ETS W7 MidSemReview2022

Facultyof
Faculty ofEngineering
Engineering and
and
InformationTechnology
Information Technology
Engineering Technology and Society

Mid Semester Review
Learning Objectives:
• Present a highlight of topics covered in the semester so far
• This slideshow is not comprehensive, the quiz is on the
whole semester so far, even if not covered in this slide show
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Solving Engineering Technology and Society
Mid Semester Quiz
• Thursday, April 14th online between 10.45am and 3.30pm
(Melbourne time)
• Timing: 50 minutes writing time within this window
o You will only get one attempt
o Once you start the quiz, you have to finish it within 50 minutes – it
will lock automatically after this time
o To ensure that you have the full 50 minutes to complete the quiz,
the latest you should start it is 2.40pm (the quiz will become
unavailable at 3.30pm that day)
• Access: Canvas, Modules à Week 7 à bottom of module
• Content: Everything in lectures and workshops through
Friday, April 8th
• Format: Multiple choice, single numerical answer, matching,
fill in the blanks
• What to bring: Open book, open notes, open MATLAB
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Solving 2 Engineering Technology and Society
Mid Semester Quiz
A quiet place to complete the quiz
• Thursday, April 14th online between 10.45am and 3.30pm

(Melbourne time)
o We have set the quiz up this way to give you the flexibility to
complete it in your own time.
• Access: Canvas, Modules à Week 7 à bottom of module
• Optional venue:
o As the regular Thursday lecture slots fall within the availability
window, you are welcome to come to the lecture theatre and
complete the quiz there if you need a quiet venue where you
can focus
o You must have a stable Internet connection, so we recommend
coming to campus if your home connection is not reliable
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Facultyof
Engineering and
and

Problem Booklet
• Excellent for exam revision.
• MATLAB Grader practice problems are also available.
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
6
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &
Review
Problem
Lecture
7
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &
Review
Problem
Lecture
Facultyof
Engineering and
and

Fluid Mechanics
• Overview of topics covered through the fluid mechanics
lectures
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Fluid Properties
• Density - r (kg/m3)
o the density of a material is defined as its mass per
unit volume
• Pressure is force applied to a surface per unit area.
o N/m2 = Pascal (Pa), pounds per square inch (psi),
millimeters of Mercury (mmHg), atmospheres (atm)
• Viscosity - µ (Pa.s)
o measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being
deformed by either shear stress or tensile stress.
o pascal second, Pa.s.
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Pressure in an Open Container
• In a liquid, there is additional pressure from the weight
of the liquid above it.
r – liquid density, kg/m3

g – gravity = 9.8 m/s2 Liquid H
H – height, m
• Pa = N / m2
= kg . m/s2 / m2
= kg / (m.s2)
= r . m/s2 . m
= r . g. H
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Pipe flow and Reynolds Number
- Velocity in a pipe
Laminar Transition Turbulent

(eddy formation)
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Pipe flow and Reynolds Number
• Fluids have two different types of behaviour in pipe flow:
o Laminar: smooth directional flow
o Turbulent : mixed directions, eddies
• Characterised by a dimensionless term called Reynolds

Number
r – density of fluid (kg/m3)

v – velocity of fluid (m/s)
d – diameter of pipe (m)
µ – viscosity of the fluid (Pa×s)
o Re << 2000 – Laminar
o Re >> 2000 – Turbulent Ratio of viscous and
inertial forces
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
P1 P2
Pressure Drop in Pipe L
Flow
• Change in pressure in the pipe drop according to

FORM 1: Units of length (m): FORM 2: Units of pressure (Pa):
∆𝑃 1 𝑓𝐿𝑣 ! 𝜌𝑓𝐿𝑣 !
= ∆𝑃 =
𝜌𝑔 𝑔 2𝑑 2𝑑
Calculation would have to choose f:
If Re < 2000 Else if Re > 2000

$
64 𝑓=
1
𝑓= 6.9 𝜀 ⁄𝐷
!.!!
𝑅𝑒 −1.8𝑙𝑜𝑔!"
𝑅𝑒
+
3.7
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Add IF statement to Pressure Drop Script from
last lecture
• In calculation section, use an if else statement to select

the proper expression for f, depending on Re number
if Re > 2000 %check if Re indicates turbulent flow

%Use Haaland Correlation
f = (1/(-1.8*log10(6.9/Re+((AR/ID)/3.7)^1.11)))^2;
else
%If Laminar flow, use Darcy equation
f = 64/Re;
end $
1
𝑓= !.!!
6.9 𝜀 ⁄𝐷
−1.8𝑙𝑜𝑔!" +
𝑅𝑒 3.7
14
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &
Review
Problem
Lecture
Pressure Drop with Fittings
∆𝑃 1 𝑓𝐿𝑣 ! 1 !
𝜌𝑔
=
𝑔
,
2𝑑
+ ,
2
𝑣 𝐾 K values
56789: ;< <>@@>5A?
=>=9?
• Fittings have can have bumps, bends, sharp edges. All

lead to energy dissipation through friction.
• More complex than pipes to capture, so different
geometries are empirically determined and tabulated.
• Simple fittings are single numbers
o Elbow, Union, tee, entrance, exit
• More complicate geometries, more involved
o Valves, contractions, expansions, membranes
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Fittings
Fitting K
45 ° elbow 0.35
90 ° elbow 0.75
180 ° bend 1.5
Tee – run through – branch blocked 0.4
Tee – all other flow patterns 1
Coupling 0.04
Union 0.04
Pipe exit 1
Pipe entrance 0.75
Gate valve – open 0.17

Gate valve – ¾ open 0.9
Gate valve – ½ open 4.5
Gate valve – ¼ open 24
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Workshop Next Week
Determine K for a ball valve using the Rig.
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Workshop Next Week
Determine K for a ball valve using the Rig.
∆𝑃 1 𝑓𝐿𝑣 ! 1 !
= + , 𝑣 𝐾
𝜌𝑔 𝑔 2𝑑 2
<>@@>5A?
!"# ! &
DP ∆𝑃 = ρ + 𝑣$𝐾
$% $
1 2
&
∆𝑃 = ρ $ 𝑣 $ K
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Connecting the pieces in Pipe Flow:
h 1 , p 1 , v1 Engineering Bernoulli Eqn (EBE)
h 2 , p 2 , v2
#"! (" #!! (! *# +$

𝛼 $' + ℎ& + )'= 𝛼 $' + ℎ$ + )' − '
+'
Energy Balance between points 1 and 2

• Energy is loss through friction, the lv term
• Work on fluid via pumps, the Ws term.
• The velocity and height terms represent kinetic and potential
energy of the fluid, respectively.
• Pressure terms – mechanical energy.
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Pipe Flow : Engineering Bernoulli Eqn
!!" %! !"" %" '# ($
𝛼 + ℎ$ + =𝛼 + ℎ" + − +
"# &# "# &# # #
a = 1 for turbulent Ws – shaft work per unit mass of

= 2 for laminar fluid – (from pumps / turbines)
𝑓𝐿𝑣 - 1 -
Units of Eqn Terms? 𝑙! = . + . 𝑣 𝐾
2𝑑 2
"#$%&' () )+..+"/,
*+*&,
Length, or meters.
Why. - pressure head for

pumps described as length
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
EBE and Fittings
#"! (" #!! (! *# +$

𝛼 + ℎ& + =𝛼 + ℎ$ + − +
$' )' $' )' ' '
𝑓𝐿𝑣 - 1 -
𝑙! = .
2𝑑
+ .
2
𝑣 𝐾 K values
"#$%&' () )+..+"/,
*+*&,
DP
10 m
h 1 , p 1 , v1
3m 6m
20 m
h 2 , p 2 , v2
75 m
∆1 4!
1 !
= ℎ- − ℎ3 + ∆𝑃 = 𝜌 𝑣 𝐾BCDD
2/ / 2
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Design Project
Air
Water Ozone
Generator O3 O3 To Distribution
Storage
Network
Tank
Particle Inline Image
Filter Monitoring
Membrane Unit
Pump
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Pumps Selection
Design Project
https://www.allpumps.com.au/blog/2016/01/25/classification-of-pumps/
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Centrifugal Pump
The main parts of a Centrifugal Pump include:

• Rotating components
• Shaft and an impeller
• Stationary components
• Casing, bearings, suction pipe
http://www.mech4study.com/2017/11/centrifugal-pump-principle-parts-types-
• Motor working-advantages-disadvantages-with-applications.html
• Connects to shaft to provide

mechanical energy
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Example D = 60 mm
2
h2 = 13 m
h1 = 5 m 1
Step 1: Apply EBE & add up
losses:
11 m
Pump
𝛼=1 70 m
#"! (" #!! (! *# +$

𝛼 + ℎ& + =𝛼 + ℎ$ + − +
$' )' $' )' ' '
𝑓𝐿𝑣 $ 1 $
*# +$ 𝑙% = E + E 𝑣 𝐾
2𝑑 2
ℎ& = ℎ$ − '
+' &'()*+ ,- -/11/&20
./.*0
*# +$
= ℎ$ − ℎ& +
' '
+$ 𝑓𝐿𝑣 $ 1 $
ℎ( = ℎ$ − ℎ& + ' 𝑙% =
2𝑑
+ 𝑣 2𝐾*3),4 + 𝐾*&1+5&6* + 𝐾*7/1
2
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Power Required with pump efficiency
Where: ̇ ℎ(
𝜌𝑉𝑔
𝑉̇ = volumetric flow rate (m3/s) 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
𝜌 = density (kg/m3)
𝜂(=>(
ℎ* = pump head (m)
𝑔 = 9.81, gravitational acceleration (m/s2)
Power delivered by Pump

𝜂.'(. =
Power supplied to Pump
typically ~ 0.6 – 0.8
From Example where 𝜂.'(. = 0.7:
ℎ= 𝑔 =230.1 W 𝑣 != 3.18 m/s

ℎ= = 23.46 𝑚
̇ @%
)?' BBC D.DDB $FD.&
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = A%&'%
= D.G
= 2953 W
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
A Pump Flow Circuit
• A pumping circuit provides a differential pressure from the feed/suction side to the discharge side
of a pump attached to a flow circuit:
• The difference in from the pressure on the 2 Lfvsuction

2
1side to the discharge side give the pressure
differential.
Pressure Differential > v numberl = å d + fittings å 2v 2 K fitting
• The pressure differential has to provide
of pipes we a pressure larger than the pressure caused by frictional
losses in the flow circuit.
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Pump Curve/Performance Curve
performance Operating Point:

curve Performance Curve
= System Curve
• The pressure a pump can produce changes with the flowrate of the pump.
• i.e. Performance Curve, characteristic to that pump and impeller.
• Over the flow rate range, there is a maximum of pump efficiency, hpump
. develop a function that relates the
• From applying the EBE to a flow circuit,
loss in a flow circuit to the flow rate
• i.e. System Curve
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Finding the Operating Point
Using the data for the pump performance curve below and the system curve
the the system below (previous example) find the operating point.
First graphically in MATLAB, plotting both sets of data on same plot.

Second – using the fitting functions in MATLAB
Q Pump
(m3/s) Performance (m)
0.001 132
D = 6 cm 2 0.005 130
h2 = 13 m
0.01 120
0.015 100
h1 = 5 m 1
0.0175 85
11 m 0.02 65
Pump 0.022 45
0.025 0
70 m
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Finding the Operating Point
First graphically in MATLAB
Operating Line
74.42
74.4
74.38
Operating Point
Pressure head (m)

140
74.36
120
74.34
100
Pressure head (m)
74.32
80 74.3
0.018827 0.018828 0.018829 0.01883 0.018831 0.018832 0.018833 0.018834
Flow Rate (m3/s)
60
40
20 0.0188 m3/s
74.4 m
0
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
Flow Rate (m3/s)
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Example – System Curve D = 6 cm
2
h2 = 13 m
+$
h1 = 5 m 1
ℎ( = ℎ$ − ℎ& +
' 11 m
Pump
𝑓𝐿𝑣 $ 1 $
70 m
𝑙% = + 𝑣 2𝐾*3),4 + 𝐾*&1+5&6* + 𝐾*7/1 5 7.9:3;"#

2𝑑 2 = = 0.00075
6 ;.;<
! -8% ! !
ℎ. = 13 − 5 + + 𝑣 $ 2(0.75) + 0.75 + 1
2 $9 $
We need to calculate hp for a series of flowrates. Now, Q, v, Re, f, hp and lv are

vectors. How do we do this in MATLAB so we can plot the system curve?
𝑄= [0.002 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025]

M 𝑣𝜌𝑑
𝑣= !⁄ " 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑅𝑒(𝑣))
N " 𝜇
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
To calculate system curve
%Calculate f
f = zeros(1,length(Q))
%Determine laminar or turbulent flow and calculate f
accordingly
for i = 1:length(Q)
if Re(i) > 2000 %check if Re indicates turbulent flow
%Use Haaland Correlation
f(i) = (1./(-
1.8.*log10(6.9./Re(i)+((AR./ID)/3.7).^1.11))).^2;
else
%If Laminar flow, use Darcy equation
f(i) = 64./Re(i);
end
end
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Full Pump Curve – Impeller Size
• Performance is a function of impeller size, also called Impeller Trim (old nautical term)
• Impellers sides A-E - at 40 US GPM if the head from losses is 5.5 feet, what impeller size is
required?
www.pumpproducts.com/blog/read-pump-curve-chart/
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Impeller Types
https://www.myodesie.com/wiki/index/returnEntry/id/2960#Impeller%20Classification
Design Questions:
How many vanes?
What should their shape be?
Forward or backward facing? How curved?
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Flow Direction
(axial to radial)
Key Aspect of impeller: area between vanes grows with radius,

where velocity slows down and energy converted to pressure.
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Vane Type
Pump Performance curve and
power characteristic curve
Backward
Facing
Radial
Facing
Forward
Facing
• Forward Facing Impellers tend to have more
blades.
• Less efficient, but pump curve constant over
larger flow range
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Scaling Up a Pump Performance Curve
Applying the Pump Affinity Law
Scaling up a centrifugal pump, assuming the constant shaft
rotation speed (RPM) and changing the impeller diameter
Applying the Pump Affinity Law:
?!̇ %!
=
?"̇ %"
@! %! $
=
@" %"
Where
𝑽̇ is the flow rate (m3/s)
h is the head of liquid (m)
d is the impeller (m)
.
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Scaling Up a Pump Performance Curve
Use the Affinity laws to calculate flow rates and heads for the 280 mm
impeller
Data for pump performance curve
for 280 mm & 250 mm impellers
-=;
𝑉̇- = -9; 𝑉3̇ =1.12𝑉3̇ Pump Curve
32
250 mm
-=; -
280 mm
30
ℎ- = ℎ3 =1.254 ℎ3
-9; 28
26
𝑽̇ (L/s) h (m) System head (m) 24
10 31.4
22
20
20 30.1 18
30 27.0 16
14
40 22.6 12
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
50 16.3 Flow rate (L/s)
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Distribution Network
WATER Dt
TOWER
a Design Approach- Need a way to describe
how Hw, Ht, Dt, vt, Pt,, L and d are all related.
Hw
b
𝑓𝐿𝑣 $ 1 $
a+b+c=L 𝑙% = E + E 𝑣 𝐾
or Hw-Ht+Dt =L 2𝑑 2
&'()*+ ,- -/11/&20
./.*0
c vt
Ht
#"! (" #!! (! *# +$

𝛼 + ℎ& + =𝛼 + ℎ$ + − +
$' )' $' )' ' '
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
WATER
TOWER
a
Distribution Network a+b+c=L
or Hw-Ht+Dt =L
b
%%&' *%& !&" ($
Hw
𝐻) + = + 𝐻+ +
&# "# #
𝑓𝐿𝑣 $ 1 $
c vt 𝑙% = E + E 𝑣 𝐾
2𝑑 2
Ht &'()*+ ,- -/11/&20
./.*0
*$%& ?*% !%' )@!%' 3 -

ℎ> + = + ℎ. + + 𝑣 2𝐾%&"6 + 𝐾A".'B"C& + 𝐾A:+.
2/ -/ -6/ -/ .
Possible Unknowns: hw, ht, vt, pt, L (a+b+c) and d.
Suppose hw, ht, L and d are known.
How do we determine vt, Pt ?
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Pipe Schedule
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Parallel Pipes
What is the Pressure Drop in m?
Water at 25oC flows into T-junction, and through two parallel pipes of identical
diameter and then out of a T-junction. All the pipes have a 50 mm diameter.
The pipe network is all at the same height, the diagram below is a atop view of
the pipe network. What is the pressure drop between point 1 and point 2 in m?
25 m
3m 3m
h 1 , p 1 , v1 h 2 , p 2 , v2
25 m
Q = 10 L /s
Pipe and Fluid:

D = 50 mm
Density = 998kg/m3 %"! ." %!! .! ;# 3$
Visc. = 0.00089 Pa s 𝛼 + ℎ! + = 𝛼 + ℎ$ + − +
$2 :2 $2 :2 2 2
Commercial steel
e = 1.5 X10-4 m
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Hollow Fiber Shell and Tube Membrane
http://permselect.com/membranes
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Flow Through a Membrane
Shell and Tube Membrane Unit Air
Membrane Fiber Properties
Inner Fiber Diameter (mm)

Water
Outer Fiber Diameter (mm)
Fiber Thickness (mm)
z=0 z=L
Membrane Modules Properties
Membrane length (m)

Module diameter (mm)
Number of Fibers
Volume Fraction of Hollow Fibers
Membrane Area (m2)
Liquid Flow rate (m3/hr)
Air Sweep Rate (Nm3/hr)
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Pressure Drop of a Hollow Fiber Shell and Tube Membrane
Gad-Cell 4X28
Inner Diameter (mm) 0.7

O3 O3
Liquid Flow rate 0.9 - 6.8
(m3/hr)
Air Sweep Rate 1.6 - 15.8
(Nm3/hr)
Membrane length (m) 0.789
Module diameter 116 Membrane Unit

(mm)
Number of Fibers
Membrane Area (m2)
2389
7.7
Q = 1.8 m3/hr = 0.0005 m3/s
∆𝑃 𝑓𝐿𝑣 ! M U.UUUV
= 𝑣= " = = 0.543 m/s
T#$%&'( N !⁄ N ).)))+⁄" "
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔𝑑 "
<7 ;.97F∗DDE∗;.;;;E
𝑓= = 0.149 𝑅𝑒 = =426
H& .;;;=D
;.37D ;.E=D ;.97F ' ∆1

∆𝑃 = = 2.54 m = 2.54 𝜌𝑔 = 24,840 Pa
- ;.;;;E D.=3 2/
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Hollow Fiber Shell and Tube Membrane
Membrane Pressure Drop vs Flow Rate
4.5
3.5
Membrane Pressure Drop (m)

3
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Gad-Cell 4X28
Flow Rate (m3/hr)
Inner Diameter (mm) 0.7
Liquid Flow rate 0.9 - 6.8

(m3/hr)
O3 O3 Air Sweep Rate 1.6 - 15.8
(Nm3/hr)
Membrane length (m) 0.789
Module diameter 116

Membrane Unit (mm)
Number of Fibers 2389
Membrane Area (m2) 7.7
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Facultyof
Engineering and
and

Membranes: Mass Transfer
• Overview of topics covered on membranes
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Membranes & the design project
• The design project requires that you design a system to

disinfect drinking water
o We will use tubular membranes to introduce ozone into water
o The ozone will kill harmful microorganisms in the water
• We can use the same conservation of mass concepts as
dialysis for this system
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Dialysis membrane unit
• We are interested in the mass flow rate of toxins moving from blood to
dialysate: call this 𝒎̇ [mg/min]
• From dimensional analysis, 𝑚̇ is the product of the concentration difference
[mg/L] and volumetric flow rate [L/min]:
𝑚̇ = 𝑄9 𝐶9,,'1 − 𝐶9,/& Dialysate-side
𝑚̇ = 𝑄) 𝐶),/& − 𝐶),,'1 Blood-side
• Same 𝑚̇ but calculated two ways: what leaves one phase must enter the
other!
𝑄9 𝐶9,,'1 − 𝐶9,/& = 𝑚̇ = 𝑄) (𝐶),/& − 𝐶),,'1 )
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Example
• Using the fact that 𝑚̇ from the blood-side is equal to 𝑚̇ on the

dialysate-side, determine Cd,out and 𝑚.̇
1. Calculate 𝑚̇ [mg/min]
𝑚̇ = 𝑄% 𝐶%,+" − 𝐶%,(#.
2. Calculate Cd,out [mg/L]:
𝑄6 𝐶6,(#. − 𝐶6,+" = 𝑚̇ = 𝑄% (𝐶%,+" − 𝐶%,(#. )
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Example
𝑚̇ = 𝑄% 𝐶%,+" − 𝐶%,(#. = 0.150 1 − 0.28 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝒈/𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑚̇ = 𝑄6 𝐶6,(#. − 𝐶6,+"
𝑚̇ 0.108
⇒ 𝐶6,(#. = + 𝐶6,+" = + 0 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟎 [𝒎𝒈/𝑳]
𝑄6 0.45
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Example
• Suppose the gas mixture in a stream is 15.0% Ozone
v/v ozone and 85.0% v/v air, where % v/v is the
volume fraction of gas [%]. The total pressure
for the gas mixture is 200 [kPa]. Convert the %
v/v values to partial pressure.
𝑃()(*+, = 200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ≡ 200,000 𝑃𝑎 Air
% 𝑣 ⁄𝑣 -! 15
𝑝-! = 𝑃()(*+, = 200,000 = 30,000 𝑃𝑎
100 100
% 𝑣 ⁄𝑣 ./0 85
𝑝./0 = 𝑃()(*+, = 200,000 = 170,000 [𝑃𝑎]
100 100
(derived from the
ideal gas law)
• Partial pressures sum up to the total pressure!
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Henry’s Law
• Henry’s Law is an example of an equilibrium

relationship: it relates the amount of a certain
substance in the gas phase to its amount in the liquid
phase
o i.e. the partial pressure of a component in a gas mixture to the
concentration of that component in a liquid (in our case, water)
• It has the following form:
𝑝AC? = 𝐻𝐶\,9^
o pgas [Pa]: partial pressure of a gas component
o Cw,eq [kg/m3]: concentration of gas dissolved in water at equilibrium
o H [Pa m3/kg]: Henry’s Law constant
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Henry’s Law constants
• These are experimentally derived and are reported in

engineering handbooks, the literature, etc.
Gas Henry’s Law constant, H [Pa m3/kg]

Nitrogen, N2 5.179 x 106
Hydrogen, H2 6.150 x 107
Oxygen, O2 2.313 x 106
Ozone, O3 1.915 x 105
Carbon dioxide, CO2 5.909 x 104
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Mass transfer rate of ozone to water
④ ③
Gas OUT Qg Gas IN
pO3,out pO3,in
① ②
Water IN Water OUT
Cw,in Qw Cw,out
z=0 z=L
• Water-side, mass balance on ozone entering:

o Rate of ozone into water = concentration change x flow rate
𝑚̇ = 𝑄J 𝐶J,(#. − 𝐶J,+"
• Gas-side, mass balance on ozone entering (a little different):

o Rate of ozone out of gas stream = concentration change x flow rate
o Express concentration change in partial pressures and Henry’s Law constant for
because dealing with gas
𝑝K1,+" 𝑝K1,(#.
𝑚̇ = 𝑄/ −
𝐻 𝐻
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Mass transfer rate of ozone to water
④ ③
Gas OUT Qg Gas IN
pO3,out pO3,in
① ②
Water IN Water OUT
Cw,in Qw Cw,out
z=0 z=L
• Mass transfer rate is equal because ozone that leaves the gas has
to enter the liquid (it’s just accounting!)
𝑝K1,+" 𝑝K1,(#.
𝑄/ − = 𝑚̇ = 𝑄J 𝐶J,(#. − 𝐶J,+"
𝐻 𝐻
• From this point, can determine 𝑚,

̇ similar to dialysis problems
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Mass Transfer Rate of Ozone to Water: Example
④ 8.7 m3/hr ③
Gas OUT Qg Gas IN 0.25 % v/v
pO3,out pO3,in
3 m3/hr ① ②
Water IN Water OUT
Cw,in Qw Cw,out
0 mg/L 0.46 mg/L
z=0 z=L
Membrane fibres: inside diameter = 700 μm, total number = 2389, Gad Cell 4X28
Diffusion constant: 1.75 x 10-5 cm2/s = 1.75 x 10-9 m2/s
Henry’s Law constant: 1.915 x 105 Pa m3/kg
System pressure = 1 atm
Calculate 1) rate of ozone transfer into water, ṁ
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
④ 8.7 m3/hr ③
pO3,out pO3,in
3 m3/hr ① ②
Water IN Water OUT
Cw,in Qw Cw,out
0 mg/L 0.46 mg/L
z=0 z=L
Calculate 1) rate of ozone transfer into water, ṁ
,! 8.:; ,< >888=
𝑚̇ = 𝑄2 𝐶2,45* − 𝐶2,/6 = 3 70 = ,!
− 0 = 1380 mg/hr = 1.380g/hr
= 0.00138 kg/hr
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
④ 8.7 m3/hr ③
pO3,out pO3,in
3 m3/hr ① ②
Water IN Water OUT
Cw,in Qw Cw,out
0 mg/L 0.46 mg/L
z=0 z=L
Calculate 2) outlet pressure of ozone
𝑝=>,/& 𝑝=>,,'1
𝑚̇ = 𝑄2 −
𝐻 𝐻
𝑣@ 𝑃()(*+, 101325
𝑃-?,/6 = % = 0.25 = 253.3125 Pa
𝑣 100 100
𝑝-?,/6 𝑚̇ 253.3125 0.0013800 kg/hr
𝑝-?,45* = 𝐻 − = 1.915 x 10A − = 222.9 𝑃𝑎
𝐻 𝑄< 1.915 x 105 8.7 m3/hr
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Facultyof
Engineering and
and

Water Treatment & Disinfection
• Overview of topics covered on water treatment & disinfection
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Water treatment: basin management
Basin management
Control of source water &
raw water storage
Coarse solid removal

Removal of small rocks,
stones, larger objects
• Raw water is typically
stored in large open-air Fine particle removal
Coagulation, sedimentation,
reservoirs – can be and filtration
stored for many months Disinfection

Deactivation (killing) of
pathogens
Storage & distribution

Local storage of treated water
& distribution to community
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Water treatment: coarse solid removal
• Pre-treatment removes Basin management

larger objects such as raw water storage
fish, sticks, leaves, and Coarse solid removal

rubbish that can clog the Removal of small rocks,
system downstream
Fine particle removal
and filtration
Disinfection
pathogens

Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Water treatment: fine particle removal
• Coagulation Basin management
o Chemicals are added to raw water storage
induce coagulation
(flocculation) – “flocs” can Coarse solid removal
then settle out by Removal of small rocks,
sedimentation
o Alum (aluminium sulphate
Al2(SO4)3) is the most Fine particle removal
common coagulant, but and filtration
polymers may also be used
Disinfection
pathogens

Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
• Sedimentation Basin management

o Allows flocs and other raw water storage
suspended matter to settle

to the bottom Removal of small rocks,
o Oils and other substances
that float to the surface can
be skimmed off Coagulation, sedimentation,
and filtration
Disinfection
pathogens

Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
• Filtration Basin management

o Everything left in the water raw water storage
gets removed
o Sand, gravel, and coral Removal of small rocks,
filtration has been used for
centuries, while membrane
filtration is becoming more Coagulation, sedimentation,
and filtration
common
Disinfection
pathogens

Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Water treatment: disinfection
• Disinfection is necessary for Basin management
both surface and ground Control of source water &
raw water storage
water sources
o Chlorine, chloramine Coarse solid removal
Removal of small rocks,
(chlorine + ammonia), stones, larger objects
ozone, or UV light may be
used
• The goal is to remove Coagulation, sedimentation,
and filtration
bacteria and viruses – for
viruses, it may only render Disinfection
them inactive as opposed to Deactivation (killing) of
pathogens
destroying them
o It is important to note that it
may not remove all the Local storage of treated water
pathogens & distribution to community
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Disinfection terminology
• Log-inactivation credit
LB
o Using the definition for log-inactivation credit, log3; , if there
L
were 10,000 pathogens initially (𝑁; = 10000):
?&
§ 1-log reduction: log!" = 1 ⇒ 𝑁 = 1000 ⇒ 90% reduction
?
?&
§ 2-log reduction: log!" = 2 ⇒ 𝑁 = 100 ⇒ 99% reduction
?
?&
§ 3-log reduction: log!" = 3 ⇒ 𝑁 = 10 ⇒ 99.9% reduction
?
?&
§ 4-log reduction: log!" = 4 ⇒ 𝑁 = 1 ⇒ 99.99% reduction
?
o This is the standard terminology for pathogen reduction in water
treatment literature
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Log inactivation credit: Example 1
• How to use the 99.9% reduction in a calculation when

you don’t know N0?
o Answer in Water Treatment Lecture (Week 6 Lecture 1)!
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Log-inactivation credit: Example 2
• What is the percentage of pathogen killed when the log

inactivation credit is 1.47?
o Answer in Water Treatment Lecture (Week 6 Lecture 1)!
o These examples are good multiple choice questions…
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Ozone decay: rate constants & half-life
• The half-life, 𝒕𝟏/𝟐 of an
unstable compound is the time
it takes for half the initial
amount of molecules to decay
𝐶K1
= 𝑒 ?PC1 .
𝐶K1,;
1
= 𝑒 ?PC1 .E⁄'
2
1
ln = −𝑘K1 𝑡3⁄-
2
ln 2 = 𝑘K1 𝑡3⁄-
𝐥𝐧 𝟐
∴ 𝒌𝑶𝟑 =
𝒕𝟏⁄𝟐
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Ozone decay
• Ozone decays over a short time, no residual left in water

o In air at 20°C, half-life is 3 days
o In water:
§ Maximum ozone solubilities are 3-8 [mg/L]; in processes, typically
0.2-1 [mg/L]
§ Ozone half-life depends on temperature
Temperature [°C] O3 half-life [min]

15 32
20 21
25 16
30 13
35 8
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Chick-Watson Law (simple form)
• This law connects log-inactivation credits to a set of

variables dependent on pathogen attributes and the
water treatment process:
𝑵𝟎
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 = 𝒌𝑷×𝑪×𝒕
𝑵
𝑵𝟎
o 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 : log-inactivation credit
𝑵
§ N: number of pathogens that remain viable
§ N0: initial number of viable pathogens
o kP [L/(mg.min)]: pathogen inactivation rate constant
o C [mg/L]: concentration of disinfectant in water
o t [min]: exposure time
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture
Chick-Watson (practical form)
𝑵𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝑪𝑶𝟑 ,𝟎
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 = (𝟏 − 𝒆k𝒌𝑶𝟑 𝒕 )
𝑵 𝒌𝑶𝟑
• This is the form that we use in the design project

o 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝑵𝟎 /𝑵 : log-inactivation credit
§ N: number of pathogens that remain viable
§ N0: initial number of viable pathogens
o kP [L/(mg.min)]: pathogen inactivation rate constant
o 𝒌𝑶𝟑 [min-1]: ozone decay rate constant
o 𝑪𝑶𝟑,𝟎 [mg/L]: initial concentration of ozone in water
o t [min]: exposure time
Mid-Sem
MATLAB &Review
Problem
Lecture

ETS W7 MidSemReview2022

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Facultyof

Engineering Technology and Society

• Thursday, April 14th online between 10.45am and 3.30pm

Engineering Technology and Society

Engineering Technology and Society

r – liquid density, kg/m3

Laminar Transition Turbulent

• Characterised by a dimensionless term called Reynolds

r – density of fluid (kg/m3)

• Change in pressure in the pipe drop according to

Calculation would have to choose f:

If Re < 2000 Else if Re > 2000

• In calculation section, use an if else statement to select

if Re > 2000 %check if Re indicates turbulent flow

• Fittings have can have bumps, bends, sharp edges. All

Gate valve – open 0.17

#"! (" #!! (! *# +$

Energy Balance between points 1 and 2

a = 1 for turbulent Ws – shaft work per unit mass of

Why. - pressure head for

#"! (" #!! (! *# +$

The main parts of a Centrifugal Pump include:

• Connects to shaft to provide

#"! (" #!! (! *# +$

Power delivered by Pump

From Example where 𝜂.'(. = 0.7:

ℎ= 𝑔 =230.1 W 𝑣 != 3.18 m/s

• The difference in from the pressure on the 2 Lfvsuction

losses in the flow circuit.

performance Operating Point:

First graphically in MATLAB, plotting both sets of data on same plot.

Pressure head (m)

0.018827 0.018828 0.018829 0.01883 0.018831 0.018832 0.018833 0.018834

Flow Rate (m3/s)

Flow Rate (m3/s)

𝑙% = + 𝑣 2𝐾*3),4 + 𝐾*&1+5&6* + 𝐾*7/1 5 7.9:3;"#

We need to calculate hp for a series of flowrates. Now, Q, v, Re, f, hp and lv are

𝑄= [0.002 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025]

Key Aspect of impeller: area between vanes grows with radius,

Applying the Pump Affinity Law:

𝑽̇ (L/s) h (m) System head (m) 24

50 16.3 Flow rate (L/s)

#"! (" #!! (! *# +$

*$%& ?*% !%' )@!%' 3 -

Possible Unknowns: hw, ht, vt, pt, L (a+b+c) and d.

Suppose hw, ht, L and d are known.

How do we determine vt, Pt ?

Pipe and Fluid:

Membrane Fiber Properties

Inner Fiber Diameter (mm)

Fiber Thickness (mm)

Membrane length (m)

Inner Diameter (mm) 0.7

Module diameter 116 Membrane Unit

;.37D ;.E=D ;.97F ' ∆1

Membrane Pressure Drop (m)

Liquid Flow rate 0.9 - 6.8

Module diameter 116

𝑙% = + 𝑣 2𝐾3),4 + 𝐾&1+5&6* + 𝐾*7/1 5 7.9:3;"#

$%& ?% !%' )@!%' 3 -