TM HIU V CU NI TRONG SUT I .

Vn gp phi khi thc hin lin mng bng Repeater / Hub v gii php khc phc. a) Kh khn khi lin mng bng Repeater + Xt lin mng sau thy c hn ch ca Repeater / Hub trong lin mng :

Hnh 1 : Hn ch ca Repeater / Hub Ta thy : lin mng trn gm 2 nhnh mng LAN 1 v LAN 2 kt ni vi nhau bng mt Repeater. Gi s my N2 gi cho N1 mt Frame thng tin. Frame c lan truyn trn LAN 1 v n cng 1 ca Repeater di dng mt chui cc bit. Repeater s khuch i chui bit nhn c t cng 1 v chuyn chng sang cng 2. iu ny lm cho Frame m N2 gi cho N1 sang LAN 2. Trn LAN 1, N1 nhn ton b gi tin cn trn LAN 2 khng c my no nhn c gi tin c. M ta bit gi tin N2 gi n N1 khng nht thit phi gi sang LAN 2 trnh lng ph ng truyn trn LAN 2. Tuy nhin, do Repeater hot ng tng 1, n khng hiu Frame l g nn n s chuyn i bt c th g m n nhn c sang cc cng cn li. iu ny lm tng vng xung t ca lin mng, kh nng xung t khi truyn tin ca cc my tnh s tng ln, hiu nng mng s gim xung. b) Gii php khc phc Cng xt lin mng nh trn nhng y ta thay th Repeater bng mt Bridge th y Frame m N2 gi cho N1 cng s n cng 1 ca Bridges nhng Bridge s phn tch a ch MAC ca Frame v thy rng khng cn thit phi chuyn Frame sang LAN 2. Do Bridge s lm gim xung t khi truyn tin gia cc my tnh trn mng v lm tng hiu nng mng hay tit kim c ng truyn.

M hnh lin mng nh sau :

Hnh 2 : Bridge khc phc nhc im ca Repeater / Hub II . Gii thiu chung v Bridge + Bridge l thit b mng thuc lp 2 (Lp lin kt d liu) ca m hnh h thng m OSI, c s dng ghp ni 2 hoc nhiu mng vi nhau to thnh mt mng ln duy nht. + Bridge c s dng ph bin lm cu ni gia 2 mng Ethernet. Bng cch quan st cc gi tin trn mi mng, khi thy mt gi tin t mt my tnh thuc mng ny chuyn ti mt my tnh trn mng khc, Bridge s sao chp v gi gi tin ny ti mng ch. + u im ca Bridge :

Hot ng trong sut, c ngha l cc my tnh thuc cc mng khc nhau

vn c th gi cc thng tin vi nhau n gin m khng cn bit c s can thip ca Bridges hay khng. X l c nhiu lu thng trn mng cng nh a ch IP cng lc.

Chia lin mng thnh nhng vng xung t nh nhm ci thin hiu nng
ca lin mng tt hn so vi lin mng s dng Repeater v Hub. + Nhc im :

Bridge ch kt ni nhng mng cng loi . Kh khn trong x l nhanh nu chng khng nm gn nhau v mt a l.
+ Phn loi Bridge gm c 3 loi chnh :

Cu ni trong sut : Cho php ni cc mng Ethernet / Fast Ethernet.

 Cu ni xc nh ng i t ngun : Cho php ni cc mng Token Ring li

vi nhau. Cu ni trn ln : Cho php ni mng Ethernet v Token Ring li vi nhau. II . Cu ni trong sut 2.1 Tng quan v cu ni trong sut + Cu ni trong sut c pht trin bi tp on thit b s v c a vo chun IEEE 802.1D + Chc nng : kt ni cc mng Ethernet li vi nhau. + c im :

- S hin din v hot ng ca Bridge trong sut (c ngha l n) vi cc

my trm. Cc my trm khi kt ni th khng cn phi cu hnh g thm c th truyn ti thng tin trn mng.

Cc tnh cht ca Bridge : The no-frills Bridge The learning Bridge

Thut ton cy 2.2 Cc c trng c bn ca cu ni trong sut 2.2.1 The no-frills bridge Chc nng c bn nht ca cu ni trong sut l kt ni 2 hoc nhiu mng LAN li vi nhau. Mi LAN c gn vi mt cng ca Bridge. Bridge lng nghe ngu nhin gi tin c truyn ti cho n khi n c th c truyn i trn cc mng LAN khc. Ta goi l No-frills bridge ( cu khng kiu cch).

Hot ng ca Bridge
Bc 1 : Lng nghe ngu nhin mi gi tin c truyn i.

Bc 2 : Lu gi mi gi tin nhn c cho n khi truyn c n cc LAN ri khc (tr LAN m bridge nhn c gi tin t n). Do n c th cho 2 trm i din hai bn cu c th truyn tin vi nhau m khng va chm.

c im + M rng kh nng ca mng LAN : Cu ni trong sut c pht trin cho php cc trm ch hot ng trn mt mng LAN n c th lm vic c trong mi trng a mng LAN. + Khng bin i gi tin m n nhn c : Bridge truyn i cc gi tin chnh xc nh n nhn c. Nu Bridge sa i gi tin trong bt k trng hp no, v d : cu ni ghi ln phn a ch trn Header ca gi tin vi a ch ring ca n th cc giao thc trong cc trm khng th lm vic chnh xc. + Cho php 2 trm 2 bn cu truyn ng thi m khng c xung t. + Nu bng thng vt qu tc LAN th gi tin s b loi trc khi truyn n ch. 2.2.2 The learning bridge * Nguyn l hot ng chung :

Bridge lng nghe ngu nhin v nhn bt k gi tin no c truyn. Hc v tr ca cc my trn mng bng cch phn tch a ch my gi gi
tin m Bridge nhn c.

Xy dng bng a ch cc b lm c s cho vic chuyn tip gi tin.

 Khi gi tin n mt cng ca Bridge th Bridges c 6 bytes u tin ca gi

tin xc nh a ch my nhn khung. Bridge tm a ch my nhn trong bng a ch cc b v x l theo mt trong cc trng hp sau :

Nu my nhn nm cng mt cng vi cng nhn Frame, cu ni s b

qua Frame v bit rng my nhn nhn c Frame.

Nu my nhn nm trn mt cng khc vi cng nhn Frame, cu ni s

chuyn Frame sang cng c my nhn.

Nu khng tm thy a ch my nhn trong bng a ch, cu ni s gi n

tt c cc cng cn li ca n (tr cng nhn Frame). * hiu hn v Learning bridges ta xt cc v d sau. V d 1 : Cho lin mng nh sau :

a) Gi s A mun truyn mt gi tin n D. Ban u Bridges cha bit g v D.

Hi, A truyn gi tin n D nh th no ?

b) Gi s Q mun truyn gi tin n A. Ban u Bridges cha bit g v Q. Hi,

Q truyn gi tin n A nh th no ? Gii : a) My A gi gi tin n D + Ta bit, gi tin m A mun truyn i s c a ch ch ca my D, c dng nh sau :

+ Bridge s tra a ch ngun ca gi tin trong bng a ch, ng thi B ghi nh gi tin ny nhn t cng 1 v trm A nm trn cng 1. + Cu B khng bit v tr ca D, do n chuyn tip gi tin ti tt c cc cng ngoi tr cng 1 (cng m n nhn c gi tin). + Cng 2 ca cu B c ni vi LAN 2 cha my D cng nhn c gi tin, m gi tin ny cha a ch ch ca my D do m gi tin s c gi n my D. c) Q truyn gi tin n my A + Ta bit gi tin truyn i c cha a ch ch ca A, c dng nh sau :

+ Khi Bridge nhn c gi tin t Q truyn n th n s tra a ch ngun v ch ca gi tin trong bng a ch v ghi nh rng gi tin nhn c trn cng 1, Q nm trn cng 1. T y cu B hc c a ch ca A v v A nm cng cng 1 vi cng Q nn Bridges bit rng n khng cn chuyn tip gi tin na m gi tin t Q i thng n A. V d 2 : Cho lin mng sau :

Gi s B cha bit g v C,D. a) Hi my A s truyn gi tin n my D nh th no ? b) Hi my Z s truyn gi tin n my C nh th no ? Gii : a) A truyn gi tin n D + Ban u , cu B bit rng n c 3 cng. Nhng n s ghi nh rng A nm trn cng 1. V B khng bit v tr ca D nn sau khi nhn gi tin t cng 1 th n s chuyn gi tin ti tt c cc cng cn li, tc cng 2 v 3. Cu B tin hnh hc v tr ca A, D bng cch phn tch a ch ngun v ch ca gi tin, khi xc nh c a ch ch ca D th n bit rng D nm trn cng 2. Suy ra gi tin t cng 2 s c truyn vo D. b) Z truyn gi tin n C + Cu B bit rng Z nm trn cng 3 nhng B khng bit v tr ca C nn sau khi nhn c gi tin m Z truyn i th n s gi gi tin n tt c cc cng cn li. Sau khi hc c v tr ca C qua vic phn tch a ch ch v ngun ca gi tin th B b qua gi tin v bit rng Z v C cng thuc cng 3 ca B nn gi tin t Z truyn thng n C. Lin mng vi s cu bt k Xt lin mng gm 2 cu ni v 3 mng LAN nh hnh sau :

Ta thy : Cu B1 khng th phn bit c v tr cc my trn LAN 2 v LAN 3. Theo nh hnh trn th : B1 kt ni LAN 1 vi cng 1v LAN 2 vi cng 2 ca n.Cn cu B2 kt ni vi LAN 2 v LAN 3, y cu xem cu B2 l trong sut, tc l s tn ti ca B2 n vi B1, cng c ngha l B2 cng n vi tt c cc my.

Sau khi tt c cc my u truyn i bt k mt gi tin no th B1, B2 s hc v tr ca cc my. Lc ny b nh m ca B1, B2 s lu cc gi tin m chng nhn c t cc my, thc hin phn tch a ch ca gi tin lp bng a ch nhm phc v cho vic chuyn tip tip theo. Trng thi b nh m ca cu B1, B2 c th hin nh hnh di y :

V vy, nu xem B2 l cu trong sut th lin mng c kt ni bi B1 nh sau :

Nu xem B1 l trong sut th lin mng c kt ni bi B2 nh sau :

trn ta xt cc lin mng n gin c ni bi Bridge gia cc mng LAN vi nhau, mi qu trnh truyn gi tin t my trm n cu ni , ri t cu ni n

cc LAN c xem nh l cc bc nhy. Nhng nu ta xt mt lin mng gm 2 LAN cng c ni bi nhiu Bridge th iu g s xy ra khi A truyn i mt gi tin v liu kh nng m rng tt c cc kiu mng c cn ng vi Bridge ? tr li cho cu hi trn ta tin hnh phn tch lin mng sau :

+ Gi s cc cu ni B1, B2, B3 cha bit g v cc ch n, tc l khng c d liu ch n trong cc b nh m ca chng. D on u tin l c 3 bn sao ca gi tin c truyn n LAN 2. Theo lut ca cc mng LAN th mi mt trong 3 cu s nhn c gi tin v ghi nh rng A nm trong LAN 1. Sau chng s chuyn tip gi tin vo LAN 2. C 3 trng hp xy ra : - Gi s B3 thnh cng trong vic truyn dn gi tin t LAN 1 vo LAN 2. V B3 l trong sut i vi B1, B2 nn gi tin s c truyn trn LAN chnh xc nh khi n nhn c t A v lc ny B3 ghi nh rng A nm trn LAN 2. Khi B1, B2 cng s nhn c gi tin v ghi nh trong cc bng a ch ca chng l A nm trn LAN 2. Gi tin m B1, B2 nhn c s c chuyn n LAN 1. - Gi s B1 l cu thnh cng trong vic truyn ti gi tin nhn c t A sang LAN 2 th cu B2, B3 cng s nhn c gi tin t LAN 2 v ghi nh trong bng a ch ca chng rng A nm trn LAN 2. Gi tin m B2, B3 nhn c s c truyn sang LAN 1. - Gi s B2 thnh cng trong vic truyn ti gi tin t A sang LAN 2 th cu B1, B3 cng s nhn c gi tin t LAN 2 v chuyn tip chng sang LAN 1. Nhn thy rng nu cc trng hp trn xy ra th cc cu ni khng ch lm cho gi tin lp li m cn nhn ln rt nhiu ln, gi tin s c truyn i trong ci

vng lun qun m khng khi n c ch ri th n vn tip tc c gi i v khng bit phi ngng khi no. Do gii php a ra nhm khc phc vn ny l s dng thut ton cy bao trm (the spainning tree) nhm ngn chn c s lp vng, cho php cc Bridges truyn thng vi nhau pht hin vng lp vt l trong mng. Sau giao thc ny s nh r thut ton m Bridges c th to ra mt cu trc mng logic cha vng lp hay to ra cu trc cy ca vng lp gm cc l v nhnh ni ton b mng.

Hnh 3 : M hnh Spanning Tree 2.3 Thut ton cy 2.3.1 Nguyn nhn gy ra vng lp trong lin mng Hai nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s lp vng tai hi trong mng chuyn mch l do broadcast v s sai lch ca bng bridge.

a) Vng lp broadcast Vng lp broadcast v vng lp lp 2 l mt s kt hp nguy him nu khng c thut ton cy.

Hnh 4 : Khng c thut ton cy, broadcast to ra vng lp phn hi (Feedback loop)

Bc 1: Host A gi mt frame bng a ch broadcast (FF-FF-FF-FFFF-FF).

Bc 2: Frame n c hai Bridge 1, 2 qua cng 1/1 Bc 3: Bridge 1 s a frame qua cng 1/2.

 Bc 4: Frame c truyn n tt c cc nt trn on mng

Ethernet k c cng 1/2 ca Bridge 2.

Bc 5: Bridge 2 a frame ny n cng 1/1 ca n. Bc 6: Mt ln na, Frame xut hin cng 1/1 ca Bridge 1. Bc 7: Bridge1 s gi Frame ny n cng 1/2 ln hai. Nh vy
to thnh mt vng lp y. b) Nguyn nhn sai lch bng bridge Nhiu nh qun tr nhn thc vn c bn ca broadcast, tuy nhin ta phi bit rng thm ch cc unicast Frame cng c th truyn mi trong mng m cha vng lp. Hnh sau th hin s sai lch do bng Bridge nh sau :

Hnh 5: Frame

unicast cng c th gy ra vng lp v lm sai lnh bng bridge

Bc 1: Host A mun gi gi unicast n host B, nhng host B ri

khi mng, v ng vi bng bridge th khng c a ch ca host B.

 Bc 2: Gi s rng c hai Bridges u khng dng thut ton cy, th

frame n cng 1/1 trn c hai Bridges.

Bc 3: V host B b down, nn Bridge 1 khng c a ch MAC (BBBB-BB-BB-BB-BB) trong bng bridge, v n trn frame qua cc cng.

Bc 4: Bridge 2 nhn c frame trn cng 1/2 . C 2 vn xy ra: o Bridge 2 trn frame v n khng hc a ch MAC BB-BB-BBBB-BB-BB, iu ny to ra feedback loop v lm down mng.

o Bridge 2 ch rng, n ch nhn mt frame trn cng 1/2 vi

a ch MAC l AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA. N thay i a ch MAC ca host A trong bng bridge dn n sai cng. V frame b lp theo hng ngc li, nn ta thy a ch MAC ca host A b ln gia cng 1/1 v 1/2. iu ny khng ch lm mng b trn vi cc gi unicast m cn lm sai bng bridge. Nh vy khng ch c broadcast mi lm hng mng. 2.3.2 Mc ch ca Spainning Tree Mc ch ca thut ton cy l phi c mt cu ni t ng pht hin ra mt tp cc vng lp vt l. Sau th c mt ng dn gia mi cp cc mng LAN tc l to ra lin kt d phng khi phc mng khi xy ra li. 2.3.3 Cc khi nim c bn ca thut ton cy Vic tnh ton Spanning Tree da trn hai khi nim khi to ra vng lp logic trong cu trc mng l: Bridge ID (BID) v Cost ID (chi ph ng i). b) Bridge ID (BID) BID l mt trng c 8 byte, n gm c 2 trng con c miu t nh sau :

Hnh 6 : Hai trng ca BID Trong :

a ch MAC: c 6 byte c gn cho Bridge. S dng mt trong s

cc a ch MAC t vng 1024 a ch gn cho mi gim st vin (supervisor) v bng ni a nng (backplane). a ch MAC trong BID s dng nh dng hexa. 0 - 65.535. u tin bridge c gi tr mc nh l gi tr khong gia (32.768).

Bridge Priority: l u tin Bridge c 2 byte to thnh 216 gi tr t

Ch : ta ch tp trung vo chun IEEE ca giao thc Spanning Tree. Mc d v c bn l nh nhau nhng c mt vi im khc bit gia IEEE STP v DEC STP nh DEC STP s dng 8 bit Bridge priority. b) Cost ID (Chi ph ng i) Bridge s dng khi nim chi ph nh gi cc bridge khc. 802.1D nh ngha chi ph l 1000 Mbps bng cch chia bng thng ca lin kt. V d nh mt lin kt 10BaseT c chi ph l 100 (1000/10), Fast Ethernet v FDDI s dng chi ph l 10 (1000/100). gii quyt tnh trng kh x ny, IEEE quyt nh sa i chi ph s dng tnh co dn khng tuyn tnh. Bng sau cho ta mt danh sch gi tr chi ph mi. Bng thng 4 Mbps 10 Mbps 16 Mbps 45 Mbps 100 Mbps Chi ph STP 250 100 62 39 19

155 Mbps 622 Mbps 1 Gbps 10 Gbps

14 6 4 2

2.3.4 Cc bc ra quyt nh ca thut ton Spainning Tree Khi to ra cu trc mng logic cha vng lp (loop-free) th Spanning Tree lun thc hin trnh t bn bc sau:

Bc 1 : Chn BID gc (Root BID) thp nht. Bc 2 : Tnh ton chi ph ng i n Bridge gc thp nht. Bc 3 : Xc nh BID ca ngi gi thp nht. Bc 4 : Chn ID ca cng thp nht.
Bridge trao i thng tin Spanning Tree vi nhau, s dng frame xc nh l n v d liu giao thc bridge (Bridge Protocol Data Unit - BPDU) hay cn gi l cu bnh BPDU. Mt bridge s dng trnh t bn bc ny lu mt bn sao ca BPDU tt nht trn mi cng. Khi nh gi, n xem tt c BPDU nhn c trn cng cng nh BPDU gi i trn cng . Mi BPDU n u c kim tra theo trnh t bn bc ny, nu tt hn BPDU hin ti th n c lu li cng v thay th gi tr c. 2.3.5 Thut ton Spainning Tree Phn ny ta s xem xt thut ton m Spainning Tree s dng hi t ln u tin trn cu trc mng logic cha vng lp. Mc d c nhiu kha cnh, nhng s hi t ban u c phn nh thnh ba bc c bn sau:

Chn mt bridge gc (Root Bridge). Chn cng gc (Root Port). Chn cng c ch nh (Designated Port).

Khi mt mng khi ng ln u, tt c cc bridge thng bo thng tin BPDU mt cch ln xn. Tuy nhin, cc bridge ny s lp tc p dng trnh t bn bc nh trn. Mt bridge gc c quyt nh hot ng nh l trung tm ca vn vt i vi mng. Tt c cc bridge cn li tnh ton vic thit lp cc cng gc v cc cng ch nh xy dng cu trc mng cha loop-free. Kt qu l bridge gc ging nh mt hub vi cu trc mng cha vng lp logic. Khi mng c trng thi n nh, th bridge gc s gi cc BPDU n mi on mng. hiu r hn ta xt v d c th sau : V d : Xt lin mng gm c 3 bridge kt ni thnh mt vng lp. Mi cu ni c gn mt a ch MAC khng c tht tng ng vi tn thit b (v d nh Cat-A s dng a ch MAC l AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA).

Hnh 7: M hnh mng s dng Spainning Tree Bc 1: Chn mt bridge gc (Root Bridge) u tin tm bridge c BID thp nht ly n lm Bridge gc. Nh ni n phn trn BID l mt nh danh 8 byte c chia thnh 2 trng l Bridge Priority v a ch MAC t ngi gim st (supervisor) hoc backplane. hnh 7 ta thy Cat-A c BID mc nh l 32.768 v a ch MAC l AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA. Cat-B l (32.768, BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB) v Cat-C l (32.768, CC-CC-CC-CC-CC-CC). V c ba bridge u s dng Bridge Priority l 32.678 nn a ch MAC thp nht l AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA v Cat-A tr thnh Bridge gc. Hnh 8 di y s m t qu trnh ny.

Hnh 8 : Chn Bridge Root Nhng lm th no cc bridge bit c Cat-A c BID thp nht? l do vic trao i cc BPDU. Bridge s dng BPDU dnh ring thay i cu trc mng v thng tin Spanning Tree ln nhau. Cc BPDU c gi mc nh 2s mt ln. Cc BPDU l lu lng bridge-to-bridge, n khng mang lu lng end-to-end. Ni dung c bn ca mt BPDU c th hin nh sau :

Hnh 9 : Cc thnh phn c bn ca BPDU Mc ch vic chn bridge gc ch lin quan n trng Root BID v Sender BID. Khi mt bridge pht ra mt BPDU 2s mt ln, ngay tc khc n s xc nh

bridge gc da vo trng Root BID. Bridge ny lun t BID ca chnh n trong Sender BID. Ch : Root BID l ID ca bridge gc hin ti, trong khi Sender BID l ID ca bridge cc b hoc switch. Khi bridge khi ng ln u tin, n lun lun t BID trong c hai trng Root BID v Sender BID. Gi s rng, Cat-B khi ng u tin v bt u gi cc BPDU thng bo chnh n l Bridge gc 2s mt ln. Mt vi pht sau Cat-C khi ng v thng bo chnh n l Bridge gc. Khi BPDU ca Cat-C n Cat-B, Cat-B s loi b BPDU v n c B-ID thp hn c lu trn cc cng ca n. Ngay lp tc Cat-B truyn BPDU, Cat-C bit c l gi nh ban u ca n l sai. Ti thi im , Cat-C bt u gi BPDU vi Root BID l B v Sender BID l C. By gi mng chp nhn B l Bridge gc. Bc 2: Chn cng gc Sau khi xc nh c Bridge gc, th cc Bridge s chuyn qua chn cng gc. Cng gc l mt cng trn bridge cc b. Mi brigde (tr bridge gc) phi la chn mt cng gc. Bridge s s dng khi nim chi ph xt cng gc. C th l cc bridge theo di chi ph ng i gc, chi ph tch ly ca tt c cc lin kt n bridge gc. Hnh 10 m t lm th no tnh ton qua nhiu bridge v kt qu ca vic chn cng gc. N biu din Cat-B tnh ton v chn ra cng 1/1 l cng gc vi chi ph l 19, v ch l khi mt cng nhn BPDU th chi ph s tng dn.

Hnh 10 : Chn Root Port Qu trnh nh sau : (1): khi Cat-A (bridge gc) gi cc BPDU, th n cha chi ph ng i gc l 0. (2): khi B nhn cc BPDU ny, n thm vo chi ph ng i ca cng 1/1vo chi ph ng i gc cha trong BPDU nhn. Cat-B nhn chi ph ng i gc l 0 v thm vo chi ph ca cng 1/1 l 19. (3): sau Cat-B s dng gi tr 19 v gi BPDU vi chi ph ng i gc l 10 ra cng 1/2. (4): khi Cat-C nhn BPDU ny t B, th n tng chi ph ng i gc thnh 38 (19+19). (5): tuy nhin Cat-C cng nhn BPDU t bridge gc trn cng 1/1. Cat-C s thm vo cng 1/1 vi chi ph l 0, v ngay lp tc n tng chi ph ln 19. (6): Cat-C thy chi ph ng i gc l 19 trn cng 1/1 v 38 trn cng 1/2, n quyt nh cng 1/1 l cng gc (chn gi tr nh nht).

 (7): sau Cat-C bt u qung b chi ph ng i gc vi gi tr 19

n cc Bridge xui dng. Ch : Chi ph STP c tng khi mt cng nhn BPDU, ch khng phi v n c gi ra khi cng. V d nh, cc BPDU n trn cng 1/1 ca Cat-B vi chi ph l 0 v tng ln 19 bn trong Cat-B. S khc nhau gia chi ph ng i v chi ph ng i gc. Chi ph ng i l gi tr c gn cho mi cng, n c thm vo cc BPDU c nhn trn cng tnh ton chi pha ng i gc. Chi ph ng i gc l chi ph tch ly n bridge gc. Trong BPDU, y l gi tr ca trng chi ph. i vi mt bridge, gi tr ny c tnh bng cch cng cc chi ph ng i ca cc cng nhn vi gi tr cha trong BPDU. Bc 3: quyt nh cng c ch nh. Mi on mng trn mt bridge c mt cng c ch nh, cng ny c chc nng nhn v gi lu lng n on mng kia v bridge gc. Nu ch c mt cng nm gi lu lng trn mi lin kt, th tt c vng lp b ph b. Bridge cha cng c ch nh c gi l designated bridge cho on mng .

Hnh 11 : Chn cng ch nh xc nh cng c ch nh, ta hy nhn vo mi on mng. u tin l on 1, lin kt gia Cat-A v B c 2 cng l Cat-A: cng 1/1, v Cat-B: cng 1/1. Cng 1/1 ca Cat-A c chi ph ng i gc l 0, v cng 1/1 ca B l 19 (gi tr 0 c nhn trong BPDU t A cng vi chi ph ng i c gn cho cng 1/1 ca B). V cng 1/1 ca A c chi ph ng i thp hn nn n tr thnh cng c ch nh i vi lin kt ny. i vi on mng 2 (kin kt gia Cat-A v C), tng t cng 1/2 ca A tr thnh cng c ch nh. Ch l mi cng hot ng trn bridge gc u tr thnh cng c ch nh. By gi ta hy xem on 3 (lin kt gia Cat-B v C), c hai cng 1/2 ca B v 1/2 ca C u c chi ph ng i gc l 19. y l mt s hn ch, v Spainning Tree thng s dng trnh t bn bc quyt nh:

BID gc thp nht.

Chi phi ng i n bridge gc thp nht. Sender BID thp nht.

 ID ca cng thp nht. Trong v d hnh 11, tt c cc bridge u tn thnh Cat-A l Bridge gc, c B v C u c chi ph l 19, nn ta s ly yu t BID quyt nh. BID ca B l (32.768.BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB) v ca C l (32.768.CC-CC-CC-CC-CC-CC),

do cng 1/2 ca B l Cng c ch nh cho on 3.

Khi mt cng nhn BPDU n s so snh vi cc BPDU nhn c trn cc cng khc (cng nh BPDU c gi trn cng ). Ch BPDU tt nht mi c lu li. Tt nht y c ngha l gi tr thp nht (v d nh BID thp nht tr thnh Bridge gc, gi tr thp nht cng c s dng chn cng gc v cng c ch nh). Mt cng s ngng truyn BPDU nu n nghe c mt BPDU tt hn BPDU ca n.