Water Supply and Urban

Drainage
(CEng 4402)
 Course Outline
Chapter 1 – Water Demand and Quantity
System planning, population forecasting, components of
water Demands and design period
Chapter 2 – Sources of Water Supply
Course Outline

Types of sources, water quality, reservoirs, ground water

hydraulics, alternative supply sources
Chapter 3 – Collection and Distribution of Water
Surface water intake, conveyance system, pipes and
appurtenances, distribution, layout and pump
Chapter 4 – Water Supply and Sanitary Installation
Chapter 5 – Wastewater and Stormwater Collection
 Course Outline
References:
- Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering,
GURCHARAN SINGH
- Water Supply Engineering, SATOSH KUMAR
Course Outline

GARG
- Any other related books

Assessments (Tentative)
- Group work / Project ------------------- 30 %
- Assignments/activity----------------------- 20 %
- Final Exam ------------------------------- 50 %
 -
Chapter - 1
Water Demand and Quantity
1.1 General Introduction
1.2 Water Supply system planning
Chapter 1

1.3 Population forecasting

1.4 Population density
1.5 Components of water demands
1.6 Variations in water consumption
1.7 Design periods of water supply system
components
 General Introduction
Water Supply Engineering

It is a planning, design, construction,

operation and maintenance of water supply
Chapter 1

systems.

Planning should be economical, socially

acceptable and environmentally friendly
that meet the present as well as future
requirement.
 General Introduction
Water supply system objectives

- Safe and wholesome water

- Adequate quantity
Chapter 1

- Readily available to encourage

personal and household hygiene
 General Introduction

- Water is a scarce resource

- It is commonly accepted that access to water is a basic
human right.
- Water issues have been the subject of increasing
Chapter 1

international concern.

- Checklists of critical issues in the water sector

- Supply – demand balance
- Standard of service
- Economic importance
- Water quality
- Future supply options
 General Introduction

Water Supply Status in Ethiopia;

Chapter 1

Rural community
challenge
 General Introduction

The estimated water coverage of Ethiopia;

1990 2009 2015
Rural 11% 62% 99%
Urban 70% 89% 99%
Chapter 1

Country 19% 66% 99%

coverage

Access to water:
means the availability of water at least 20 litres per
person per day from an “improved” source within one
kilometre of the user’s dwelling
 General Introduction
The estimated water coverage of Ethiopia;
Chapter 1

JMP (Joint Monitoring Program, UNICEF/WHO)

 General Introduction
“ Improved” source
“improved” source is one that is likely to
provide “Safe” water
Source of improved water supply
Chapter 1

- household connection
- public standpipe
- borehole
- protected dug well
- protected spring
- Rainwater collection
 General Introduction
Water supply system Components
The system comprises the following
main components
- Source (either groundwater or
Chapter 1

surface water)
- Raw water collection structures
(intake structures, transmission
line ...)
- Treatment plant
 Water supply system planning
Water supply system planning involves
- Identification of service needs
- Evaluation of options
- Determination of optimal strategy to meet
services
Chapter 1

- Development of implementation strategies

The planning exercise involves
- Collection of pertinent data
- Consideration of relevant factors
- preparation of project documents and cost
estimates
 Water supply system planning
Important studies and data
- Future population in the design period
- Source of water
- Water quality
- Socio-economy study
Chapter 1

- Hydrology
- EIA
- Geology and Geotechnical Investigation
- Operation and Managment
 Water supply system planning
Factors should be Considered
Population – the increment in the future
Per capita requirement – depend on the living
standard, number and type of industries,
Chapter 1

commercial establishment, metering system

Public areas, parks, institutions etc...
Industries – existing and future expansion
Sources of water – condition
Conveyance of water – source to treatment unit
 Water supply system planning
Factors should be Considered
Quality of water – various impurities and decide
treatment process
Treatment works – size and number of treatment
Chapter 1

Pumping units of treated water – to the reservoir

Storage – the entire city can be divided into
several pressure zones (each zone have
separate storage)
Distribution system – based on master plan and
future expansion of the town
Chapter 1
-

Population Forecasting
Chapter 1
Population Forecasting
 Population Forecasting
Definitions
Estimate – is an indirect measure of a present or
past condition that can be directly measured

Projection (prediction) – are calculations of future

Chapter 1

conditions that would exist as a result of

adopting a set of underlying assumptions.

Forecast – is a judgement statement of what the

analyst believes to be the most likely future
 Population Forecasting
Methods
1. Arithmetic method
2. Uniform Percentage Method/Geometrical
Increase Method
3. Incremental Increase Method
Chapter 1

4. Curvilinear Method
5. Logistic curve method
6. Declining growth method
7. Ratio and correlation method
8. Graphical extension method
9. Master plan or zoning method
 Population Forecasting
Methods
Arithmetic method – the rate of growth is
constant
dp
 k
dt
Chapter 1

dp
dt
Where - the rate of population growth
K - constant
K is determined graphically or from consideration
of actual populations in successive census
 Population Forecasting
Methods
Arithmetic method –
p
K 
t
The population in the future is then estimated
Chapter 1

from
 
Pt = Po + tK
Where Pt = the population at some time in the
future
Po = the present population
 Population Forecasting

Example 1.1
The population of Dukem town for the last 5
decades (1970 to 2010) are given in the Table
below. Find out the population after one, two and
Chapter 1

three decades beyond the last known decade

using arithmetic method.
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Popula 25,0 28,0 34,0 42,00 47,00
tion 00 00 00 0 0
 Population Forecasting
Solution
Year Population Increase in
population
1970 25,000
Chapter 1

1980 28,000 3,000

1990 34,000 6,000
2000 42,000 8,000
2010 47,000 5,000
Total 22,000
Average increase per 22,000/4 = 5,500
decade
 Population Forecasting
Solution
Future population
Pt = Po + tK
K = 5,500
Po = P2010 = 47,000
Chapter 1

The Dukem town population in 2020 (after one

decade)
P1 = P0 + tK = 47,000 + 5,500 = 52,500 population
The Dukem town population in 2030 (after two
decades)
P2 = P0 + 2tK = 47,000 + 2x5,500 = 58,000
 Population Forecasting
Methods
Geometric or Uniform Percentage Increase
Method – the percentage of increase or
percentage of growth rate is constant. It is
dppopulation
proportional to the
Chapter 1

 kP
dt

Integrating the above equation yields

lnP = lnP0 + kΔt
 Population Forecasting
Example 1.2
Solve Example 1.1 using geometrical increase
method
Yea Populati Increase Percentage increase in
r on in population i.e. growth
populati
Chapter 1

on
197 25,000
0
198 28,000 3,000 (3000/25000)x100 =
0 12%
199 34,000 6,000 (6000/28000)x100 =
0 21.4%
 Population Forecasting

= 16.37% per decade

= 0.1637
Pn = P0 (1 + k)n
After one decade
Chapter 1

P1 = 47,000 (1 + 0.1637)1 = 54,694

populations
After two decades
P2 = 47,000 (1 + 0.1637)2 = 63,647
populations
After one decade
 Population Forecasting
Methods
Logistic Curve Method
Chapter 1
 Population Forecasting
Methods
Logistic Curve Method
The logistic curve used in modeling population
trends has an S - shape. The hypothesis of
logistic growth may be tested by plotting
Chapter 1

recorded population data on logarithmic paper –

on which it will appear as a straight line if the
hypothesis valid. In the short term, logistic
projection P Where Psat is the situation
can1 be madepopulation
based up on the equation.
p sat
1  a log e bt  of the community a
and b are constants
Psat, a and b may be determined
 Population Forecasting
Methods
Logistic Curve Method
2 Po P1 P2  P1 Po  P2 
2

Psat  2
Po P2  P1
Chapter 1

Psat  Po
a 
Po
2.3  P0 Psat  P1 
b log10  
n  P1 Psat  P0 
Where n is the time interval between successive
census.
 Population Forecasting

Example 1.3
In two periods of each 20 years, a city has
growth from 30,000 to 170,000 and then to
Chapter 1

300,000. Determine;
a. The saturation population
b. The equation of logistic curve
c. The expected population after the
next 20 years
 Population Forecasting

Solution
P0 = 30,000 t = 0
P1 = 170,000 t1 = 20 yrs
Chapter 1

P2 = 300,000 t2 = 40 yrs
i. The saturation population
2 Po P1 P2  P1 Po  P2 
2

Psat  2
Po P2  P1
= 326,000 population
 Population Forecasting
Psat  Po
a 
Po
= 9.87
2.3  P0 Psat  P1 
Chapter 1

b log10  
n  P1 Psat  P0 
= -0.119
substituting the values of Psat, a and b
gives
 Population Forecasting
ii. substituting the values of Psat, a and b
gives Psat
p
1  a log e bt 
1

326,000
p
Chapter 1

1  9.87 log e  0.119 * t 

1

iii. When t = 60 yrs

326,000
p
1  9.87 log e  0.119 * 60
1

= 323,000