Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol.

9(08), pp 047-052, August, 2019

Available online at http://www.japsonline.com
DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.90807
ISSN 2231-3354

Chemical composition and antioxidant studies of underutilized part

of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit

Abdul Rohman1*, Mohamad Rafi2, Gemini Alam3, Muchtaridi Muchtaridi4, Anjar Windarsih5
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia.
3
Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
4
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia.
5
Research Unit for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received on: 05/04/2019
Accepted on: 20/05/2019
Available online: 03/08/2019
Key words:
Mangosteen’s peel,
antiradical, underutilized
part, in vitro antioxidants,
xanthones, DPPH.
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) is one of Indonesian fruit with export commodity due to its sweet-sour and
pleasant taste. The pulp of this fruit is frequently consumed freshly, while the seed and peel are removed and become a
waste. The chemical components contained in mangosteen’s seed and peel, especially xanthones, have been reported as
antioxidants either in vitro or in vivo. Several traditional medicine products used the extracts of mangosteen as one of
its components; therefore, the characterization of mangosteen extracts through identification of its active components
is very important. This review article highlighted the updates on the characterization and antioxidant activities of
mangosteen’s seed and peel to prove that the wastes of mangosteen fruit could be advantageous to be developed as
functional food as antioxidants. Several databases have been used during performing this review, including PubMed,
Scopus, Biological abstracts, chemical abstracts, and Google Scholar.

INTRODUCTION magosteen has emerged as one of the export commodities of fruits

There are some evidences and are supported by scientific
publications that phytochemicals contained in fruits are believed
to play a beneficial role in the prevention and the treatment of
degenerative diseases. Currently, with the jargon “back to nature,”
there is a great interest in the potential health benefits of exotic
fruits due to their antioxidant content and bioactive compounds.
Among the exotic fruit commonly consumed is mangosteen or
known with “Buah Manggis” in Indonesia (Aramwit et al., 2010;
Hait-Darshan et al., 2009). Mangosteen with scientific name of
Garcinia mangostana L. is a tropical queen of fruits, belonging
to the family of Clusiaceae commonly found in throughout India
and Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand (Ji et al., 2017). For Indonesia,
Corresponding Author
*
Abdul Rohman, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
E-mail: abdulkimfar @ gmail.com
because of its sweet-sour and pleasant taste (Muchtaridi et al.,
2017). Mangosteen is cultivated, especially as a source of its highly
palatable fruit, which consisted of pulp, contained in a dark purple
rind. This fruit is commonly consumed freshly, as a consequence,
the peel and seed of mangosteen fruit resulted high amount of
wastes. Therefore, some scientists try to take the advantage of the
underutilized part (peel and seed) of mangosteen fruit as one of
herbal components (Ovalle-Magallanes et al., 2017).
Nowadays, the use of underutilized part of mangosteen,
especially peel and seed have increased exponentially, as seen by
the huge number of herbal products available in herbal markets
containing mangosteen peel, such as Mastin(R) and SidoMuncul SARI
KULIT MANGGIS(R) (Indonesia), Mangosteen Xango (Malaysia),
as well as Mangosteen pericarp Acne Cream(R) and Mangosteen
powder(R) (Thailand) (Limphapayom et al., 2017). Some modern
pharmaceutical formulas containing mangosteen peel extract have
been developed by some pharmaceutical formulators, including the
encapsulation of nanoemulsions of mangosteen peel extract intended
as topical formulation (Mulia et al., 2018a). The encapsulation of

© 2019 Abdul Rohman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
048 Rohman et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 9 (08); 2019: 047-052
mangosteen extract in nanoemulsions is promising strategy to utilize
the active compound contained, particularly α-mangostin. Mulia
et al. (2018b) developed nanoemulgel mangosteen extract in virgin
coconut oil for topical formulation. The developed nanoemulgels
exhibited better penetration ability than its nanoemulsion. Pratiwi
et al. (2017) developed self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system
(SNEDDS) with enhanched solubilization of ethanol extract from
mangosteen peel intended for treatment of topical gangrene foot.
Previously, SNEDDS from ethyl acetate extract of mangosteen peel
intended for the improvement of diffusion and precut absorption
was previously developed (Pratiwi et al., 2016).
Traditionally, underutilized form of mangosteen (peel
and seed) in the form of infusions and decoctions has been used
to treat infections of skin, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal, and
has been believed to act as laxative, anti-scorbutic, and anti-fever
agent (Ovalle-Magallanes et al., 2017). Besides, peel and seed
of mangosteen have been reported for the treatment of diarrhea,
abdominal pain, dysentery, suppuration, wound infection, and
chronic ulcer (Cui et al., 2010; Gorinstein et al., 2011; Suksamram
et al., 2006) and to treat inflammatory and immunological related-
diseases, such as acne, food allergies, and arthritis (Wang et al.,
2017). These activities indeed need to be correlated with the
chemical composition contained in mangosteen’s seed and peel
(Genovese et al., 2016).
METHODS
During performing this review, we used several databases,
including Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar to identify and
to download the abstracts, reports, and research papers related to
chemical composition, characterization, and antioxidant activities
of mangosteen’s peel and mangosteen’s seed. The keywords used
during searching of information was (antioxidant + mangosteen
peel or mangosteen seed + chemical composition + in vitro + in
vivo) in the month of February–March 2019.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF MANGOSTEEN’S
PEEL
The peel of mangosteen fruit has been reported to contain
some phenolic compounds, such as tannins, flavonoids, xanthones,
and other bioactive substances which support the medicinal
properties (Pothitirat et al., 2009). Some chemical compounds or
secondary metabolites have been isolated from Mangosteen rind
which includes xanthones (a class of polyphenolic compounds
with a characteristic tricyclic aromatic ring system) or xanthen-
9H-ones. Of the 40 xanthones present in the pericarp of the fruit,
the most abundant xanthones found are α-mangostin, β-mangostin,
and γ-mangostin (Chen et al., 2008; Pedraza-Chaverrí et al., 2009;
Zarena and Sankar, 2011). Mangostins (α-, β- and γ-) are the
most frequently studied. They have a unique chemical structure
with a tricyclic aromatic system carrying isoprene, methoxyl and
hydroxyl groups (Fig. 1). Some biological activities either in vitro
or in vivo are correlated with the contents of these mangostins,
including antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticarcinogenic,
and antiatherogenic activities (Obolskiy et al., 2009).
The other and new xanthones are found,
namely, isogarcinol (Chen et al., 2017), garcinone E,
9-hydroxycalabaxanthone, 8-deoxygartanin, and gartanin
1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-2,8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl), [1,3,6-trihydroxy-
7-methoxy-2,8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl) xanthone], 1,3,7-Trihydroxy-
2,8-di- (3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthon, 1,7-dihydroxy-3-
methoxy2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthon (Wittenauer et al.,
2012), mangostanaxanthones V and VI, mangostanaxanthone
IV, garcimangosone D, aromadendrin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside,
1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxybenzene, 2,4,3ʹ-trihydroxybenzophenone-6-
O-β-glucopyranoside, maclurin-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and
2,4,6,3ʹ,5ʹ-pentahydroxybenzophenone (Mohamed et al., 2017),
and epicatechin (Yu et al., 2007). In addition, Jung et al. (2006)
have isolated two highly oxygenated prenylated xanthones,
namely, 8-hydroxycudraxanthone G and mangostingone or
[7-methoxy2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-8-(3-methyl-2-oxo-3-
butenyl)-1,3,6-trihydroxyxanthone, along with cudraxanthone G,
8-deoxygartanin, and garcimangosone B.
The composition of chemical constituents depending
on several factors such as maturity, locations of cultivation, and
extracting solvents. Pothitirat et al. (2009) evaluated the chemical
compositions of active compounds (α-mangostin, total phenolics,
flavonoids, and tannin contents) in mangosteen peel at two stages
of maturity (young and mature). The young and mature of ethanolic
(95%) extracts of mangosteen rind contained α-mangostin of 8.07
± 0.11 and 13.63 ± 0.06 %wt/wt of extract, respectively. The
mature of mangosteen also have the higher contents of phenolics,
flavonoids, and tannin significantly than the young ones.
Muchtaridi et al. (2017) have evaluated the levels
of α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and gartanin in ethanolic (70%)
extracts of Mangosteen rind from four different locations in
Indonesia (Bogor, Purwakarta, Subang, and Tasikmalaya). The
analysis showed that the levels of α-mangostin, γ-mangostin,
and gartanin are 13.87%, 8.28% and 10.44%, respectively, from
Bogor; 10.07%, 6.33%, and 8.76% from Purwakarta; 10.88%,
6.01%, 8.08% from Subang and 8.53%, 6.07%, 17.28% from
Tasikmalaya, respectively.
Kusmayadi et al. (2018) have evaluated the effects of
extracting solvents, namely, methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane,
ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and aquadest used during extraction of
mangosteen peel at different times (24, 36, and 48 hours). The results
showed that acetone was the best solvent used for xanthon extraction
with time extraction of 36 hours which is not significantly different
at 48 hours (p < 0.05). Ghasemzadeh et al. (2018) also investigated
the effects of solvents for extraction of α-mangostin mangosteen peel
extract along with extraction time, microwave power, and solvent
percentage using experimental design approach of response surface
methodology. The ethyl acetate was the best solvents capable of
extracting the highest concentration of α-mangostin, followed by
dichloromethane, ethanol, and water. The extraction condition
also affected the antioxidant activities in vitro of mangosteen peel.
Samuagam et al. (2013) have optimized the extraction condition
(ethanol percentage, time extraction, and temperature) and the
optimum conditions to get maximum yield of extract were 60%
ethanol concentration for 60 minutes at 25°C. Using this condition,
the mangosteen peel extract revealed IC50 value of 19.75 µg/mL
(DPPH radical scavenging assay), 54.66% nitric oxide scavenging
activity, and 79.94% β-carotene bleaching (BCB) assay.
ANTIOXIDENT ACTIVITIES
Several methods have been used for the evaluation
of antioxidant activities in vitro, including radical scavenging
 Rohman et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 9 (08); 2019: 047-052
Figure 1. Some chemical compounds isolated from rind and seed of mangosteen fruit.
activities using radicals of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothia-zoline-6-sulfonic
acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) cation, superoxide anion (O2•-),
nitric oxide (•NO), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and hydroxyl radical
(•OH), the deoxyribose assay, oxygen radical absorbance capacity
(ORAC), chelating activity using ferrous ion (Fe2+), ferric reducing
antioxidant power (FRAP), phosphomolybdenum method,
cytochrome c reducing capacity, ferric thiocyanate method, and
thiobarbituric acid assay (Suttirak and Manurakchinakorn, 2012).
Radical scavenging activities using DPPH radical
Among radicals used for modeling, the antioxidant
activities of samples in vitro, DPPH and ABTS radicals are the most
reported in scientific literature. The scavenging activity of DPPH
radical measures the capability of evaluated samples to donate
hydrogen radicals to capture DPPH radical (DPPH•). The color
changes of DPPH solution from a deep purple to a light yellow as
indicated by decreased absorbance at 515–517 nm (Surveswaran
et al., 2007). Phenolics and flavonoids are typical compounds
capable of donating radical hydrogens (Yu et al., 2007). Tjahjani
et al. (2014) have evaluated DPPH radical scavenging activities of
ethanolic extracts (96% and 70%) and fractions of hexane, ethyl
acetate, butanol, and water of mangosteen peel. The antioxidant
049
activities were expressed with inhibition concentration of 50% of
radical (IC50). The lower IC50 indicated the more active of evaluated
samples. Hexane fraction showed the most active antiradical with
IC50 of 3.62 ± 0.04 µg/ml, followed by 70% ethanol extract, 96%
ethanol extract, and ethyl acetate extract with IC50 values of 6.56 ±
0.31, 7.48 ± 0.19, and 13.29 ± 0.12 µg/ml, respectively.
Palakawong et al. (2010) have evaluated the 50%
ethanolic extracts of peel, leaves, and bark of mangosteen. Among
these samples, the peel extract showed the highest antiradical
activities using DPPH radicals with IC50 of 5.94 µg/ml, followed
by bark 6.46 and leaves 9.44 µg/ml. However, the antioxidant
of evaluated extracts was lower than that of vitamin C used as a
positive control with IC50 of 4.30 µg/ml. This study obtained IC50
values less than those reported by Weecharangsan et al. (2006)
using the same extraction methods, in which 50% of ethanolic
extract of mangosteen peel was of 30.7 µg/ml. The difference in IC50
values could be explained that the used mangosteen samples were
in the different maturity stage, in which Palakawong et al. (2010)
used mangosteen in maturity stage of 3, while Weecharangsan
et al. (2006) used the maturity stage of 5 or 6. Supiyanti et al.
(2010) also reported that IC50 of ethanolic extract of mangosteen
peel was about 8.56 µg/ml, while vitamin C as positive control had
IC50 of 3.37 µg/ml.
050 Rohman et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 9 (08); 2019: 047-052
The antiradical scavenging activity of mangosteen peel
extracts expressed by %inhibition has been used for comparative
studies of extracting solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and
aqueous). At the same concentration, aqueous extract exhibited the
highest radical scavenging activity compared methanol, ethanol,
and acetone with %inhibition of 67.45 ± 1.05%, 18.81 ± 1.44%,
46.97 ± 0.29%, and 9.19 ± 1.77%, respectively (Kamaludin et al.,
2016). DPPH radical assay was also used to compared 80% ethanol
extract of peel and pulp of yellow mangosteen (Garcinia tinctoria),
and the results showed that mangosteen peel had higher antiradical
assay (IC50 of 48.8 µg/ml) than that of pulp (IC50 of 153.2 µg/ml).
This result corresponds to the levels of total phenolic contents
present in peel and pulp of mangosteen fruit (Arazo et al., 2011).
Mangosteen peel extracts (ethanol 7%) has been
formulated as oral solution dosage forms and its antioxidant
properties have been assessed using DPPH radical scavenging
activity. Xanthones, the active compounds contained in mangosteen
peel, are not soluble in water, therefore some co-solvents, namely,
polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400-glycerol (20–20, 20–40, 40–20,
40–40) are optimized intended to improve its solubility. Oral
solution with the composition of co-solvents of PEG 400-glycerol
(40:40) has the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity with
IC50 of 24.81 µg/ml (Sumarny et al., 2014). The IC50 obtained
was indeed lower than that of its extract due to the addition of
co-solvents in the formula with no activity as radical scavenger.
ABTS radical scavenging activities
ABTS (2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic
acid)) radical scavenging method was used to confirm the results
obtained from DPPH radical scavenging since both methods are
based on a similar antioxidant mechanism and both radicals used were
soluble in polar solvents (methanol and ethanol). This assay measures
the ability of antioxidants to scavenge stable radical cation ABTS +
having blue-green color with maximum absorption at 734 nm which
decreases in its intensity due to the presence of antioxidants (Zhong
and Shahidi, 2015). The ABTS scavenging activity of mangosteen’s
peel and seed on free radical ABTS was compared with amount of
trolox (standard), as a consequence, ABTS radical scavenging activity
was expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC).
Okonogi et al. (2007) evaluated ABTS radical scavenging of 95%
ethanol extract of mangosteen peel, and the results showed that extract
had TEAC of 3.00 ± 0.016 (mM/mg), higher than the same extract
of Banana, Coconut, Dragon fruit, Passion fruit, and Long-gong with
TEAC values of 1.80 ± 0.038, 1.53 ± 0.044, 0.685 ± 0.001, 0.591 ±
0.008, and 0.207 ± 0.002 mM/mg extract, respectively. The same
results (TEAC value of 3.00 ± 0.016 mM/mg) were also obtained
by Tachakittirungrod et al. (2007). In addition, Surveswaran et al.
(2007) reported that TEAC value of ethanol extract of mangosteen
peel was 3.91 mM/mg, comparable to that reported by Okonogi
et al. (2007). The TEAC values of ethyl acetate and acetone extracts
of mangosteen peel were also reported, i.e., 3.821 and 3.815 μM/
ml (Zarena and Sankar, 2009). Xanthoses (mangostins, garcinone-E,
methoxy-bmangostin, garcimangosone A, garcimangosone B,
garcimangosone C) present in mangosteen were reported to be
responsible for this antioxidant activity.
Peroxynitrite scavenging activity
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) scavenging activity is
analyzed by monitoring the oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123
(DHR 123). In this procedure, DHR 123 is oxidized by native
ONOO- and ONOO--derived from the peroxynitrite donor
3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1). The oxidized
DHR 123 is then evaluated by the luminescence spectrophotometer
using excitation wavelength of 480 nm and emission wavelength
of 530 nm. The peroxynitrite scavenging activity could be related
to the fluorescence intensities of oxidized DHR 123 (Zou et al.,
2005). The radical activity was expressed as IC50 values. Jung
et al. (2006) have evaluated 14 compounds isolated from mangosteen
peel. Among these compounds, smeathxanthone A, γ-mangostin,
and gartanin showed the highest peroxynitrite radical scavenging
activities with IC50 values of 2.2, 8.0, and 9.1 µM, respectively. As
positive control, DL-penicillamine had IC50 value of 3.1 µM.
Ferric reducing power
Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) measures the
reducing power of samples. FRAP assay is relied on the ability
of the antioxidant to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the presence of TPTZ
(2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine) resulted an intense blue color of Fe2+-
TPTZ complex with an absorption maximum at 593 nm (Yang
and Zhai, 2010). Azima et al. (2014) have evaluated the reducing
power of mangosteen peel extracts. The sample preparation was
carried out by stirring samples in 100 mM citrate buffer (pH
3.0) in the ration 1:4 for 10 minutes at 100oC. The filtrate were
collected and evaporated by using rotary evaporator at 60oC and
114 mbar. The mangosteen peel extract had the highest FRAP with
FRAP value of 79.37 ± 0.77A mM/g Trolox equivalent antioxidant
capacity (TEAC) compared to guava peel extract (FRAP value of
25.66 ± 1.40 mM/g TEAC) and Clitoria ternatea extract (13.32 ±
0.28 mM/g TEAC). This antioxidant activity correlated with the
contents of antocyanin.
In vivo antioxidant activity of 80% ethanolic extract of
mangosteen has been evaluated by Samuagam et al. (2015). In
this study, rats were treated with mangosteen peel extracts for 14
and 30 days with dose of 100 mg/kg/day, orally, and the liver was
taken for antioxidant assays. For positive control, vitamin E was
used. The results showed that rats given with mangosteen’s peel
extract exhibited the significant increase (p < 0.05) of enzymatic
antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione
reductase, and lipid peroxidation levels) compared with no treated-
rats group (control group).
CONCLUSION
Mangosteen peel can be considered as the wastes due
to the consumption of mangosteen fruit. With the potentiality of
underutilized part of fruit as antioxidant, some scientists have
explored the possibility mangosteen peel as functional food or food
component with beneficial effects on human health. Mangosteen
peel contained high amount of phenolic compounds, such as
mangostin and gartanin, which are believed to be responsible for
antioxidant activities. Mangosteen peel has been reported to have
antioxidant activities either in vitro or in vivo, having potential to
be developed as food antioxidants.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the Consortium of World Class
Research University for financial support through Program
Penelitian Kolaborasi Indonesia 2019 with contract number 2053/
UN1.PIII/DIT-LIT/LT/2019.
 Rohman et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 9 (08); 2019: 047-052
COMPETING INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no competing
interests.
REFERENCES
Aramwit P, Bang N, Srichana T. The properties and stability of
anthocyanins in mulberry fruits. Food Res Int, 2010; 43:1093−7.
Arazo M, Bello A, Rastrelli L, Montelier M, Delgado L, Panfet
C. Antioxidant properties of pulp and peel of yellow mangosteen fruits.
Emir J Food Agr, 2011; 23:517–24.
Azima SAM, Noriham A, Manshoor N. Anthocyanin content
in relation to the antioxidant activity and colour properties of Garcinia
mangostana peel, Syzigium cumini and Clitoria ternatea extracts. Int Food
Res, J 2014; 21(6):2369–75.
Chen S, Han K, Li H, Cen J, Yang Y, Wu H, Wei Q. Isogarcinol
extracted from Garcinia mangostana L. ameliorates imiquimod-induced
psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice. J Agric Food Chem, 2017; 65:846–57.
Chen LG, Yang LL, Wang CC. Anti-inflammatory activity of
mangostins from Garcinia mangostana. Food Chem Toxicol, 2008; 46:
688–93.
Cui J, Hu W, Cai Z, Liu Y, Li S, Tao W, Xiang H. New
medicinal properties of mangostins: analgesic activity and pharmacological
characterization of active ingredients from the fruit hull of Garcinia
mangostana L. Pharmacol Biochem Behavior, 2010; 95:166–72.
Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZE, Baghdadi A, Tayebi-Meigooni A.
Alpha-mangostin-rich extracts from mangosteen pericarp: optimization of
green extraction protocol and evaluation of biological activity. Molecules,
2018; 23:1852–9.
Genovese S, Fiorito S, Taddeo VA, Epifano F. Recent
developments in the pharmacology of prenylated xanthones. Drug Discov
Today, 2016; 21:1814–9.
Gorinstein S, Poovarodom S, Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M,
Namiesnik J, Vearasilp S, Haruenkit R, Ruamsuke P, Katrich E, Tashma Z.
Antioxidant properties and bioactive constituents of some rare exotic Thai
fruits and comparison with conventional fruits In vitro and in vivo studies.
Food Res Int, 2011; 44:2222–32.
Hait-Darshan R, Grossman S, Bergman M, Deutsch M, Zurgil N.
Synergistic activity between a spinach-derived natural antioxidant (NAO)
and commercial antioxidants in a variety of oxidation systems. Food Res
Int, 2009; 42:246−53.
Ji X, Avula B, Khan IA. Quantitative and qualitative
determination of six xanthones in Garcinia mangostana L. by LC-PDA and
LC-ESI-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2007; 43:1270–6.
Jung HA, Su BN, Keller WJ, Mehta RG, Kinghorn AD.
Antioxidant xanthones from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana
(Mangosteen). J Agric Food Chem, 2006; 54:2077–82.
Kamaludin NHI, Mun LS, Sa’adi RA. Evaluation of antioxidant
activity of some tropical fruit peel extracts: extraction conditions
optimization of rambutan peel extract. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci, 2016;
11(3):1623–31.
Kusmayadi A, Adriani L, Abun A, Muchtaridi M, Tanuwiria UH.
The effect of solvents and extraction time on total xanthone and antioxidant
yields of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) extract. Drug Inv
Today, 2018; 10:2572–76.
Limphapayom W, Satayawut K, Wattanavichit W, Pisalwadcharin
A, Sukhasem S. Development of technologies for xanthone powder
production from mangosteen. International Symposium on Durian and
Other Humid Tropical Fruits. Acta Hortic, 2017; 1186:185–8.
Mohamed GA, Al-Abd AM, El-halawanye AM, Abdallaha HM,
Ibrahim SRM. New xanthones and cytotoxic constituents from Garcinia
mangostana fruit hulls against human hepatocellular, breast, and colorectal
cancer cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol, 2017; 198:302–12.
Muchtaridi M, Puteri NA, Milanda T, Musfiroh I. Validation
analysis methods of Α-Mangostin, Γ-Mangostin, And gartanin mixture in
mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit rind extract from West Java
051
with HPLC. J App Pharm Sci, 2017; 7(10):125–30.
Mulia K, Putri GA, Krisanti E. Encapsulation of mangosteen
extract in virgin coconut oil based nanoemulsions: preparation and
characterization for topical formulation. Materials Sci Forum, 2018a;
929:234–42.
Mulia K, Ramadhan RMA, Krisanti EA. Formulation
and characterization of nanoemulgel mangosteen extract in virgin
coconut oil for topical formulation. MATEC Web Conf, 2018b;
156:01013.
Obolskiy D, Pischel I, Siriwatanametanon N, Heinrich M.
Garcinia mangostana L.: a phytochemical and pharmacological review [J].
Phytother Res, 2009; 23:1047–65.
Okonogi S, Duangrat C, Anuchpreeda S, Tachakittirungrod
S, Chowwanapoonpohn S. Comparison of antioxidant capacities and
cytotoxicities of certain fruit peels. Food Chem, 2007; 103:839–46.
Ovalle-Magallanes B, Eugenio-Perez D, Pedraza-Chaverri J.
Review: medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.): a
comprehensive update. Food Chem Toxicol, 2017; 109:102–22.
Palakawong C, Sophanodora P, Pisuchpen S, Phongpaichit S.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of crude extracts from mangosteen
(Garcinia mangostana L.) parts and some essential oils. Int Food Res J,
2010; 17:583–9.
Pedraza-Chaverrí J, Reyes-Fermín LM, Nolasco-Amaya EG,
Orozco-Ibarra M, MedinaCampos ON, González-Cuahutencos O, Rivero-
Cruz I, Mata R. ROS scavenging capacity and neuroprotective effect of
α-mangostin against 3-nitropropionic acid in cerebellar granule neurons.
Exp Toxicol Pathol, 2009; 61:491–501.
Pothitirat W, Chomnawang MT, Supabphol R, Gritsanapan W.
Comparison of bioactive compounds content, free radical scavenging and
anti-acne inducing bacteria activities of extracts from the mangosteen fruit
rind at two stages of maturity. Fitoterapia, 2009; 80:442–7.
Pratiwi L, Fudholi A, Martien R, and Pramono S. Design and
optimization of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of
ethyl acetate fraction from mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana, L.). Int
J PharmTech Res, 2016; 9:380–7.
Pratiwi L, Sari R, Apridamayanti P. Self-nanoemulsifying drug
delivery system (SNEDDS) with enhanched solubilization of ethanol
extract from mangosteen peels (garcinia mangostana, l.) for treatment of
topical gangrene foot: Design and optimization. Int J Drug Deliv Technol,
2017; 7:314–9.
Samuagam L, Sia CM, Akowuah GA, Okechukwu PN, Yim HS.
The effect of extraction conditions on total phenolic content and free radical
scavenging capacity of selected tropical fruits’ peel. Health Environ J, 2013;
4(2):80–102.
Samuagam L, Sia CM, Akowuah GA, Okechukwu PN, Yim
HS. In vivo antioxidant potentials of Rambutan, Mangosteen, and Langsat
peel extracts and effects on liver enzymes in experimental rats. Food Sci
Biotechnol, 2015; 24(1):191–8.
Suksamram S, Komutiban O, Ratananukul P, Chimnoi N,
Lartpornmatulee N, Suksamram A. Cytotoxic prenylated xanthones from
the young fruit of Garcinia mangostana. Chem Pharm Bull, 2006; 54:
301–5.
Sumarny R, Sofiah S, Nurhidayati L, Fatimah. 2014. Antioxidant
activity of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit rind extract in oral
solution dosage form. In International Symposium on Medicinal Plants
& Traditional Medicine, Tawangmangu, 2014 June 4–6, Central Java
Indonesia, 2014.
Supiyanti W, Wulansari ED, Kusmita L. Test of antioxidant
activity and determination of total anthocyanin content in rind of mangosteen
(Garcinia mangostana L). Majalah Obat Tradisional, 2010; 15:64–70.
Surveswaran S, Cai YZ, Corke H, Sun M. Systematic evaluation
of natural phenolic antioxidants from 133 Indian medicinal plants. Food
Chem, 2007; 102:938–53.
Suttirak W, Manurakchinakorn S. In vitro antioxidant properties
of mangosteen peel extract. J Food Sci Technol, 2012; 51(12):3546–58.
Tachakittirungrod S, Okonogi S, Chowwanapoonpohn S.
052 Rohman et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 9 (08); 2019: 047-052
Study on antioxidant activity of certain plants in Thailand: mechanism of
antioxidant action of guava leaf extract. Food Chem, 2007; 103:381–8.
Tjahjani S, Widowati W, Khiong K, Suhendra A, Tjokropranoto
R. Antioxidant properties of Garcinia mangostana L (Mangosteen) rind.
Procedia Chem, 2014; 13:198–203.
Wang M-H, Zhang K-J, Gu Q-L, Bi X-L, Wang J-X.
Pharmacology of mangostins and their derivatives: a comprehensive review.
Chin J Nat Med, 2017; 15:81–93.
Weecharangsan W, Opanasopit P, Sukma M, Ngawhirunpat T,
Sotanaphun U and Siripong P. Antioxidative and neuroprotective activities
of extracts from the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.).
Med Princ Pract, 2006; 15:281–7.
Wittenauer J, Falk S, Schweiggert-Weisz U, Carle R.
Characterisation and quantification of xanthones from the aril and pericarp
of mangosteens (Garcinia mangostana L.) and a mangosteen containing
functional beverage by HPLC–DAD–MSn. Food Chem, 2012; 134:445–52.
Yang Z, Zhai W. Identification and antioxidant activity of
anthocyanins extracted from the seed and cob of purple corn (Zea mays L.).
Inn Food Sci Emerging Technol, 2010; 11:169–76.
Yu L, Zhao M, Yang B, Zhao Q, Jiang Y. Phenolics from hull
of Garcinia mangostana fruit and their antioxidant activities. Food Chem,
2007; 104:176–81.
Zarena AS, Sankar UK. A study of antioxidant properties from
Garcinia mangostana L. peel extract. Acta Sci Pol, 2009; 8:23–34.
Zarena AS, Sankar KU. Xanthones enriched extracts from
mangosteen pericarp obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide process.
SepPurif Technol, 2011; 80:172–8.
Zhong Y, Shahidi F. Methods for the assessment of antioxidant
activity in foods. In: Shahidi F (ed.). Handbook of antioxidants for food
preservation 2015, Woodhead Publishing, New York, NY, pp 287–333,
2015.
Zou Y, Kim AR, Kim JE, Choi JS, Chung HY. Peroxynitrite
scavenging activity of sinapic acid (3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic
Acid) isolated from Brassica juncea. J Agric Food Chem, 2005; 50:
5884–90.
How to cite this article:
Rohman A, Rafi M, Alam G, Muchtaridi M, Windarsih
A. Chemical composition and antioxidant studies of
underutilized part of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.)
fruit. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2019; 9(08):047–052.