
S.G. =
T = 90˚F γ air
P = 84.3 psia γgas = (S.G.) (γair)
S.G = 0.86
ft∗lb γgas = (0.55) (0.4141 lb/ft3)
Rair = 53.3
lb∗˚ R
γgas = 0.2278 lb/ft3
VS = 1/ρ = g/γ
Required: ft
32.2
R =? VS (gas) s2
¿
ρ =? 0.2278lb / ft 3
VS (gas)¿ 141.352 ft3/slug
Solution:
P
γair = Since R varies directly with density for
RT
fixed pressure and temperature,
lb f
γair = (84.3 2
)¿¿¿ ft∗lb
¿ 53.3
Rgas = lb∗˚ R
γair = 0.4141 lb/ft3 0.55
Rgas = 96.91 ft/˚ R
3. A pressure gage 23.8 ft above the bottom of the tank containing a liquid reads 29.11 psi;
another gage at height 18.0 ft reads 32.15 psi. Compute the specific weight, mass density and
specific gravity of the liquid.

Given: lb f
γ = 75.46
P1 = 29.11 psi ft 3
P2 = 32.15 psi
h1 = 23.8 ft γ=¿(ρ)(g)
h2 = 18.0 ft γ
ρ=
g
Required:
lb
γ =? 75.46 3f
ft
S.G. =? ρ=
ft
ρ =? 32.2 2
s
ρ = 2.344 slug/ft3
Solution:
P = (γ)(h)
Since there are two gages on the tank. γ iquid
S.G. =
γ water
∆ P = (γ)(∆ h)
¿P2 – P1) = (γ) (h1 – h2) lb f
75.46
¿32.15-29.11) psi=(γ) (23.8 –18.0) ft. ft 3
S.G. =
lb f lb f
3.04 2 = (γ) (5.8 ft) 62.4 3
¿ ft
γ = ¿ ]¿ ¿ S.G. = 1.209

4. Determine the height of the atmosphere given that air had a constant specific weight of
26.6 N/m3 and were incompressible at 166 Pa sea-level pressure?

Given: Solution:
γ = 26.6 N/m3
P = (γ)(h)
P = 166 Pa P
h=
γ
Required: N
h =? 166 2
m
h=
N
26.6 3
m
h = 6.241 m
5. If the absolute pressure in a gas is 816 mmHg and the atmospheric pressure is 0.96 atm,
find the gage pressure in (a) atm; (b) Pa; (c) psi.

Given: (a) Pgage = Pabs - Patm

Pabs = 816 mmHg Pgage= (816 mmHg) (
1 atm
Patm = 0.96 atm ¿−0.96 atm
760 mmHg
Pgage= 0.1136 atm
Required:
Pgage (atm) =? (b) Pgage = Pabs - Patm
Pgage (Pa) =? Pgage= [(816 mmHg) (
1 atm 101325 Pa 101325 Pa
¿( ) ¿−[(0.96 atm)( )]
Pgage (psi) =? 760 mmHg 1 atm 1 atm
Pgage= 11519.05 Pa

(c) Pgage = Pabs - Patm

Pgage= [(816 mmHg) (
1 atm 14.7 psi 14.7 psi
¿( )¿−[( 0.96 atm)( )]
760 mmHg 1 atm 1 atm
Pgage= 1.6712 psi
Solution:

6. Given the figure shown, if the absolute pressure at the bottom

of the tank is 121.93 kPa and atmospheric pressure is 92.16
kPa, determine the specific gravity of the fluid (hexane).

Given: S.G.ethanol = 0.79 Required:

Pbottom=121.93kPa S.G.oil = 0.89 S.G.hexane = ?

Ptop=92.16kPa S.G.water = 1.00

Solution:
Pbottom = Ptop + Phexane + Pethanol + Poil + Pwater + Pbottom
kN kN kg
121.93 2 = 92.16 2 + ( γ x 9.81 32
x 1.2 m ¿+ (
m m m
0.79 x 9.81
kg
m
32 ( kg
) kg
x 0.4 m ¿+ 0.89 x 9.81 3 2 x 0.6 m +(1.00 x 9.81 3 2 x 1.5 m)
m m
 [ 121.93−92.16−( 0.79 x 9.81 x 0.4 )−( 0.89 x 9.81 x 0.6 )− (1.00 x 9.81 x 1.5 ) ] kN2
m
γhexane =
kg
9.81 x 1.2
m2
γhexane = 0.5705

7. What is the absolute pressure within the tank in torr, if the gage attached to the tank is
420 mmHg vacuum and having an atmospheric pressure of 0.860 bar?

Given: Pabs = Patm - Pvacuum

Pgage = 420 mmHg Pabs = ¿
Patm = 0.860 bar (
1 atm 760 torr
420 mmHg x x ¿
Required: 760 mmHg 1atm
Pabs (torr) =? Pabs = 225 torr
Solution:

8. The system in Fig. P2.41 is at 20°C. Determine the pressure at point A in pounds per
square foot.

Given: Required:
lb f
γ water = 62.4 PA =?
ft 3
S.G. oil = 0.85
S.G. Hg = 13.6
S.G.water = 1
Solution:

PA + Poil =PHg + Pwater + Patm

PA + ¿ ¿ ]

[ (
PA = ( 13.6 ) 62.4
ft
lb f
32 () 1012 ft )]−¿ [ ( 1) (62.4 ftlb )( 125 ft)]−¿ [ ( 0.85) (62.4 ftlb )( 126 ft )]
f
32
f
32 +

lb f
PA =2771.48
ft 2
9. Determine the gage pressure (vacuum) at point A in Fig. shown, in
bar if the pressure at the atmosphere is 236 kPa. Is it higher or
lower than Patmosphere?
Given: Required:
kN
γ water = 9.81 3 PA =?
m
S.G. oil = 0.85
S.G. Hg = 13.6
S.G.water = 1
 Solution:
PA – Pwater + PHg = Poil – PHg + Patm
kN 1m kN 1m
P A −¿1)(9.81 ¿ (45 cm x )¿+ ¿.81 3 ¿ (30 cm x ) ¿ = ¿.81
m 3
100 cm m 100 cm
kN 1m
¿ (40 cm x )¿−¿
m
3
100 cm

kN 1m
¿.81 ¿ (15 cm x ) ¿ + ¿)
m 3
100 cm
kN 1m kN 1m
P A =¿.81 ¿ (40 cm x )¿−¿.81 3 2 ¿ (15 cm x ) ¿ + ¿) +¿
m
32
100 cm m 100 cm
kN 1m kN 1m
¿1) (9.81 ¿ (45 cm x )¿−¿.81 3 ¿ (30 cm x )¿
m32
100 cm m 100 cm
1000 Pa
P A =183.71 kPa x x 1 ¯5¿ ¿
1 kPa 10 Pa
P A =¿ 1.837 bar

10. Water flow downward in a pipe at 35˚, as shown on the given figure.
The mercury manometer reads a 5 inches height difference from P 1 –
P2, for there occurs pressure drop in which is partly due to the
gravity and partly due to friction. Find the pressure drop due to
friction only between 1 and 2. Does the manometer reading
correspond only to drop friction?

Given: Required:
θ = 35˚ P1 – P2 =?
kN
γ water = 9.81
m3
S.G. Hg = 13.6
S.G.water = 1

Solution:
P1 + Pwater (1) = PHg + Pwater (2) – P2
P1 +¿
¿
P1−P2=¿
lb f
P1−P2=¿ 112.85 2
 Total Pressure Drop
ft
 Since there is a pressure drop partly due to friction.
P1−P2=¿
2
P1−P2=327.6lb/ ft , the manometer reads only the friction loss.

11. What is the pressure difference between point A and B for the
set-up shown in the figure?
Given: Required:
kN
γ water = 9.81 PA – PB =?
m3
S.G. Hg = 13.6
S.G.water = 1

Solution:
PA + Pwater (A) -PHg = -Pwater + PHg + Pwater (B) + PB

P A +¿ −¿

¿ + PB
P A −PB =−¿

¿
lb f
P A −PB =¿ 4561.86 2
ft

12. Find the height of the oil, in millimeter, in the right-hand

tube of the figure. Note that both tubes are exposed to the
atmosphere.

Given: Required:
Patm (A and B) = 0 hB =?
S.G.water = 1
S.G.oil = 0.83

Solution:
PA + Pwater = Poil + PB

P A +¿ [(1) (9.81
kN
m
3 [(
¿ 240 mm x
1m
1000 mm
+ 110 mm x )(
1m
1000 mm )]
¿=¿
 h = [(1)(9.81
kN
m
32 [(
) 350 mm x
1m
1000 mm )]
]−¿ ¿

1000 mm
h = 0.1817 m x = 181.7 mm
1m

13. A nozzle with a diameter of 0.50 cm is attached to a garden hose with a diameter of 1.80 cm. The
flow rate through hose and nozzle is 0.500 L/s. Calculate the speed of the water (a) in the hose
and (b) in the nozzle.

Given: Q1 = Q 2
Q = Av
Q1 = 0.500 L/s
π d2
d1 = 1.80 cm; hose since A =
4
d2 = 0.50 cm; nozzle Q
v1 = 2
πd
Required: 4 1
3
v1 = ? L 1m
4( 0.500 )( )
v2 = ? s 1000 L
v1 = 2
1m
π (1.80 cm x )
100 cm
v1 =1.96 m/s
d1 = 1.80 cm
d2= 0.50 cm (b)
Q1 = Q 2
A1 v 1= A 2 v 2
d1
v 2=v 1 ( )
d2
1m
1.80 cm x
m 100 cm
v 2=1.02 ( )
s 1m
Solution: 0.50 cm x
100 cm
(a) v 2=25.5 m/s

14. In Example number 13, it is found that the speed of water in a hose increased from 1.96
m/s to 25.5 m/s going from the hose to the nozzle. Calculate the pressure in the hose,
given that the absolute pressure in the nozzle is 1.01×10 5 N/m2 (atmospheric, as it
must be) and assuming level, frictionless flow.

Given: v1 = 1.96 m/s; hose

P2 = 1.01×105 N/m2 v2 = 25.5 m/s; nozzle
z=0
Required: P1 = ?
 Solution:
ρ v 12 ρg z 1 ρ v 22 ρg z 2
P1 + + =P2+ +
2 gc2 gc 2 gc2 gc
ρ v 1 ρg z 1 ρ v 2 ρg z 2
P1 + +ρ =P + +
P1=P 2 gc gc( v −v 2)2 2 gc gc
2+ 2 1
2 gc
kg
1000 3 2
5 N
P1=1.01 x 10 2 +[
m
( m
25.5 −1.96 )
m 2
]
m
(
2 1 )
kg∗m
N∗s
2
s s

2
P1=378,065.8 N / m

15. The aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to
circulate around the body. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if
the flow rate is 5.0 L/min. The aorta has a radius of 10 mm. (b) Blood also flows
through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. When the rate of blood flow in the
aorta is 5.0 L/min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0.33 mm/s. Given that
the average diameter of a capillary is 8.0 μm , calculate the number of capillaries in the
blood circulatory system.

Given: n1 = 1
Q = 5.00 L/min Required:
r1 = 10 mm; aorta
d2 = 8.0 μm; capillary v1 = ?
v2 = 0.33 mm/s n2 = ?

Solution: v1 =0.2653 m/s

(a)
Q1 = Q 2
Q = Av
since A = π r 2 (b)
Q Q1 = Q 2
v1 = 2
πr 1 n1 A 1 v 1=n 2 A2 v 2
3
L 1m 1 min
(5.00 )( )( ) n 1 A1 v 1
min 1000 L 60 s n2 =
v1 =
1m
2 A2 v2
π (10 mm x )
1000 mm n2 = ( 1 ) ¿ ¿
 9
n2 =5.0 x 10 capillaries
16. Fire hoses used in major structure fires have inside diameters of 8.90 in. Suppose such a
hose carries a flow of 0.06 m3/s starting at a gauge pressure of 264,000 Pa. The hose
goes 10.0 m up a ladder to a nozzle having an inside diameter of 5.60 cm. Assuming
negligible resistance, (a) what are the flow speed at the initial conditions at ground
level and final conditions inside the nozzle? (b)What is the pressure in the nozzle?

Given: Required:
Q = 0.06 m3/s
v1 = ?
d1 = 8.90 cm
v2 = ?
d2 = 5.60 cm
P2 = ?
P1 = 264,000 Pa

Solution
(a)
Q1 = Q 2 v1 =9.64 m/s
Q = Av
πd
2 Q1 = Q 2
since A = A1 v 1= A 2 v 2
4
Q d
v1 = v 2=v 1 ( 1 )
π d2 d2
4 1 1m
3 8 , .90 cm x
4(0.06 m / s) m 100 cm
v1 = v 2=9.64 ( )
1m 2 s 1m
π (8.90 cm x ) 5.60 cm x
100 cm 100 cm
v 2=15.32m/ s

(b)
kg
ρ v 12 ρg z 1 ρ v 22 ρg z 2 1000 (1000
P2 + +
2 gc2 gc
=P2 +
2 gc2
+
gc P2=264,000 Pa+[
m3 2
( m
9.64 −15.32 )
m 2
]+[
P2 +
P2=P
ρ v 1 ρg z 1
2 gc
2+
+ρ
1
ρ v 2 ρg z 2
=P + ρg +
gc( v −v 2)2 2 gc
2 + ( z 1gc
−z 2 )2
2 1
kg∗m
N∗s
2 ( ) s s
(
2 gc 2 gc P2=182,131 Pa
17. Identify the Reynold’s number and type of flow for an oil that flows with a specific
gravity of 0.72 and a viscosity of 0.00310 lb . s/ft2 in a 14-in inside diameter pipe at a
flow rate of 10 ft3/s.

Given: Required:
Q = 10 ft3/s v1 = ?
s.g. = 0.72 NRE = ?
µ = 0.00310 lb . s/ft2
d = 14 in.

Solution
(a)
Q = Av ρdv
N ℜ=
π d2 μ
since A =

[ ]
4
v1 = 2
Q
πd
N ℜ=
( 62.4
lb
)
ft 3 2
( 0.72)
¿¿
4 1 lb∗ft
3 1 2
4(10 ft / s) lb f∗s
v1 =
π ¿¿¿
v1 =9.35 ft / s N ℜ=¿184, 442.32  Laminar Flow

18. Water is flowing through capillary tubes A and B into tube C,

as shown in the figure. If QA = 3ml/s in tube A, what is the
largest QB allowable in tube B for laminar flow in tube C? The
water is at a temperature of 40˚C. With the calculated Q B,
what kind of flow exists in tubes A and B? Note: µ = 6.56x 10 -4
lb . s/ft2

Given: Required:
QA = 3ml/s QB = ?
µ = 6.56x10-4 kg/m*s Re = ?
dA = 5mm
dB = 4mm
dC = 6mm
 Solution:
a. Since that tube C flows in a laminar flow, assuming that its NRE≤ 2100.
ρdv Q = Av
N ℜ=
μ QC = A C v c

[( )( ) ] (0.2296 ms )
2100 = π 1m 2

kg 1m QC = 6 mm x
(1000 3 )( 6 mm x )¿ ¿ 4 1000 mm
m 1000 mm 3
v c=¿ ¿0.2296 m/s QC =¿5.099 x 10-6 m
s

QC = Q A + QB

QB = Q C - QA

( )
3
QB = 5.099 x 10
−6 m
−¿ )
s
m3
QB = 2.099 x 10−6
s
b. * In tube A * In tube B
Q = Av Q = Av
Q A =A A v A Q A =A A v A
3 3
mL 1L 1m m −6
(3 x x ) 2.099 x 10
s 1000ml 1000 L s
vA = vA =

[( )( )] [( )( )]
2 2
π 1m π 1m
5 mm x 4 mm x
4 1000 mm 4 1000 mm
m m
v A =0.1528 v A =0.167
s s
ρdv ρdv
N ℜ= N ℜ=
μ μ
Nℜ= Nℜ=
kg 1m m kg 1m m
(1000 3 )(5 mm x )( 0.1528 ) (1000 3 )(4 mm x )(0.167 )
m 1000 mm s m 1000 mm s
kg kg
6.56 x 10−4 6.56 x 10−4
m∗s m∗s
N ℜ = 1164.63  Laminar Flow N ℜ = 1018.29  Laminar Flow

19. Compute for the entrance length in tube A and B given the Reynold’s number on
previous number with length of pipe LA = 2m and LB = 1.6m
 Tube A
¿ =[0.370 e (−0.148 x 1164.63 )+ 0.0550(1164.63)+ 0.260]¿
D
¿ =0.321 m
D
 Tube B
¿ =[0.370 e (−0.148 x 1018.29 )+ 0.0550(1018.29)+ 0.260] ¿
D
¿ =0.225 m
D
 kg
−2
20. Glycerin with density of 1261.23 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity 1.15 x 10 flows
m∗s
through a pipe with a 9-cm diameter. Identify the maximum velocity the fluid flows for
laminar flow.

Given: Required:
µ = 1.15 x 10-2 Pa*s v=?
d = 6 cm
ρ=¿1261.2 kg/m3

Solution:
Since that tube flows in a laminar flow, assuming that its NRE≤ 2100.
ρdv
N ℜ=
μ
kg 1m
(1261.23 3 )( 9 cm x )(v)
m 100 cm
2100 =
−2 kg
1.15 x 10
m∗s
v = 0.2128 m/s