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Telecom CH 4
Telecom CH 4
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Introduction
• Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) describes the various equipment
and interconnecting facilities that provide phone service to the public.
• At the core of the PSTN are digital switches. The term "switch" describes the
ability to cross-connect a phone line with many other phone lines and
switching from one connection to another
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Intro….
• Earlier two subscribers were connected by purely physical
connection (physical switch contacts).
• The digital PSTN system uses PCM for speech coding and TDM for
multiplexing.
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The main elements of the PSTN cont’d…
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The main elements of the PSTN cont’d…
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The main elements of the PSTN cont’d…
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The main elements of the PSTN cont’d…
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Circuit Switching
A circuit is an end-to-end connection between two subscribers.
Capacity is reserved on all trunk lines and switches along the way.
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Circuit Switching Cont’d….
Users are served by an access network that connects them to the local central office (CO)
switch.
The CO switches themselves are interconnected with higher-speed communication lines
through tandem switches.
Tandem switches, in turn, connect to toll switches that are used to provide long-distance
connections.
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Local Loop Technologies
• The local loop consists of a pair of copper wires extending from the CO to a residence
or business that connects to the phone, fax, modem, or other telephony device.
• It allows a subscriber to access the PSTN through its connection to the CO. The local
loop terminates on the Main Distribution Frame (MDF) at the CO, or on a remote line
concentrator.
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Transmitted signal in the PSTN
Today’s PSTN is predominantly digital with analog local loops
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Codec at the end office switch
• The codec at the end office translates between analog customer signals
and digital internal signals.
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Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)
• Bandpass filtering to limit voice to 4 kHz is carried out at the end office
switch.
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Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Cont’d….
• The human voice can produce sounds up to 20 kHz, but most sound is
between 300 Hz and 3.4 kHz.
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Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Cont’d….
• In pulse code modulation (PCM), the bandwidth is assumed to be 4 kHz.
This adds “guard bands” to the actual 300 Hz - 3.1 kHz signal.
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Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Cont’d….
• For signals going to the customer, sample bits are converted to amplitude
levels for each sample.
• 8,000 samples per second, will sound smooth to the ear.
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Speech Codecs
• Several different codecs can be used.
• The codecs vary in compression and sound quality.
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TDM and ATM switch connections in the PSTN transport Core
• Traditionally, the transport core used TDM trunk lines both point-to-point
and ring trunk lines.
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Transport Core and Signaling
Transport Core
– TDM: point-to-point and ring
– SONET uses dual rings for reliability
If there is a break, the rings are wrapped
– ATM uses packet switching
More efficient than TDM, replacing TDM
Signaling
– SS7 in the United States, C7 in Europe
– Interoperable
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Switching systems at ETC
Analog Switches/Exchanges
Previously ARF-102 and AGF (of ERICSSON product), C400 (of NEC
product) were analog automatic exchanges used for local services and
their capacity extends from 500 to 10,000.
For small capacity of rural services there was an exchange called ARK
(ERICSSON product).
ARM-201 and NC-82 exchange were used for national and international
(one way) service.
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Switching systems at ETC cont’d…
Digital Switches/Exchanges:
Nowadays the switches that we have through out the country are all
digital automatic switches
At the moment there are 4 main types of switches used through out the
country. These are:
1. AXE-1 0…….…ERICSSON product (Sweden)
2. DMS-10………..TELRAD (NORTEL) product (Israel)
3. DMS-100………TELRAD (NORTEL) product (Israel)
4. C&C08…………HUAWEI product (China)
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Types of Switches/Exchanges
The switches/exchanges at ETC can in general be classified as:
i. Combined national/international transit exchanges: AXE-10, C&C08
ii. National transit exchange: C&C08
iii. Local Tandem exchange: AXE-10, C&C08, DMS-10, DMS-100
iv. Local (Parent, Stand alone, Remote subscriber stage) exchange: AXE-10,
C&C08, DMS-10
Previously AXE-10 at Nazret, D/Dawa, Jimma, Nekemt, B/Dar and DMS-100
at Dessie, Mekele, Shashemene were used as local transit exchange. But
nowadays they are replaced by C&C08 (HUAWEI) national transit exchange.
Nowadays, there are 2 combined national/international transit exchanges (1
AXE-10, 1 C&C08) and there are 8 national transit (C&C08) exchanges all over
the country.
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Types of local exchanges
There are 3 types of local exchanges. These are:
i. Parent Exchange
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Types of local exchanges cont’d…
AXE-10 serves for medium, large and very large capacity demand with a
maximum capacity of around 50,000.
All AXE-10 exchanges are installed in a building.
DMS-10 serves for small, medium and large capacity demand with a
maximum capacity of around 10,000.
DMS-10 can be installed in a building as well as in a container.
DMS-100 is used for large capacity services and it serves as local and transit
(combined) exchange when the need arises.
C&C08 extends from small capacity of 500 to large capacity of 10,000
subscriber lines.
C&C08 can be installed in buildings as well as a container and serves as local
and national/international transit exchange.
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Distribution of Switches/Exchanges
AXE-10:
1 national/international switch
28 parent local switches
5 RSS
DMS-100:
3 parent local switches
DMS-10:
72 parent local switches
8 UNIREM
C&C08:
1 national/international switch
Totally 160 switches/exchanges are under installation from these 98 are
operational
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Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Outline
Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Frame Relay
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Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN)
Integrated Services: different services are provided to users using the same
network resources (not a dedicated network, rather an integrated network)
Digital: data are transferred in digital format (bits or symbols), independently
of their original nature, up to the user terminal.
There are two types of ISDN:
Narrow band (N-ISDN)
Carry data rating up to 64kbps (ranging up to T1 rates)
Used to refer to regular telephone and non-video capable systems
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)
Developed to handle high bandwidth applications e.g. video.
Provides data rates of 155Mbps to 622 Mbps and beyond. Uses ATM
technology over SONET based transmission units operational
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ISDN Services
ISDN services generally fall into three categories:
• Bearer services
• Teleservices
• Supplementary services
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ISDN Services cont’d…
Bearer Services:
• Offers the capability to transport digital voice or non voice services.
• Provide the means to transfer the information (voice, data & video)
between users.
• The network doesn’t need to process the information
• It belongs to the first three layers of OSI model.
Tele Services:
• The network may change or process the contents
• This service correspond to layers 4-7 of the OSI model.
Supplementary Services:
• Provides additional functionality to the Bearer and Tele Services
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Advantages of ISDN
High speed services
Lower Cost
Simultaneous transmission
Conferencing
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Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)
B-ISDN is a digital service which provides high speed and data handling needs
of the next generation technology with speed above 1.544Mbps.
It uses fiber at all levels of telecommunications
It provides two types of services:
• Interactive services (conversational or messaging)
• Distributive (video broadcasting …)
Interactive services are bidirectional where as distributive services are
unidirectional.
Forms of B-ISDN:
• Frame relay
• ATM
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Frame Relay
It is designed for ordinary data applications and transmits data frames with variable
length.
• The network operator sets up a virtual connection between end points and
frames with circuit identifiers are routed through the network.
The network capacity is shared between users and the cost for long-distance
connections is much lower than cost of leased-line connections
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Frame Relay cont’d…
Data checking and acknowledgement procedures are performed by the
network users and the protocols in use are much simpler and can support a
much higher data rate (~50Mbps).
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
ATM is a cell-relay technology, which uses small fixed-size frames known as
cells.
Constant length = 53 bytes
Provides both variable bit rate (VBR) service that is optimum for data
transmission and constant bit rate (CBR) service for voice and video
applications
Note: CBR is not available in frame relay technology.
ATM defines the structure of cells, continuous transfer of cells and cell
switching
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ATM cont’d…
ATM cells are packed into an SDH frame (STM-1) or into SONET frame and
then the physical data rate may reach 155Mbps or higher.
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Concept of ATM
It is a connection oriented service over a virtual circuit where data stream
from origin to destination follows the same path.
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Advantages of ATM
Wider array of information can be transmitted:
• Voice, video, data, images, video conferencing …
It delivers bandwidth on demand
• It is not dependent on applications and works at a data rate from 1.5Mpbs to
2Gbps
All types of networking
• From LANs to WANs and from backbone to desktop can be integrated by ATM
technology
The service is connection oriented with data transferred over a virtual circuit
ATM switches are statistical multiplexing
Higher quality of services
Accepts variety of transmission media
• Optical or twisted pair cable
And so on …
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