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Applications of Nickel-Titanium Alloy

Article · January 2015

DOI: 10.4103/0976-8580.149472

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Applications of Nickel-Titanium Alloy

Neeraj Sharma1, Tilak Raj1, Kamal Kumar Jangra2
Departments of Mechanical Engineering, 1YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, 2PEC University of Technology,
Chandigarh, India

ABSTRACT Access this article online

Website:
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Nitinol exists in equiatomic phase of nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti). Nitinol has various applications in biomedical, DOI:
automotive actuators, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMSs) and aero-space industries due to its 10.4103/0976-8580.149472
distinctive properties of pseudo-elasticity, bio-compatibility, corrosion resistance and shape memory effect. Quick Response Code:
This paper presents the applications of nickel-titanium alloy in various field of engineering, medical and
other area. The attractive properties of NiTi alloy has also been discussed that makes it most influential
material for various applications.

Key words: Ni-50%Ti alloy, biocompatible material, Actuators, Energy conversion devices

1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATION OF NICKEL-TITANIUM

Nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) is mostly used in medical industries Due to the unique properties of Ni-Ti such as shape memory
for orthopedic implants, orthodontic devices, cardio stents effect, super elasticity, bio-compatibility, osseointegration etc.,
etc., due to its good bio-compatibility, osseointegration and it has growing applications in vast areas of engineering from
corrosion resistance [1]. Because of its shape memory effect aero-space to biomedical industries. These applications are
(SME) and super elasticity, Ni-Ti (Nitinol) is also quite suitable discussed in detail below.
for automatic actuators, spacecraft, electrical devices, and
micro-electromechanical systems (MEMSs), etc. Therefore,
2.1 Biomedical applications
Nitinol is generally categorized as a smart material.
In medical field, NiTi alloy has significant applications
like in stent technology; orthopedics; orthodontics and
Shape memory effect is the ability to regain the original cardiovascular, neurosurgical field etc., since it possess good
shape by an alloy of some fixed shape upon subsequent bio-compatibility and osseointegarion. Bio-compatibility is
heating above the transition temperature that had been the ability of the material to perform with an appropriate host
subjected to deform at low temperatures [2]. Ni-Ti exhibit response in a particular application [5]. Osseointegration
equiatomic inter-metallic compound of Ni-Ti, which can is a direct bone-to-biomaterial interface, in which there is
undergo a reversible solid state phase transformation no fibrous tissue [6]. It is not applicable to the description
from ordered cubic crystal structure (B2) called austenite of biomaterial interactions and only for description of
to distorted monoclinic (B19’) called martensite. Crystal clinical performance. Ni-Ti in the form of wire, are used
structure of martensite can be obtained when binary Ni-Ti
alloys are quenched from high temperature. The temperature
at which austenite cooled and it begins to convert into
martensite is called martensite start temperature (Ms) and
the temperature correspond to martensite finish is called
martensite finish temperature (Mf). Similarly temperature
correspond to heating of martensite to convert it into
austenite is called austenite start temperature (As) and
austenite finish temperature (Af) [3] as shown in Figure 1.
Shape memory behavior can be classified as one-way effect
and two-way effects. In one way, only the shape of the parent
phase is recovered, while in two-way, shape memory alloy
(SMA) remember the shape of both parent and product
phase, and it can be accomplished by heating and cooling
the specimen [4].

Super elasticity or pseudoelasticity (PE) is the other distinct

property of Nitinol. Super elasticity is the ability of material
to recover reversibly high strain values significantly higher
than those of the classic metal or alloys. This SME and PE
behavior can be manipulated by controlling the composition, Figure 1: Martensitic transformation and hysteresis (H) upon a change
grain size and performing suitable heat treatment [2]. of temperature

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Sharma, et al.: Applications of Ni-Ti alloy: A review
in endovascular prosthesis [7] while Ni-Ti prosthesis has
been successfully used in clinical surgery like fixation of
spinal dysfunctions, etc [8]. In orthodontic treatment, NiTi
wires which are in austenitic phase at the temperature of
the buccal cavity, have been successful used with multi
brackets. Super elasticity is exploited for generating
constant force, after positioning of the wire into the
brackets, for wide dental movements.
Thrombosis is a tendency of a material in contact with the blood
to coagulate the white or red thrombus on its surface [9]. The
probability of corrosion at the implants due to hostile electrolytic
environment of human body is very high. The anti-thrombosis
property, SME and PE effect makes the NiTi most favorable for
vascular treatment [10-11]. Ni-Ti alloy forms a protective layer
of TiO2, that prevent the release of Ni ions and improves the
corrosion and shows good bio-compatibility. NiTi alloys are also
used in numerous applications of the self-expandable vascular
stents. Self-expandable stents are used to treat atherosclerotic
lesions in the coronary arteries, the carotid arteries, and in the
peripheral arteries [12].
The tendency of corrosion of Ni-Ti with human biological
system is more at mechanical and thermally loaded conditions.
Therefore, prolonged application of orthodontic wire that are
under tensile loading, may release unwanted Ni + ions and
bio-compatibility of such material becomes an important
issue [13]. Nickel ion depletion can also be prevented after
surface treatment of Ni-Ti by creating a nonreactive oxide
layer. The coating increases the surface resistance and bio-
compatibility. The peel strength can also be increased by 300%
after surface modification and is an innovative approach in
self-expanding coronary stents preparation. The release of
nickel ion can be reduced if surface nickel concentration is in
the same range as in the bulk of super-elastic material. NiTi
alloys in the neurosurgical field are used for producing three
types of devices: (1) coils, (2) stents and (3)microguidewires.
Coils are devices used for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms,
which are localized dilations of the intracranial arteries. Stents
are also used for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic
disease. Microguidewires made of NiTi are used for stent
positioning with the advantage of obtaining a higher strain
recovery and torsion resistance as well as a better stress
distribution (due to the plateau in the stress-strain curve),
which reduces the guidewire bending problems.
Corrosion and stress shielding are the major problem in
orthopedic implants made of steel alloy (316 L stainless steel)
and Ti alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). Mismatch of Young’s moduli of the
Table 1: Physical and mechanical properties of Ni-Ti, stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V [15,16]
Properties Ni-Ti
Recovered elongation % 8 0.8
Bio-compatibility Excellent
Elastic modulus (GPa) 48 (approximately)
Density (g/cm3) 6.45
Magnetic No
Ultimate tensile strength MPa (approximately) 1240
Coefficient of thermal expansion (cm/cm/°C) Martensite: 6.6×10−6
Austenite: 11.0×10−6
Resistivity (µΩ cm) 80-100
2 Journal of Engineering and Technology | Jan-Jun 2015 | Vol 5 | Issue 1
biomaterials and the surrounding bone has been identified
as the foremost reason for implant loosening following stress
shielding of bone. Nitinol has a lower value of stress shielding
effect as compared to steel alloys [14]. Strain recovery in
Nitinol is several times more than ordinary steel alloys
[Figure 2]. Table 1 compares the physical and mechanical
properties of Nitinol, stainless steel and titanium alloys and
Ni-Ti comes out as a better choice for biomedical implants.
Although elastic modulus of Ni-Ti is higher than the elastic
modulus of a natural bone but it can be lower down to the
value of bones by increasing the porosity of Ni-Ti structure. This
reduces the problem of stress shielding [17-19]. Porous structure
favors long-term stability by providing high in-growth of living
tissues and firm fixation [20]. In porous metallic implants, pore
size and its interconnectivity significantly affect the adhesion
and new tissue in-growth [21-24]. If the pore size is too large
or too small, the cell will fail to spread and form networks
throughout the scaffold [25]. Large value of porosity increases
the surface area, which results in high cell seeding efficiency,
migration and neovascularization [26]. Macro pores (≥50 µm)
influence tissue function and micro pores (<50 µm) influence
cell function (e.g., cell attachment). Optimum pore size of 20
µm have been repeated for fibroblast in-growth, 20-125 µm
for hepatocytes and 100-250 µm for regeneration of bone [27].
Porosity of Ni-Ti has also a noticeable influence on super-
elasticity, that is, the ability to recover strain after deformation
as shown in Figure 3, representing the stress-strain curve of
Figure 2: Schematic stress-strain curves of stainless steel, nickel-
titanium, and bone [13]
Stainless steel Ti-6Al-4V
16
Fair Excellent but poor shear strength
193 114
8.03 4.43
Yes No
760 950
17.3×10−6 9.7×10−6
72 118
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Sharma, et al.: Applications of Ni-Ti alloy: A review
Figure 3: Stress-strain curves of loading — unloading compressive
tests of nickel-titanium alloy foam samples with different porosities [17]
loading and unloading compressive test conducted by Xiong
et al. [17]. The plateau stress for Ni-Ti observed a remarkable
change with the change in porosity. With the increase in
porosity, the value of stress and elastic moduli are observed
to be decreased. The residual strains are 2.2%, 2.8%, and
4.5% for samples with porosities of 71%, 80% and 87%,
respectively. Therefore, mechanical and bio-properties of
nitinol can be altered pore-size and pore inter-connectivity
which depends upon fabrication method.
2.2 Automotive actuators
Nickel-titanium has gained wide acceptance as actuators
in mechanical and aero-space industries. A great deal of
attention of Ni-Ti is mainly due to the high-strain rate
response [28] more flexible and resistance to cyclic fatigue.
The desired shape memory and/or pseudo-elasticity of Ni-Ti
can be achieved through optimized cold worked and heat
treatment [4], while the transition temperature depends on
the chemical composition of the alloy.
Shape memory alloys have a significant role in space
systems where SMAs are utilized in antenna and solar
array, etc [29-31]. In air-crafts, the morphing wings and
nozzle used for noise reduction in gas turbine engine are
also made of SMA [32]. These SMA are thermally stimulated
through joule heating to regain its original position. Due
to high electrical resistivity of Ni-Ti alloy, joule heating
is provided by passing an electric current [33, 34]. Various
SMA actuators such as wire, compression and tension springs
and cantilever had been used in both electrical and thermal
actuation systems. Thermal actuators of SMA are used as
both sensors and actuators. Another application of SMA is
the actuation of various components for orientation of solar
flaps of satellites to optimize the performance.
2.3 Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)
MEMS have grown from laboratory fabrication to large scale
manufacturing. High-abrasion resistance, pseudo-elasticity
and corrosion resistance are the main properties which
cause the Ni-Ti to be used as MEMS. The work done per unit
volume is excellent in Ni-Ti as contrast to other available
micro-level actuators. The actuation speed of Ni-Ti based
MEMS depends upon heating speed/cooling speed of Ni-Ti. A
Journal of Engineering and Technology | Jan-Jun 2015 | Vol 5 | Issue 1
high-heating rate can be reached by applying a high electrical
current, but the cooling speed depends on the heat dissipation
capacity [35]. NiTi films are sputter-deposited on silicon
substrates and then etched to form the actuator element. The
film is then back etched to separte it from silicon substrate.
The MEMS devices are used for the control of liquid and gas
flow in manufacturing processes, as pneumatic controls in
instruments, and potentially, for medical delivery systems.
The main challenging task in Ni-Ti based actuators is how
to prestrain the Ni-Ti thin films, so that when some thermal
practice is provided, actuation can be triggered simultaneously
by the shape memory effect in prestrained SMA thin films.
The difference in coefficient of thermal expansion is a driving
force to prestrain the Nitinol. This is the main working
principle for prestraining most likely in silicon wafer [36-38],
but the maximum value to prestraining is limited.
2.4 Electrical device applications
Number of applications comes into existence for various
electrical devices, because of the invention in the field of
Ni-Ti SMA [39,40]. Working principle of an electrical circuit
protection system includes that the prestretched Ni-Ti SMA
wire breaks the circuit because of over-heating. The reaction
speed is at 1/100 s level. SMA thermal actuators are also used
in domestic safety devices. One of the most frequent causes
of injury in the household and in hospitality buildings such
as hotels is excessively hot water in the sink, tub and shower.
An antiscald valve is now being produced which employs
a small cantilever NiTiCu element which, when heated to
critical temperature, the temperature above which scalding
will occur, closes the valve. The valve automatically reopens
when the water temperature is safe [42].
Another recent SMA safety device is a thermally activated
current interrupt mechanism for protecting high energy
density batteries such as lithium ion cell from uncontrollable
temperature increase due to overcharge or short circuit.
2.5 Energy conversion
Shape memory alloy based heat engines are used to extract
mechanical energy from low-grade energies for instance,
warm wastewater, geothermal energy, etc. Turbine engine,
offset crank engine, field engine and kick engine comes under
SMA heat engines.
In SMA heat engine, the temperature required for stretching is
slightly lower than the temperature which is required for SMA
coil shape recovery. The difference in the work required to
enhance shape memory characteristics of coils in heat engines.
SMA spring/coil heat engines have low efficiency less than
5%, and this can be improved by difference between the
lowest and highest temperature [43-46]. High-temperature
hot water is capable of high-speed rotation, whereas low-
temperature hot water is capable of low-speed rotation. In
short if difference between high and low temperature is small,
SMA heat engine can be designed with high efficiency.
Before new era of the energy crisis, many researchers drop the
idea to work on SMA heat engine because of low efficiency.
Few old techniques come into existence because of dispersion
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Sharma, et al.: Applications of Ni-Ti alloy: A review
for a new source of clean energy. From a number of year’s
ocean thermal energy conversion has been investigated,
which consume the difference of temperature between sea
surface and deep sea.
It has a number of benefits like high consistency and high
stability, which can be used other than energy produced
by wind, tide in the region where water temperature at sea
surface level is constant. Ocean thermal energy on earth could
be probable endless new clean energy for human forever if
properly investigated. For extracting ocean thermal energy
with high efficiency, large temperature difference as possible.
Maximum possible temperature difference between deep sea
and surface is practically <24°C even below to 1000 m from
the sea plane.
Shape memory alloy heat engine could be resourceful even
temperature difference is minute, and this can be formed using
SMAs for utilizing ocean thermal energy with small hysteresis
and narrow transition temperature range.
To provide energy for long-term, solar energy used for
supplementary power supply. Currently, solar cells are used
mainly for these purposes, which convert solar energy into
electrical energy. Solar cell can be used directly or in the form
of battery for later usage. SMA solar engine for outer missions
have been proposed because surface temperature of the part
of satellite facing sun can be over 120°C whereas the part of
the shadow as low as 150°C.
Shape memory alloy solar engine can directly convert solar
energy into mechanical energy. To investigate its performance
under different conditions [47], numerical simulation has
been carried out. Solar engine integrated as part of the satellite
structure, and it can be used as driving the mechanism,
deployable structures and dust removal.
As compare to conventional energies, solar energy is ecological
and clean and beginning of almost all kinds of energies. A
lens for concentration on earth heated SMA through sunlight.
0.25 W is the average power predicted. Chemical energy of
high-energy-density fuels is to be converted into mechanical
energy, instead of heating SMAs openly upon exposing to
a heat source. Such approach is used in our daily life [48].
Another latest topic now a day for high efficiency is the
hydrogen produced is ideal, for particular fuel cell. TiO2 under
ultraviolet light radiation, split hydrogen and oxygen (photo-
catalyst effect), which is 4% part of incoming solar energy.
Efficiency can be enhanced if we use visible light, which is 43%
part of incoming solar energy. In recent times, some progress
has been carried out to enable TiO2 to work under visible light.
An internal stress is introduced in the patterned TiO2 thin film
of the polymer substrate [49], apart from nitrogen-doped TiO2
nano-tube array [50]. The difficulty of adhesion and durability
between polymeric substrate and brittle TiO2 layer and high
expenditure in fabrication of nano-tube is of high concern.
This is new research area for Ni-Ti SMAs in conserving energy
utilizing water and solar energy in the greenest way. It is very
4 Journal of Engineering and Technology | Jan-Jun 2015 | Vol 5 | Issue 1
important to make certain right type of TiO2 to be generated
atop Ni-Ti films for the photo-catalyst effect.
2.6 Other applications
Shape memory alloys not only used in the engineering
community, but also in the artist community. SMAs have been
used as actuation material to move sculptress. Thin SMA wire
rises and falls upon heating and power cutoff respectively in
artificial mimosa. In built-in sensor upon touch, the response
becomes fully automatic. Similarly, very thin SMA wire can
be used to design artificial wigs, which are capable suddenly
to change the styles, e.g., from straight to curly, according
to someone choice. To reverse the visual presentation of
information [51], computer interfacing and virtual reality
applications have been proposed with SMA technology.
Shape memory alloy has been planned for a seismic isolation
and passive control of buildings, because of high-energy
absorption [52-58].
In recent times, reinforcement and repair of the damaged
structure using SMAs is to be introduced in civil
engineering [58-66]. Files and Olson [67] might be founders in
crack healing SMA, followed by many others (e.g., [58,68,69]).
In almost all previous survey, Ni-Ti SMAs were embedded
inside a matrix and have excellent corrosion resistance. Ni-Ti
used in civil structure, because of high density.
“Lab on the chip” attracts a lot of interest of many communities
because it shrinks a full-sized laboratory down to the size of
a coin [70]. Flow of liquid is managed via micro-valves and
micro-pumps within micro-channels [71]. SMA has been
proposed as actuation material for micro-valves/pumps as it
is ideal for minimum actuators [72-74]. Hirose et al. [75] are
founders of SMA based active endoscope. SMA’s stent is recently
application [76]. Once SMA stent is implant, it will stay there
forever [77-79]. Retractable stent are highly in demand [80-82],
for recovering patients from complications of bladder and cancer
operations. About 18% patients required repeated dilations
because stenosis may develop at anatomizes site. Removable
stent require only treatment once a year instead of reconstructive
bladder neck repair procedure. Sometimes retractable stent is
embedding SMA inside elastic polymer. To embed SMA ring
into a polymer tube, is to be converted into a circular shape from
original star shape. We can easily design SMA to deployed at
proper position in terms of dimension of polymer/SMA, how
SMA embedded within the polymer matrix, stiffness of the
polymer. SMA will try to recover its original star shape, after
heating the stent above the transition temperature of SMA.
3. SUMMARY
The usage to this SMA is not limited to this review. However,
a trial to make this review concise to cover all the application
along with future challenges are summarized in the following
remarks:
1. Biocompatibility, shape memory effect, pseudoelasticity
are very special properties of NiTi (Nitinol). However, these
properties can be tailored by modifying the composition and
with suitable thermal and mechanical treatments.
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Sharma, et al.: Applications of Ni-Ti alloy: A review
2. Porosity of Ni-Ti also has a noticeable influence on
pseudo-elasticity, that is, the ability to recover strain after
deformation. Hence, the effect of parameters on the porosity
can be a future aspect of research. The effect of porosity on
various medical implants and after that creating a database
of the same is still pending so that engineers and doctors
can work on the same platform.
3. During the use of this alloy in automotive actuators, pre-
strain of SMA wire is observed as a challenging task.
4. M ulti-smart multi-energy is very much valuable for
momentary coupling. Platforms having multidegree-
of-freedom are essential for position control in many
engineering applications.
5. Renewable energy resources are another thrust area for
future research using Ni-Ti SMA. Latest topic now a day
for high efficiency is the hydrogen produced is ideal, for
particular fuel cell. This is new research area for Ni-Ti
SMAs in conserving energy utilizing water and solar energy
in greenest way. It is very important to make certain right
type of TiO2 to be generated atop Ni-Ti films for the photo-
catalyst effect.
6. Because of pseudo-elasticity this material has been used
in seismic isolation and passive control of buildings. The
effect of additives can be considered on pseudo-elasticity
of this SMA.
7. This SMA has been proposed as actuation material for
micro-valves/pumps as it is ideal for minimum actuators.
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Authors’ Biography
Neeraj Sharma received B.Tech. and M.Tech. in 2006 and 2012 respectively. Now he is Pursuing his research
from YMCA University of Science and Technology (Faridabad). His area of interest is non-conventional
Machining methods and bio-compatible materials. He is Associate member of Institution of Engineers
(India) and Life member of Indian Society of Technical Education.

E-mail: neeraj.sharma@live.com

Tilak Raj is working as a Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the YMCA University of
Science and Technology, Faridabad, India. He passed his BSc in Mechanical Engineering from the NIT,
Kurukshetra, in 1987 with honours, ME in Production Engineering from the Delhi College of Engineering,
Delhi, in 2004 with distinction and PhD from the Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi in 2009. His area of expertise
is manufacturing technology. His research papers have been published in the International Journal of
Flexible Manufacturing Systems, International Journal of Production Research, International Journal of
Manufacturing Technology and Management and International Journal of Manufacturing Research etc.
E-mail: tilakraj64@gmail.com

Dr. Kamal Kumar is presently working as an Assistant Professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering
at PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, India. He has obtained his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering
in 2012. He has more than 6 years of teaching experience and 4 years of research experience. His area
of research interest is non-conventional machining processes, bio-compatible metallic materials, smart
materials etc. He has published ten research articles in SCI indexed journals and some publications in
National and International conferences in India.

Email: kamaljangra84@gmail.com

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