111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1NUMERICAL STUDY OF MAXWELL VISCO

ELASTICITY BASED MICRO POLAR NANOPARTICLES WITH SLIP EFFECT

THROUGH POROUS MEDIUM
By
Umme Kalsoom
2018-GCUF-010582
Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of
the requirement for the degree of

MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
MATHEMATICS

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD
March 2021

i
In the Name of ALLAH

The Most Beneficent and

The Most Merciful

ii
 DECLARATION

I accomplished the work in this thesis under the supervision of Dr. Muhammad Imran,
Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, GC University Faisalabad, Pakistan

I hereby declare that the title of thesis “Numerical Study of Maxwell Visco Elasticity
Based Micro Polar Nanoparticles with Slip Effect through Porous Medium” and the
contents of thesis are the outcomes of my own research and no part has been copied from
any published source (except the references, standard mathematical or genetic models
/equations /formulas /protocols etc.). I further declare that this work has not been
submitted for award of any other degree/diploma. The university may take action if the
information provided is found inaccurate at any stage.

Umme Kalsoom
Registration No: 2018-GCUF-010582

iii
 CERTIFICATE BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE

We certify that the contents and form of thesis submitted by Miss. Umme Kalsoom,
Registration No. 2018-GCUF-010582 have been found satisfactory and in accordance
with the prescribed format. We recommend it to be processed for the evaluation by the
External Examiner for the award of degree.

Signature of Supervisor…………

Name: Dr. Muhammad Imran

Designation with Stamp……………

Member of Supervisory Committee

Signature…………………….

Name: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Naeem

Designation with Stamp…………….

Member of Supervisory Committee

Signature…………………….

Name: Dr. Mohsin Raza

Designation with Stamp…………

Chairperson

Signature with Stamp………….

Dean / Academic Coordinator

Signature with Stamp…………………

iv
 DEDICATED TO

My GRAND MOTHER (LATE)

AND

TO MY

BELOVED PARENTS

v
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................ix
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................x
CHAPTER 1.....................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................1
Chapter 2..........................................................................................................................................5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE.......................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 3.....................................................................................................................................8
PRELIMINARIES............................................................................................................................8
3.1 Fluid Mechanics...............................................................................................................8
3.2 Fluid.................................................................................................................................8
3.3 Properties of Fluid............................................................................................................9
3.3.1 Density......................................................................................................................9
3.3.2 Specific Volume.....................................................................................................10
3.3.3 Stress..........................................................................................................................10
3.3.4 Pressure......................................................................................................................11
3.3.5 Volume Flow Rate......................................................................................................11
3.3.6 Viscosity.....................................................................................................................12
3.3.7 Dynamic Viscosity..................................................................................................13
3.3.8 Kinematic Viscosity................................................................................................13
3.4 Nano Particles.................................................................................................................13
3.5 Body Force.....................................................................................................................14
3.6 Surface force...................................................................................................................14
3.7 Constant Velocity...........................................................................................................14
3.8 Uniform Velocity........................................................................................................14
3.9 Angular Velocity............................................................................................................15
3.10 Vorticity..........................................................................................................................15
3.11 Electrical Conductivity...................................................................................................16
3.12 Thermal Conductivity.....................................................................................................16
3.13 Thermal Diffusivity........................................................................................................16
3.14 Brownian Motion............................................................................................................17
3.15 Thermophoresis..............................................................................................................17
3.16 Nusselt Number (Nux).....................................................................................................18
3.17 Local Sherwood Number (Shx)........................................................................................18

vi
3.18 Reynold’s Number (Rex).................................................................................................19
3.19 Prandtl Number...............................................................................................................19
3.20 Schmidt number..............................................................................................................20
3.21 Visco-elastic fluid behavior............................................................................................20
3.22 Types of Fluids...............................................................................................................21
3.1 Ideal Fluid.......................................................................................................................21
3.2 Real Fluid.......................................................................................................................22
3.23 Newtonian Fluids............................................................................................................22
3.24 Non- Newtonian Fluid....................................................................................................23
3.25 Thixotropic fluid.............................................................................................................24
3.26 Types of Non-Newtonian Fluid......................................................................................25
3.27 Pseudo-plastic or Shear Thinning Fluid......................................................................25
3.28 Dilatant Substances or Shear Thickening Fluid..........................................................25
3.29 Bingham Plastic..............................................................................................................26
3.30 Base Fluid.......................................................................................................................26
3.31 Nanofluids......................................................................................................................26
3.33 Viscoelasticity................................................................................................................27
3.34 Micropolar Fluids...........................................................................................................27
3.35 Porous medium...............................................................................................................28
3.36 Permeability of porous medium......................................................................................28
Types of Flow.............................................................................................................................28
i. Steady Flow........................................................................................................................28
ii. Unsteady Flow....................................................................................................................29
3.37 Compressible and Incompressible Flow.........................................................................29
Compressible Flow.....................................................................................................................30
Incompressible Flow..................................................................................................................30
3.38 Viscous and non-viscous Flow.......................................................................................30
Viscous Flow..............................................................................................................................30
Non-viscous Flow.......................................................................................................................31
3.39 Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow....................................................................................31
Uniform Flow.............................................................................................................................31
Non-uniform Flow......................................................................................................................31
3.40 Laminar and Turbulent Flow..........................................................................................32
Laminar Flow.............................................................................................................................32
Turbulent Flow...........................................................................................................................32
3.41 Creeping Flow................................................................................................................33
3.42 Internal Flow...............................................................................................................33

vii
CHAPTER 4...................................................................................................................................34
NANOFLUID EFFECT ON THE SYSTEM..................................................................................34
4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................34
4.2 Mathematical modeling..................................................................................................34
4.3 Formation of governing Differential equation for velocity.............................................37
................................................................................................................................................37
4.4 Formation of governing Differential equation for Micro angular velocity......................39
4.5 Formation of governing Differential equation for temperature...........................................40
4.6 Formation of governing Differential equation for concentration....................................42
4.7 Boundary conditions and physical Quantities.................................................................44
4.8 Numerical Analysis of solutions.................................................................................44
4.9 Discussion:.....................................................................................................................47
.......................................................................................................................................................53
.......................................................................................................................................................54
.......................................................................................................................................................55
.......................................................................................................................................................55
.......................................................................................................................................................55
Conclusion:.................................................................................................................................70
LIST OF ABBREVITIONS.......................................................................................................72
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................74

viii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises are for ALLAH Almighty Who has bestowed upon human being the crown
of creation and has endowed him with knowledge and wisdom. After ALLAH, the last
Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) Who brought for us revelation, unlimited knowledge and
civilized the barbarian human being. ALLAH gave me the strength to work on such a
thesis and gain tremendous knowledge.

I am highly thankful to my supervisor Dr. Imran Chaudhary for their scholastic

guidance and meticulous approach to study during my research. I am grateful to him for
his inspiring guidance, scholarly comments, constructive suggestions and keen interest
throughout the course of my studies. He gave me his valuable suggestion and guidance. I
owe a great debt of gratitude to him for his valuable suggestions in the selection of a
suitable topic and the research problems. He not only facilitated my work but his help is
the most cordial and cooperative throughout the research work. God bless him and live
long. Also, I am extremely thankful to my honorable teacher Sir Hassan Waqas for his
academic support during this research.

This acknowledgement cannot be completed without the prayers of my beloved and

respectful parents. They have been a great delight and source of inspiration in my life.

Umme Kalsoom

ix
 ABSTRACT
In the presence of velocity slip conditions, this work presents the aspects of mass and heat
transport in viscoelastic nanofluid flow. To explore the non-Newtonian behavior, a
Maxwell viscoelasticity based micro polar is considered. Moreover, a porous medium
saturates the stretching sheet. A set of similarity variables are introduced to derive the
dimensionless ordinary different equations of velocity, concentrations and temperature
profiles. The numerical solutions are computed by MATLAB. The salient flow features of
velocity, concentration and temperature profiles are described and discussed by various
graphs.

x
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Applied mathematics is the analysis of mathematical calculations and statistics used
in our everyday lives.
Fluid mechanics is the main branch of applied mathematics, a very important
functional subject that covers a wide range of circumstances. Hydraulics, derived
from experimental experiments, and hydrodynamics, developed from theoretical
studies, have been classified as the science of flow. However, both have fused into a
single discipline called fluid mechanics in recent years.
One of the first question, that we need to answer, is ‘what is a fluid’. Fluid is a
material that, when acted on by a shearing stress of some degree, deforms
continuously. Whenever a tangential force acts on a surface, a shearing stress (force
per unit area) is created. Two key categories of fluid statics and fluid dynamics can
be separated into fluid mechanics. In fluid statics we study the fluids at rest. It
embraces the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable
equilibrium, and is contrasted with fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion.
Fluid dynamics is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid flow. It has
many branches, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gas movement)
and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion). Fluid mechanics have been
applied in various fields, such as dam systems, canal or pump design, compressors,
piping and ducting systems used in house and building water and air conditioning
systems, as well as chemical plant piping systems, the aerodynamics of automobiles
supersonic airplanes and many devices such as gas pump meters.

Understanding the importance of fluid mechanics is apparent, when we turn on our

kitchen faucets, activating the flow through a network of pipes and valves, when
deriving car which rest on pneumatic tires have hydraulic shock absorbers and pump

1
gasoline through a complex piping system. Our very existence depends on
fundamental principal of fluid mechanics, the flow of blood through our body.

Fluids have the capacity to change volume and density, i.e. compressibility. Gas is
much more compressible than liquid. Since liquid has low compressibility, when its
motion is studied its density is normally regarded as unchangeable. However, where
an extreme change in pressure occurs, such as in water hammer, compressibility is
taken into account. Gas has large compressibility but when its velocity is low
compared with the sonic velocity the change in density is small and it is then treated
as an incompressible fluid. Nevertheless, when studying the atmosphere with large
altitude changes, high-velocity gas flow in a pipe with large pressure difference, the
drag sustained by a body moving with significant velocity in a calm gas, and the flow
which accompanies combustion, etc., change of density must be taken into account.

Now a day Nanotechnology is a new discipline of interest for engineers and

researchers. Fluid mechanics is widely used both in everyday activities and in the
design of modern engineering systems from vacuum cleaners to supersonic aircraft.
Therefore, it is important to develop a good understanding of the basic principles of
fluid mechanics. To begin with, fluid mechanics plays a vital role in the human body.
The heart is constantly pumping blood to all parts of the human body through the
arteries and veins, and the lungs are the sites of airflow in alternating directions.
Needless to say, all artificial hearts, breathing machines, and dialysis systems are
designed using fluid dynamics. An ordinary house is, in some respects, an exhibition
hall filled with applications of fluid mechanics. The piping systems for cold water,
natural gas, and sewage for an individual house and the entire city are designed
primarily on the basis of fluid mechanics. The same is also true for the piping and
ducting network of heating and air-conditioning systems. A refrigerator involves
tubes through which the refrigerant flows, a compressor that pressurizes the
refrigerant, and two heat exchangers where the refrigerant absorbs and rejects heat.
Fluid mechanics plays a major role in the design of all these components. Even the
operation of ordinary faucets is based on fluid mechanics. We can also see numerous

2
applications of fluid mechanics in an automobile. All components associated with the
transportation of the fuel from the fuel tank to the cylinders the fuel line, fuel pump,
fuel injectors, or carburetors as well as the mixing of the fuel and the air in the
cylinders and the purging of combustion gases in exhaust pipes are analyzed using
fluid mechanics. Fluid mechanics is also used in the design of the heating and air-
conditioning system, the hydraulic brakes, the power steering, automatic
transmission, and lubrication systems, the cooling system of the engine block
including the radiator and the water pump, and even the tires. The sleek streamlined
shape of recent model cars is the result of efforts to minimize drag by using extensive
analysis of flow over surfaces. On a broader scale, fluid mechanics plays a major part
in the design and analysis of aircraft, boats, submarines, rockets, jet engines, wind
turbines, biomedical devices, the cooling of electronic components, and the
transportation of water, crude oil, and natural gas. It is also considered in the design
of buildings, bridges, and even billboards to make sure that the structures can
withstand wind loading. Numerous natural phenomena such as the rain cycle,
weather patterns, the rise of ground water to the top of trees, winds, ocean waves,
and currents in large water bodies are also governed by the principles of fluid
mechanics.

This thesis is a combination of four chapters. The first chapter is about introduction
of fluid mechanics and its branches, use in daily life and importance has been
written. This chapter also include the importance of Nanotechnology in our daily life

In chapter 2, there is interpretation about the research work. It contains the history
about the Nanofluid and effects of mass and heat transportation through porous
medium. The renowned and important mathematician’s work on Nanofluid and heat
transportation through porous plate is enclosed in the same chapter.

In chapter 3, the fundamental, basic concepts and definitions about the research
work, which are helpful in our research is involved. This chapter include the basic
definition of fluid properties, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, types of flow,

3
acceleration in field of fluid, Nanofluid, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), electrical
and thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, magnetic field, Brownian motion and
Thermophoresis.

In chapter 4, Concept of boundary layer is employed for the formulation mechanism.

Using the shooting technique to convert the higher order equation into first order,
after obtaining the missed initial conditions and used MATLAB to solve such
system. Impacts of different parameters on the velocity, temperature and
concentration are sketched and numerically discussed.

4
Chapter2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A very continuous series of contributions started at the beginning of the Renaissance

era (about the 15th century), forming the basis of what we consider to be the science
of fluid mechanics. Many forms of flow phenomena were identified by Leonardo da
Vinci (1452-1519) through sketches and writings. The beginning of experimental
mechanics was marked by the work of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). There were
many important contributions made during the early Renaissance era and throughout
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. These include developments in theory and
mathematics linked to famous names such as Newton, Bernoulli, Euler, and
d'Alembert. During this time, experimental aspects of fluid mechanics were also
advanced, but the two different methods, theoretical and experimental, were
unfortunately established along separate paths. Hydrodynamics was the concept
associated with the theoretical or mathematical analysis of idealized, frictionless
fluid behavior, using the term hydraulics to define the aspects of fluid behavior
applied or experimental, especially water behavior.

During the nineteenth century, additional contributions and refinements were made
to both theoretical hydrodynamics and experimental hydraulics, with the general
differential equations explaining fluid motion used in modern fluid mechanics. The
fields of theoretical hydrodynamics and experimental hydraulics were both highly
established at the beginning of the twentieth century, and efforts were made to unify
the two. A classic paper was presented in 1904 by a German professor, Ludwig
Prandtl (1875-1953), who introduced the notion of a "fluid boundary layer" that
provided the basis for the integration of the theoretical and experimental aspects of

5
fluid mechanics. The principle of Prandtl was that a thin fluid layer forms for flow
next to a solid boundary in which friction is very important, but the fluid behaves
very much like a frictionless fluid outside this layer. In general, Prandtl is known as
the inventor of modern fluid mechanics.

The present work is about Nano fluid effects through porous medium. Model was
originally proposed by Erigen et al. [1-4] and later on, many contributors used this
model for various flow feature phenomena. For instance, the micropolar fluid flow
behavior in presence of heat transfer was presented by Zubair et al. [5]. Ashraf and
Wehgal [6] proposed the numerical study of micro-polar fluids generated by heated
porous disks. The peristaltic flow of micro-polar liquid over a curved surface was
executed by Hayat et al. [7]. Waqas et al. [8]. Utilized the convective heating to
study convected micropolar fluid flow. An analytical solution for unsteady micro
polar fluid flow was reported by Shehzad et al. [9]. Sui et al. [10]. Executed
rheological behavior of micro polar liquid over a heated stretching surface.
Turkyilmazoglu [11-12] suggested the exact solutions of hydro-magnetic micro polar
fluid induced by cooled/ heated deformable plate. Saleem et al. [13] claimed that
strength and size of buoyancy cell enhanced for viscous and micro polar fluids by
enhancing the Rayleigh number while the rate of heat transfer decreases. Some more
interesting can be found in Refs [14-17].

Another area of interest is the principle of transport in a saturated porous medium,

which attracted the attention of engineers because of its constructive applications in
the different disciplines of transporting matter and energy. Many interesting
applications in civil engineering, mechanical engineering, petroleum engineering, the
food industry and bio-medical sciences are involved in this phase. Some uses include
oil, coal, and water flows in oil reservoirs and the possible mobilization of methane
in gas hydrates. Majority of work was focused on the evaluation of presence of
porous medium, such as Refs [18]-[23]. Due to their growing presence in biomedical,
food, manufacturing, and agricultural industries, Nano fluids are very attentive to
researchers. Owing to poor thermal conductivity, many base fluids have very low

6
productivity in medical industries and production processes. The revolutionary
experimental investigation of Choi [24] revealed that the utilization of nanofluids in
the base fluids results as augmentation of thermal conductivity. The slip flow of
viscous Nano fluids under chemical reactive phenomenon was labeled by Zhu et al .
[25]. Time dependent flow of viscoelastic Williamson Nano fluids was assessed by
Khan et al. [26]. Sheikholeslam et al. [28]. Addressed the ethylene-glycol type
Nanofluid in a porous enclosure. Usman et al. [29]. Investigated the interaction of
velocity and thermal effects in the Casson Nanofluid flow. The significance of
magnetohydrodynamic flow of viscous nanofluid in transport process was declared
by Rout and Mishr [30]. The properties of CuO-water nanoparticles inside porous
media were disclosed by Sheikholeslam [31].

Our goal in the present work is to evaluate the flow of Maxwell viscoelasticity-based
micro polar fluid [MVMF] over a porous stretching sheet in the presence of
nanoparticles. In the cooption on centration and energy equations, the chemical
reaction and heat absorption and generation effects are elaborated respectively. The
suggested fluid model is more general, and as a limiting case, several outcomes for
the viscous fluid, shearing thinning/thicking effect, and relaxation time effect will
decrease. In addition, the study makes the study very flexible by considering
magnetic field effects, heat absorption/generation effects, and porous medium and
slip effects. The dimension less boundary value problem is solved by using
MATLAB.

7
CHAPTER 3

PRELIMINARIES

Substantial terminologies and meanings listed below are helpful to understand before
creating, presenting and obtaining the solution to our problem.

3.1 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid mechanics is the branch of applied mathematics concerned with the mechanics
of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. The science of flow
has been classified into hydraulics, which developed from experimental studies, and
hydrodynamics, which developed through theoretical studies. In recent years,
however, both have merged into single discipline called fluid mechanics. It can be
divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics, the study of
the effect of forces on fluid motion.

3.2 Fluid

Substance that deforms continuously when acted on by a shearing stress of any

magnitude is fluid. A shearing stress (force per unit area) is created whenever a
tangential force acts on a surface. Fluids are a phase of matter and include liquids,
gases and plasmas. They are substances with zero shear modulus, or in simpler
terms, substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.

8
Although the term "fluid" includes both the liquid and gas phases, in common
usage, "fluid" is often used synonymously with "liquid".
Liquids form a free surface (that is, a surface not created by the container) while
gases do not.

3.3 Properties of Fluid

There are certain fluid properties. To understand and clarify our problem, some basic
useful terms of fluid are represented below.

3.3.1 Density

The density of a fluid, designated by the Greek symbol ‘ ρ ’(rho), is defined as its
mass per unit volume. Typically, it is used to characterize the mass of a fluid, this
changes with temperature or if there are substances dissolved in it. The density of
gases changes with even slight variations in temperature, while densities of liquid
and solids, which are generally thought of as incompressible, will change very
little.

Mathematically, it is denoted as

Its SI unit is kgm−3.

9
3.3.2 Specific Volume

The specific volume, is “Volume per unit mass of fluid ” Specific volume is
defined by another way that is the reciprocal of the term density. Mathematically,
it is defined as

This property is not commonly used in fluid mechanics but used in

thermodynamics. Specific volume is the inverse of the density of a substance,
therefore, careful consideration must be taken account when dealing with
situations that involve gases. Small changes in temperature will have a noticeable
effect on specific volumes

3.3.3 Stress

The ratio of applied force F (on body) to unit area A is called stress. Stress is
usually found to be a more convenient and versatile quantity than the force itself.
Mathematically, denoted by τ and written as

10
 Stress =

In SI Nm−2 is its unit.

3.3.4 Pressure

The ratio of applied force F on the fluid or by the fluid in direction normal to per
unit area A, of a body is known as pressure. Mathematically, it is written as

Its unit is Nm−2, which is also known as Pascal, abbreviated as Pa.

3.3.5 Volume Flow Rate

Fluid volume through any cross-section which is normal in unit time is known as
volumetric flow rate. It is also known as discharge. Flow rate and velocity are
related, but quite different, physical quantities. To make the distinction clear,
consider the flow rate of a river. The greater the velocity of the water, the greater

11
the flow rate of the river. But flow rate also depends on the size and shape of the
river.
It is represented by Q and m3s−1 is the unit of volumetric flow rate.

Mathematically, it is represented as

Where
υ is the velocity,
t is the time.

3.3.6 Viscosity

Resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a change in shape, or movement of

neighboring portions relative to one another. Viscosity denotes opposition to flow.
The reciprocal of the viscosity is called the fluidity, a measure of the ease of flow.
viscosity is a measure of the internal friction in a fluid. Whenever two layers slip
over each other, a fluid implies resistance. Like, the viscosity of syrup is greater
compare with water. Ideal fluid have zero viscosity (non-viscous).

12
Viscosity of a fluid can be further divided into two categories.

i. Dynamic viscosity
ii. Kinematic viscosity

3.3.7 Dynamic Viscosity

Dynamic viscosity (also known as absolute viscosity) is the measurement of the

fluid’s internal resistance to flow. dynamic viscosity gives information on the
force needed to make the fluid flow at a certain rate. kinematic viscosity tells

how fast the fluid is moving when a force is applied. It is denoted by ‘ ’

3.3.8 Kinematic Viscosity

It is a property of a fluid that expressed dynamic viscosity ‘µ ’per unit density

‘ρ’. It is represented by ‘ν’. kinematic viscosity tells how fast the fluid is moving
when a certain force is applied. Mathematically, it can be written a

13
Its unit is m2s−1.

3.4 Nano Particles

Nanoparticles are defined as having one dimension of less than 100nm, making them
comparable in size to sub-cellular structures including cell organelles or biological
macro molecules.

3.5 Body Force

In fluid dynamics, body forces are those which act per unit mass of the body.
These forces act without contact (act at distance). Like, gravitational force,
electrostatic force and centrifugal force.

3.6 Surface force

In a material body Those forces which acts per unit area of body. Like, stress and
pressure.

3.7 Constant Velocity

Constant velocity mean, body travels in a straight path along with constant speed. In
other words, body have same magnitude but direction not change. Many problems in
fluid mechanics deal with the velocity of the fluid at a point, equal to the rate of
change of the position of a fluid particle with time, thus having both a magnitude and
a direction.

3.8 Uniform Velocity

14
Uniform velocity is defined as the speed has not altered but direction (of body) may
changed. In other words, body have same magnitude also direction may change.
Uniform velocity mean body moving with constant velocity with acceleration is zero.

3.9 Angular Velocity

Let θ represent angular displacement i.e distance in rotation, then angular velocity
is rate of change of angular displacement, represented by Ω.
Mathematically,

Where,
is time,

is angular displacement.
Its unit is revolution per second.

3.10 Vorticity

15
We define vorticity as a flow field that is connected to fluid particle’s rotation.
Vorticity is a vector which is two times the rotation vector, denoted by ζ, given by

ζ = 2ω,

where

ω = ∇× V,

3.11 Electrical Conductivity

Electrical conductivity is the capability of material object to conduct electrical

current. It is also known as specific conductivity. It is denoted by σ (sigma). In other
words, it is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

Its SI unit is siemens per meter (sm−1).

3.12 Thermal Conductivity

The capability of material object to conduct heat is called thermal conductivity. It

is denoted by κ.
In other words, the reciprocal of thermal resistivity is known as thermal conductivity.
Normally in material objects, transfer of heat occur at low rate to higher thermal
conductivity.

Its SI unit is w(mκ)−1 that is watts per meter kelvin.

3.13 Thermal Diffusivity

Analysis of heat transfer at constant pressure, thermal diffusivity is the ratio of

thermal conductivity with specific heat capacity and density.

16
It calculates the heat transfer rate (material object) from hot bodies to cold bodies.
It is usually represented as β.
Mathematically, it can be represented as

Where

is thermal conductivity,

is density,

is specific heat capacity.

3.14 Brownian Motion

In a fluid, the irregular movement of microscopic particles, as an effect of

continuant bombardment of molecule to the surrounding medium.
For example, we understand Brownian motion with the help of experiment. Fill a
hollow glass cube with small particles and place low power microscope and a
lamp for light. we observe that the smog particles appear as bright particles
moving in all possible directions.
The movement of smog particle is known as Brownian motion.

3.15 Thermophoresis

It is the movement of molecule with temperature gradient. It is the Phenomenon

observed in the mixture of mobile particles where many kinds of particles exhibit
with responses to the force of temperature gradient. Usually, it applies to aerosol
mixture, but it refers to the phenomenon in different phase of mater.

17
3.16 Nusselt Number (Nux)

Local Nusselt number (Nux) is defined by taking the length to be the distance
from the surface boundary to the local point of interest. That is

Where

is surface heat flux.

3.17 Local Sherwood Number (Shx)

The Sherwood number (Shx) (also called the mass transfer Nusselt number) is a
dimensionless number used in mass-transfer operation. It represents the ratio of
the convective mass transfer to the rate of diffusive mass transport, and is named
in honor of Thomas Kilgore Sherwood.

where surface mass flux

3.18 Reynold’s Number (Rex)

18
The Reynolds number (Rex) is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces within a
fluid which is subjected to relative internal movement due to different fluid
velocities, in which is known as a boundary layer in the case of a bounding
surface such as the interior of a pipe. (Re) is an important dimensionless quantity
in fluid mechanics used to help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow
situations.

3.19 Prandtl Number

A dimensionless ratio between kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity ,

is Prandtl number, is denoted by Pr i.e.

Where

Where k stands for thermal conductivity,

stands for density,

and is specific heat capacity.

Named after its invertor German engineer Ludwiy Prandtl.

Thickness of thermal boundary layer and thickness of hydrodynamic boundary layer

are specified by Prandtl number depending on whether it is equal to one, or more
than one or less than one. Small values of the Prandtl number, Pr < 1, means the
thermal diffusivity dominates. Whereas with large values, Pr >1, the momentum
diffusivity dominates the behavior.

19
The Prandtl numbers of gases are about 1, which indicates that both momentum and
heat dissipate through the fluid at about the same rate. Heat diffuses very quickly in
liquid metals (Pr<1) and very slowly in oils (Pr>1) relative to momentum.
Consequently, thermal boundary layer is much thicker for liquid metals and much
thinner for oils relative to velocity boundary layer. In heat transfer problems, the
Prandtl number controls the relative thickness of the momentum and thermal
boundary layers. When Pr is small, it means that the heat diffuses quickly compared
to the velocity (momentum). This means that for liquid metals the thermal boundary
layer is much thicker than the velocity boundary layer.

3.20 Schmidt number

A dimensionless number defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic

viscosity) and mass diffusivity, and is used to characterize fluid flows in which there
are simultaneous momentum and mass diffusion convection processes. It was named
after the German engineer Ernst Heinrich Wilhelm Schmidt (1892–1975). It
physically relates the relative thickness of the hydrodynamic layer and mass-transfer
boundary layer. If Schmidt number is unity indicates that momentum mass transfer
by diffusion are comparable and velocity and concentration boundary layers almost
coincide with each other.

Mathematically, Schmidt number is stated as

3.21 Visco-elastic fluid behavior

Under suitable conditions, many materials exhibit both elastic and viscous effects.
The material is said to be visco-elastic in the absence of time-dependent behavior.
Infect, perfectly elastic deformation and perfectly viscous flow limit cases of visco-

20
 elastic behavior. It is only these restricting factors for certain materials that are found
in operation. In general, water elasticity and ice viscosity can pass unnoticed. A
material's response depends not only on its composition but also on the conditions to
which it has been subjected (kinematic); hence the difference between 'solid' and
'fluid' and between 'elastic' and 'viscous' is. In other words, acting like a viscous fluid
in one situation and like an elastic solid in another situation is not unusual for a
substance. Several materials of practical interest exhibit visco-elastic behavior (such
as polymer melts, polymer and soap solutions, synovial fluid); they have some
capacity to store and recover shear energy. The 'soup cup' influence is probably the
most easily observed experiment. If a liquid in a dish is allowed to rotate when the
energy source (i.e. the spoon) is removed by gentle stirring with a spoon, the inertial
circulation may die as a result of the action of the viscous forces. The liquid can be
seen to slow to a stop and then to unwind a little if the liquid is visco-elastic (as some
of the patented soups are).

3.22 Types of Fluids

On the bases of viscosity, fluids can be arrange under two sorts.

i. Ideal Fluid

ii. Real Fluid

3.1 Ideal Fluid

Ideal fluid have zero viscosity and by nature they are incompressible i.e those
fluids in which there is no change in their volume whenever we change their
temperature or pressure. In practice there is no such fluid which possesses such
characteristics.

21
3.2 Real Fluid

These fluids have a certain region of viscosity called real fluid or viscous fluid. In
real fluids, we can address other fluid properties such as temperature, pressure,
density, compressibility when addressing viscosity etc. Real fluids can change
their volume according to the change in their temperature and pressure. For
example, gases, kerosene, petrol, castor oil.

Real fluids are further divided into two categories, i.e Newtonian and non-
Newtonian fluids.

Difference between real and ideal fluid

3.23 Newtonian Fluids

Fluid which follow Newton’s law of viscosity is called Newtonian fluids, i.e a
graph between shear stress and velocity gradient passing through origin and graph
is a straight line, showing that relation between stress and the strain rate is linear.
Water in addition air are the common examples of Newtonian fluids.
Newtonian fluids conduct is generally depicted by the following equation

22
here τ represents shear stress, µ represents dynamic viscosity and du/dy represent
resents strain rate (velocity gradient). Newtonian fluids are the simplest
mathematical models of fluids that account for viscosity. While no real fluid fits
the definition perfectly, many common liquids and gases, such as water and air,
can be assumed to be Newtonian for practical calculations under ordinary
conditions. Newtonian fluids are named after Isaac Newton, who first used the
differential equation to postulate the relation between the shear strain rate and
shear stress for such fluids.

3.24 Non- Newtonian Fluid

Non-Newtonian fluids have a variable viscosity at a constant temperature. The

viscosity for these fluids varies with the rate of shear of the fluid. According to
Newton, when sliding one layer over another layer twice as fast, the resisting force is

23
two times as great. Non-Newtonian fluids do not follow this model. For these types
of fluids, doubling the speed does not necessarily double the resistance. It may more
than double the resistance (shear thickening, like corn starch in water), or it may less
than double it (shear thinning, like ketchup).

By using the following formula we can easily distinguish either the fluid is
Newtonian or non-Newtonian.

For n = 1, A = 0 and B = µ, above equation becomes Newton’s law of viscosity.

For all other values it shows different types of non-Newtonian fluid.

3.25 Thixotropic fluid

These are Non-Newtonian fluids that have a non-linear relationship between the
shear stress and also the rate of angular deformation beyond certain yield stress.
The examples of thixotropic fluids are crude oils, bentonitic drilling fluid and
printer's ink, etc.

24
3.26 Types of Non-Newtonian Fluid

The types of Non-Newtonian fluid are

i. Pseudo-plastic or shear thinning fluid

ii. Dilatant substance or shear thickening fluid

3.27 Pseudo-plastic or Shear Thinning Fluid

shear thinning is the non-Newtonian behavior of fluids whose viscosity decreases

under shear strain. It is sometimes considered synonymous for pseudoplastic
behavior, and is usually defined as excluding time-dependent effects, such as
thixotropy.

Shear thinning is the most common type of non-Newtonian behavior of fluids and is
seen in many industrial and everyday applications. Although shear thinning is
generally not observed in pure liquids with low molecular mass or ideal solutions of
small molecules like sucrose or sodium chloride, it is often observed in polymer
solutions and molten polymers, as well as complex fluids and suspensions like
ketchup, whipped cream, blood, paint, and nail paint

3.28 Dilatant Substances or Shear Thickening Fluid

Dilatant substance is a type of fluid, in which dynamic viscosity increases as the rate
of shear increases. This behavior is usually not observed in pure materials, but can
occur in suspensions. This behavior is only one type of deviation from Newton’s

25
Law, and it is controlled by such factors as particle size, shape, and distribution. This
behavior is observed because the system crystallizes under stress and behaves more
like a solid than a solution. Thus, the viscosity of a shear-thickening fluid is
dependent on the shear rate. The presence of suspended particles often affects the
viscosity of a solution. In fact, with the right particles, even a Newtonian fluid can
exhibit non-Newtonian behavior.

The parameters that control shear thickening behavior are: particle size and particle
size distribution, particle volume fraction, particle shape, particle-particle interaction,
continuous phase viscosity, and the type, rate, and time of deformation. In addition to
these parameters, all shear thickening fluids are stabilized suspensions and have a
volume fraction of solid that is relatively high. Quicksand is an example of such
fluid.

3.29 Bingham Plastic

A type of fluid that is neither a fluid nor a solid is Bingham plastic. Such material
can withstand a small, non-zero shear stress without motion (therefore it is not
fluid), but rather it flows like a fluid when a yield stress exceeds (henceforth, it is
not a solid). Toothpaste is a common example of this fluid.

3.30 Base Fluid

The fluid form of the increment phase would mean base fluid. Like water used in
the treatment of hydraulic fracking.

3.31 Nanofluids

26
Colloidal suspension in a base fluid of Nano particles is known as Nanofluid. These
contain particles the size of Nano-meters. Carbides, oxides, carbon or metal
nanotubes are typically made of Nano particles used in nanofluids.

3.32 Nano Particles

Nanoparticles are defined as having one dimension of less than 100nm, making them
comparable in size to sub-cellular structures including cell organelles or biological
macro molecules.

3.33 Viscoelasticity

It is the property of liquids which show both viscous and elastic properties. Viscous
material resists shear flow and strain linearly over time when a strain is applied when
going under deformation like water.

3.34 Micropolar Fluids

These are fluids with micro structure. They belong to a class of fluids with non-
symmetric stress sensor known as micropolar.

27
3.35 Porous medium

A substance containing pores is a porous medium or a porous material (voids). A

fluid is normally filled with the pores (liquid or gas). The skeletal material is
typically a solid material, although structures such as foams are also frequently used
to examine porous media concepts.

3.36 Permeability of porous medium

The permeability of a porous medium is a measure of the ease with which a fluid will
flow through the medium; the higher the permeability, the higher the flow rate for a
given hydraulic gradient. While obviously a number of pores or flow channels must
be considered in obtaining a statistically average permeability, it is often convenient
for mathematical purposes to consider the permeability as the property of a point in
the medium. In a homogeneous medium, the permeability at any point coincides with
the average permeability. In a heterogeneous medium, the permeability varies from
point to point.

Types of Flow

There are steady or unsteady flow depending upon velocity of fluid.

i. Steady Flow

A flow is said to be a steady flow if the flow rate, pressure and cross-section will
vary from point to point but do not change over time. For example, water being
pumped through a fixed pipe at a constant rate.
Mathematical form of steady flow is as following

28
 ,

where P may be velocity, pressure or any other property of fluid, and

P = P(x,y,z)

ii. Unsteady Flow

If at a given point conditions (velocity, pressure, cross-section of stream etc)

differ with respect to time, then flow is said to be unsteady. For example, water
being pumped through a fixed pipe with increasing rate.
In practice, there will always be slight variations of velocity and pressure. But if
the average values are constant then the flow is considered to be steady.

where P may be velocity, pressure or any other property of fluid and

P = P(x,y,z).

3.37 Compressible and Incompressible Flow

Flow can be compressible and incompressible on account of whether we can

compress the fluid easily or not.

Compressible Flow

29
A flow is said to be compressible flow if density ρ of the fluid changes, i.e a flow
for which ρ ≠ constant. For example, flow of gases.

Incompressible Flow

A flow is said to be incompressible in which density ρ of a fluid do not change, i.e

a flow for which ρ = constant. For example, flow of liquids.
Mathematically,

3.38 Viscous and non-viscous Flow

Liquid flow can be viscous and non-viscous.

Viscous Flow

The flow of viscous fluid having non-zero viscosity is called viscous flow. For
example honey, yogurt, ketchup etc.

Non-viscous Flow

30
The flow of non-viscous fluid having zero viscosity is called non-viscous flow.

Only ideal fluids have this type of flow.

3.39 Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow

Flow can be uniform and non-uniform.

Uniform Flow

In uniform flow the velocity, pressure and other fluid dynamics parameters do not
change from point to point but may differ with time.
For example, fluid flowing through a long straight pipe of constant diameter.
Mathematical form of uniform flow is as following

where P may be velocity, pressure or any other property of fluid and S is space
coordinate. In a uniform flow variation in location of fluid particles may be in
same direction of flow or it may be perpendicular to flow.

Non-uniform Flow

In non-uniform flow the velocity, pressure and other fluid dynamics parameters
changes from point to point and may differ with time.
For example, fluid flowing through a pipe of reducing section or through a curved
pipe. Mathematical form of non-uniform flow is as following

31
where P may be velocity, pressure or any other property of fluid and S is space
coordinate.

3.40 Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Laminar Flow

A flow is said to be laminar flow if fluid particles move in a straight line and do
not cross the path of each other. For example fluid flowing in a straight pipe.

Turbulent Flow

A flow is said to be turbulent flow if fluid particles moves in zigzag motion and
cross the path lines of each other. For example fluid flowing in a canal. the
velocity of the fluid is greatest in the center and decreases near the walls of the
pipe due to the viscosity of the fluid and friction between the pipe walls and the
fluid. This is a special case of laminar flow, where the friction between the pipe
and the fluid is high, known as no slip boundary conditions. The second diagram
represents turbulent flow, in which streamlines are irregular and change over
time. In turbulent flow, the paths of the fluid flow are irregular as different parts
of the fluid mix together or form small circular regions that resemble whirlpools.
This can occur when the speed of the fluid reaches a certain critical speed.

32
3.41 Creeping Flow

When a smaller scale living being moves in a viscous liquid, it turns out that
liquid’s thickness unimportant impact on the inertia of smaller scale creatures.
Such flows are called ‘creeping flows’ or ‘slow flows’.

3.42 Internal Flow

When the flow of a fluid is between bounding surfaces, the flow is said to be
internal flow. For example flow in a pipe or in a duct. This flow is widely being
use by chemical processing units and energy conversion technologies.

33
CHAPTER 4

NANOFLUID EFFECT ON THE SYSTEM

4.1 Introduction

In this chapter we evaluate flow of Maxwell viscoelasticity-based on micro polar

Nano fluid in presence of Nano particles over a porous stretching sheet. This work is
more general and many results for the viscous fluid, shear thinning/thickening effects
and relaxation time effects are reduced in limiting case. The approximate solutions
are derived by using transformations.

4.2 Mathematical modeling

Let us assume the fluid flow caused by a stretching surface which is steady
and incompressible in nature. The Maxwell viscoelasticity-based micro polar
Nano fluid is used in presence of applied magnetic field which is imposed in
the normal direction. The sheet is stretched and move with velocity,

temperature distribution and concentration distribution ,

, respectively.

The mathematical modeling of continuity, momentum, temperature and

concentration equations under boundary layer assumptions are expressed as

(1)

34
 )

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

The boundary conditions are:

at y=0 (6)

as (7)

at (8)

as . (9)

35
Where are the components of velocity in the and directions,

respectively, represents the relaxation parameter, is the dynamic

viscosity, is the density of fluid, is the viscosity, is the Stefan-

Boltzmann constant, is the permeability of porous medium, is the

absorption/generation constant, is the micro-inertia per unit mass, is

the micro-angular velocity, l and is the positive constant. The spin gradient
velocity is remolded as

Where represent the viscosity ratio and is known as the material

parameter for the MVMF, the thermal diffusivity , the heat capacitance of

liquid , the effective heat capacitance of Nano particles , the

volume fraction Q, the thermophoretic coefficient 𝐷𝑇 , the Brownian
diffusivity 𝐷𝐵 and the chemical reaction parameter 𝑘𝐶. The continuity equation

is satisfied if we adopt a stream function so as and .

Further stands for the dimensionless coordinate, R is the local micro

angular velocity and are temperature and concentration respectively.

Further, following similarity variables are suggested

36
 ,

4.3 Formation of governing Differential equation for velocity

Consider the equation of velocity

Substituting the values, of u and v in term of stream function and transformations, into
equation

OR

37
multiplying whole equation with

OR

OR

OR

OR

OR

38
Where

Where is the porosity parameter, M is the Hartmann number, is the viscoelastic

parameter, K is velocity ratio.

4.4 Formation of governing Differential equation for Micro angular velocity

Equation of micro angular velocity is

Substituting the values of transformations in above equation

OR

39
OR

OR

Substituting the value of ,

OR

OR

OR

40
This is the required equation for micro angular velocity.

4.5 Formation of governing Differential equation for temperature

The equation for temperature is

Replacing the values of transformations in above equation

OR

OR

OR

41
OR

Where

is Prandtl number, is Brownian motion parameter, is thermophoretic

parameter.

4.6 Formation of governing Differential equation for concentration

The equation for concentration is below

Substituting the values in above equation

42
OR

OR

OR

OR

OR

OR

43
Where

is Schmidt number,

is spin gradient viscosity.

4.7 Boundary conditions and physical Quantities

The boundary conditions are transformed as below

as

4.8Numerical Analysis of solutions

Equations with boundary conditions changed into the first order differential
equations by considering the following transformations

The velocity equation becomes

OR

44
OR

OR

And the equation for micro angular velocity

OR

OR

45
Also equation for temperature

OR

OR

And

OR

OR

46
4.9 Discussion:

A two-point boundary value issue that is revealed via the shooting scheme is the
framework of the extremely nonlinear and dimensionless transformed boundary
value problem subject to the boundary condition. The existence of different non-

dimensional constraints such as the viscoelastic parameter , the Brownian motion

, the porosity parameter , the angular micropolar parameter K, the Schmidt

number and the non-dimensional velocity thermophoresis limit , the

micro-angular velocity R, the temperature , and the concentration . Figure 1

portraits the effects of the viscoelastic constraint on f′. The velocity of liquid

reduces by enhancing . Larger values of correspond to dominant viscous

forces which reduce the velocity. Figure 2 portraits the effects of the viscoelastic

constraint on the micro-angular velocity. The micro-angular velocity of liquid

reduces by increasing .Figure 3 exhibits the variations of the viscoelastic

parameter on micro-angular velocity . Micro-angular velocity increase with

increase of viscoelastic parameter. Figure 4 describes the decreasing effect of the

Brownian movement parameter on the temperature profile. The temperature

decrease with increase of parameter . Figure 5 shows the effect of on velocity

profile. The velocity increase with increase of viscoelastic parameter. Figure 6-7

47
describe the effect of involved parameter on and . Both micro-angular
velocity and velocity of liquid decrease with increase of . Figure 8-10 illustrates

the effect of the Brownian movement on and . Figure 11-14 shows the

effect of the material parameter on , , and . the velocity increase with

increase of K. The temperature decrease with increase of K. The micro-angular
velocity also increase with increase of K and concentration also decrease with
increase of K. Figure 15 portraits the effect of temperature on Prandtl number .

Temperature decrease with increase in Pr. Figure 16-18 describes the effect of the
thermophoresis parameter on temperature, micro-angular velocity and velocity of
liquid. With increase of thermophoresis parameter temperature increases, micro-
angular velocity decreases and velocity profile also increases. Figure 19 shows the

effect of Sc the Schmidt number on . Concentration decreases with increase of

Schmidt number. Figure 20-21 shows the effect of on and . With increase

of increases although decreases. Figure 22 describes the effect of the

porosity parameter on . Concentration decreases with increase of porosity

parameter. Figure 23 represents the effect of on R. The large value of Pr increase
the micro-angular velocity. Figure 24 shows the effect of M the magnetic parameter

on . Concentration profile decrease for large value of M. Figure 25-26 indicate the

effect of and on temperature. With increase of and Sc temperature

decreases. Figure 27-28 illustrates the effect of M and on R. with increase in

both parameters R also increases. Figure 29 shows the effect of M on temperature.
The temperature decreases for large value of material parameter. Figure 30 illustrates
the effect of the spin-gradient viscosity on micro-angular velocity profile.

increase for large value of . Figure 31 indicates the effect of on . velocity

profile increase with increase of porosity parameter. Figure 32shows the effect of
Schmidt number on temperature profile. Temperature decrease with large value of

48
Schmidt number. Figure 33-34 illustrates the effect of and on the velocity

profile. For large value of parameters increases. Figure 35 shows the effect of
on . The micro-angular velocity decrease with increase in Schmidt number. Figure
36 show the effect of M on velocity profile. The velocity of liquid decrease for large
value of material parameter. Figure 37 describes the effect of viscoelastic parameter
on micro-angular velocity R. the value of R decrease for large value of viscoelastic
parameter.

10

m
=0.0,0.4,0.7,1.0
9

0 Figure 1: effect 0f on
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
R( )

49
10
lamda=0.0,0.5,1.5,2.5
9
10
8 =0.0,0.4,0.7,1.0
9 m
7
8
6
7
5
6
4
5
3
4
10
2
3
lamda=0.0,0.5,1.5,2.5
9
1
2
8
0
10 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
7 R( )
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
6
Figure 2: effectf (of) on
5

2
50
1

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
f( )
10
K=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0
9

5
Figure10: effect of on
4

2
51
1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
f( )
 10
K=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0
9

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
( )

Figure12: effect of on

10
K=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0
9

10 3

2 Pr=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0
K=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0
9 Figure 13: effect of on

8 1

7 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
6 R( )

2
52
1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
( )
 Figure 16: effect of on

Figure 17: effect of on

53
 Figure 18: effect of on

Figure 19: effect of on

54
 10
Pr=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0
9

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
f( )

Figure 20: effect of on

10
Pr=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0
9

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
( )
Figure 21: effect of on

55
10
K1 =0.0,0.4,0.7,1.0
9

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
( )

Figure 22: effect of on

10
Pr=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0
9

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
R( )

Figure 23: effect of on

56
10
M=0.0,0.5,0.9,1.5
9

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
( )

Figure 24: effect of on

Figure 25: effect of on

57
10
K1 =0.0,0.4,0.7,1.0
9

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
( )

10 Figure 26: effect of on

M=0.0,0.5,0.9,1.5
9

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
R( )

Figure 27: effect of on

58
10
K1 =0.0,0.4,0.7,1.0
9

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
R( )

10 Figure 28: effect of on

M=0.0,0.5,0.9,1.5
9

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
( )

Figure 29: effect of on

59
10
gama=0.0,0.5,1.0,1.5
9

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
R( )

Figure 30: effect of on

10
K1 =0.0,0.4,0.7,1.0
9

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
f( )

Figure 31: effect of on

60
 10
gama=0.0,0.5,1.0,1.5
9

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Figure 32: effect of f( )
on
10
M=0.0.0.5,0.9,1.5
9

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
f( )

Figure33: effect of on

61
 Figure 34: effect of on

Figure 36: effect of on

10

m
=1.5,2.5,3.5,4.5
9

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
Figure 35: effect of R( )on

Figure 37: effect of on

62
The numerical data of local Sherwood number for distinct parameters are expressed
in the Table 1. The Sherwood number build up for large Sc and γ while decreases for
higher K1, λ, δm, σ, M, Nt, and Nb. The numerical data of the local Nusselt number for
distinct parameters are expressed in Table 2. The rate of heat transfer increases by
increasing Pr, while a reverse trend is examined by increasing K1,λ, δm, σ, M, Nt, Nb,
and γ.

Table 1: Numerical values of local Sherwood number for involved parameters

K1 λ δm σ M Nt Nb Sc Pr γ −ϕ′(η)

0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.1 0.5615

0.3 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.1 0.5441
0.5 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.1 0.5363
0.1 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.1 0.5647
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.1 0.5584
0.1 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.1 0.5470
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.1 0.6094
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.1 0.5635
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.1 0.5343
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.1 0.5441
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.1 0.5222
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.1 0.4939
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 2 1 0.1 0.8402
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 3 1 0.1 1.0651
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 4 1 0.1 1.2557
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.2 0.6942
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.4 0.8348
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 0.6 0.9526

63
Table 2: Numerical values of local Nusselt number for involved parameters

K1 λ δm σ M Nt Nb Pr γ − (η)

0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.2076

0.3 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.1651
0.5 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.1451
0.1 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.3523
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.1867
0.1 0.15 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.0295
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.2173
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.2019
0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.1718
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.2712
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.2043
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.1555
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.1658
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.1039
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.3 1 0.1 0.0030
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.3 1 0.2 0.2029
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 1 0.4 0.1565
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.3 1 0.6 0.1027

0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 0.1 0.2262

0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.4 1 0.1 0.1685
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.8 1 0.1 0.1061

64
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 2 0.1 0.1331
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 3 0.1 0.1413
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 4 0.1 0.1729
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.2 0.2692
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.4 0.2667
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 0.6 0.2650

Conclusion:

A detailed description of Maxwell viscoelasticity-based micropolar nanofluids over a

porous stretched surface is presented numerically. The present theoretical
computation may be beneficial in manufacturing processes, magnetohydrodynamic
energy generators, enhancement of transport of energy, and heat resources.
Moreover, these results are also useful in the manufacturing of bioengineered
nanoparticles. The features of this study are extracted as follows.

The velocity profile decreases by increasing the viscoelastic parameter, the porosity
parameter, and the Hartmann number.

The micro-rotation velocity increases by increasing the slip parameter while

decreases for larger values of the material constraint.

The temperature of nanofluids is enhanced by increasing the porosity parameter, the

viscoelastic parameter, and the Hartmann number, while decreases by increasing the
microrotation parameter.

65
Higher values of the Schmidt number result in a decay in the concentration field,
while an opposite trend is examined for the Hartmann number and the porosity
parameter.

The results presented for the viscoelastic fluid model are more general, and many
important results for the shear thinning/thickening and relaxation time can be
presented as a limiting case of the present analysis.

66
 LIST OF ABBREVITIONS

U and v velocity component

Relaxation parameter

dynamic viscosity

density of fluid

viscosity

Stefan-Boltzmann constant

permeability of porous medium

absorption /generation constant

micro-inertia per unit mass

micro-angular velocity

positive constant

spin gradient viscosity

thermal diffusivity

heat capacitance of liquid

67
effective heat capacitance of Nano-particles

volume fraction

thermophoretic coefficient

Brownian diffusivity

chemical reaction parameter

Hartmann number

stream function

dimensionless coordinate

viscoelastic parameter

porosity parameter

Prandtl number

dimensionless temperature profile

concentration profile

slip velocity parameter

local micro-angular velocity

Schmidt number

Brownian movement parameter

thermophoresis parameter

68
 local Nusselt number

local Reynolds number

local Sherwood number

REFERENCES

[1] Eringen, A.C. simple micro fluids. International Journal of Mathematics

and Mechanics, 2, 205-217(1964)
[2] Eringen A, C. The theory of micropolar fluid. Journal of Mathematics
and Mechanics, 16, 1-18(1966)
[3] Eringen A, C. Theory of thermometric fluids. Journal of Mathematics
Analysis and Applications, 38,480 -496(1972)
[4] Zubair, M., Waqas, M., Hayat, T. Ayub, M., & Alsaedi, A. The onset of
modified Fourier and Fick's theories in temperature dependent
conductivity flow of micropolar liquid. Rwsults in Physics, 7, 3145-3152
(2017)
[5] Ashraf, M. & Wehgal, A.R. MHD flow and heat transfer of micropolar
fluid between two porous disks. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
(English Edition) ,33(1) 51-64 (2012) https: //doi.org/10.1007/s10483-
012-1533-6
[6] Hayat, T., Farooq, S., Ahmed, B., and Alsaedi, A. Homogeneous-
heterogeneous reactions and heat source/sink effects in MHD peristaltic
flow of micropolar fluid with Newtonian heating in a curved channel.
Journal of Molecular Liquids, 223, 469-488 (2016)

69
[7] Waqas, M., Farooq. M., Khan, M. I., Alsaedi A, Hayat, T., and Yasmeen,
T. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection flow of micropolar
liquid due to nonlinear stretched sheet with convective condition.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 102 ,766-772 (2016)
[8] Shehzad, S. A., Waqas, M., Alseadi, A., and Hayat, T. Flow and heat
transfer over an unsteady stretching sheet in a micropolar fluid with
convective boundary condition. journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 9,
1437-1445 (2016)
[9] Sui, J. Z., Zhao, P., Chen, Z., D., Zheng, L. C., and Zhan, X. A novel
investigation of a micropolar fluid characterized by nonlinear constitutive
diffusion model in boundary layer flow and heat transfer. Physics of
Fluids, 29, 023105 (2017)
[10] Turkyilmazolgu, M. Mixed convection flow of magnetohydrodynamic
micropolar fluid due to a porous heated/cooled deformable plate: exact
solutions. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 106, 127-134
(2017)
[11] Turkyilmazoglu, M. Flow of a micropolar fluid due to a porous stretching
sheet and heat transfer. International Journal of Non-linear Mechanic, 83,
59-64 (2016)
[12] Saleem, M., Hossain, M. A., and Saha, S. C. Mixed convection flow of
micropolar fluid in an open-ended arc-shape cavity. Journal of Fluid
Engineering-Transaction of Asme, 134, 091101 (2012)
[13] Sui, J., Zhao, P., Cheng, Z., and Doi, M. Influence of particulate
thermophoresis on convection heat and mass transfer in a slip flow of
viscoelasticity based micropolar fluid. International journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer, 119, 40-51 (2018)
[14] Ding, Z., Jian, Y., and Yang, L. Time periodic electroosmotic flow of
micropolar fluids through micro parallel channel. Applied Mathematics

70
 and Mechanics (English Edition), 37(6), 769-786 (2016) https: // doi.org/
10. 1007/s/ 0483-016-2081-6
[15] Ahmed, S. E. Modeling natural convection boundary layer flow of
micropolar nanofluid over vertical permeable cone with variable wall
temperature. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (English Edition),
38(8), 1171-1180 (2017) https: // doi.org/ 10.1007/s10483-017-2231-9
[16] Yadav, P. K., Jaiswal, S., and Sharma, B. D. Mathematical model of
micropolar fluid in two-phase immiscible fluid flow through porous
channel. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (English Edition),
39(7),993-1180 (2018) http: //doi.org/ 10.1007/s10483-018-2351-8
[17] Ali, N., Khan, S, U., Abbas, Z. and Sajid, M. Slip effects in the
hydromagnetic flow of a viscoelastic fluid through porous medium over a
porous oscillatory stretching sheet. Journal of a porous media, 20, 249-
262 (2017)
[18] Reddy, G. J., Raju, R. S., and Rao. J. A. Thermal diffusion and diffusion
thermo impact on chemical reacted MHD free convection from an
impulsively started infinite vertical plate embedded in a porous medium
using FEM. Journal of porous media, 20, 1097- 1117 (2018)
[19] Khan, A., Khan, I., Khan, A., and Shafie, S. Heat transfer analysis in
MHD flow of casson fluid over a vertical plate embedded in a porous
medium with arbitrary wall shear stress. Journal of Porous Media, 21,
739-748 (2018)
[20] Cao, L., Si, X., and Zheng, L. Convection of Maxwell fluid over
stretching porous surface with heat source/ sink in presence of
nanoparticles: Lie group Analysis. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
(English Edition), 37(4) 433-442 (2016)
[21] Sing, V. and Agarwal, S. MHD flow and heat transfer for max well fluid
over an exponentially stretching sheet with variable thermal conductivity
in porous medium. Thermal Science, 18, S599-S615 (2014)

71
[22] Meraj, M. A., Shehzad, S, A., Hayat, T., Abbasi, F. M., and Alsaedi, A.
Darcy-Forchheimer flow of variable conductivity Jeffery liquid with
Cattaneo-christov +
[23] Choi, S. Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles.
Development and Applications of Non-Newtonian Flow, 66, 99-105
(1995)
[24] Zhu, J., Zheng, L., and Zhang, X. Second-order slip MHD flow and heat
transfer of nanofluids with thermal radiation and chemical reaction.
Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (English Edition) 36(9). 1131-1146
(2015)

[25] Khan, S, U., Shehzad, S, A., & Ali, N. Interaction of magneto-

nanoparticles in Williamson fluid flow over convective oscillatory
moving surface. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical sciences
and Engineering, 40, 195(2018).
[26] M. S., P. G. Siddheshwar, and M. M. Nandeeppanavar (2007). Heat
transfer in a visco-elastic boundary layer flow over a stretching sheet with
viscous dissipation and non-uniform heat source. Int. J. Heat and Mass
Transfer. 50(5-6), 960-966.

72
73
1