Call Setup (Basic Mobile Originating Call Diagram)

Basic Mobile Originating Call Diagram

UMTS Handover
There is following categories of handover (also referred to as handoff): 1. Hard Handover Hard handover means that all the old radio links in the UE are removed before the new radio links are established. Hard handover can be seamless or non-seamless. Seamless hard handover means that the handover is not perceptible to the user. In practice a handover that requires a change of the carrier frequency (interfrequency handover) is always performed as hard handover. 2. Soft Handover Soft handover means that the radio links are added and removed in a way that the UE always keeps at least one radio link to the UTRAN. Soft handover is performed by means of macro diversity, which refers to the condition that several radio links are active at the same time. Normally soft handover can be used when cells operated on the same frequency are changed. Softer handover Softer handover is a special case of soft handover where the radio links that are added and removed belong to the same Node B (i.e. the site of co-located base stations from which several sector-cells are served. In softer handover, macro diversity with maximum ratio combining can be performed in the Node B, whereas generally in soft handover on the downlink, macro diversity with selection combining is applied.
3.

Generally we can distinguish between intra-cell handover and inter-cell handover. For UMTS the following types of handover are specified:

Handover 3G -3G (i.e. between UMTS and other 3G systems) FDD soft/softer handover FDD inter-frequency hard handover FDD/TDD handover (change of cell) TDD/FDD handover (change of cell) TDD/TDD handover Handover 3G - 2G (e.g. handover to GSM) Handover 2G - 3G (e.g. handover from GSM)

The most obvious cause for performing a handover is that due to its movement a user can be served in another cell more efficiently (like less power emission, less interference). It may however also be performed for other reasons such as system load control.

ACTIVE, MONITORED, AND DETECTED SET MEASUREMENTS:

Active Set is defined as the set of Node-Bs the UE is simultaneously connected to (i.e., the UTRA cells currently assigning a downlink DPCH to the UE constitute the active set). 2. Cells, which are not included in the active set, but are included in the CELL_INFO_LIST belong to the Monitored Set. 3. Cells detected by the UE, which are neither in the CELL_INFO_LIST nor in the active set belong to the Detected Set. Reporting of measurements of the detected set is only applicable to intra-frequency measurements made by UEs in CELL_DCH state.
1.

UMTS Power Control

1. Open loop power control is the ability of the UE transmitter to sets its output power to a specific value. It is used for setting initial uplink and downlink transmission powers when a UE is accessing the network. The open loop power control tolerance is 9 dB (normal conditions) or 12 dB (extreme conditions) 2. Inner loop power control (also called fast closed loop power control) in the uplink is the ability of the UE transmitter to adjust its output power in accordance with one or more Transmit Power Control (TPC) commands received in the downlink, in order to keep the received uplink Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) at a given SIR target. The UE transmitter is capable of changing the output power with a step size of 1, 2 and 3 dB, in the slot immediately after the TPC_cmd can be derived. Inner loop power control frequency is 1500Hz 3. Outer loop power control is used to maintain the quality of communication at the level of bearer service quality requirement, while using as low power as possible. The uplink outer loop power control is responsible for setting a target SIR in the Node B for each individual uplink inner loop power control. This target SIR is updated for each UE according to the estimated uplink quality (Block Error Ration, Bit Error Ratio) for each Radio Resource Control connection. The downlink outer loop power control is the ability of the UE receiver to converge to required link quality (BLER) set by the network (RNC) in downlink.

UMTS RCC States

1.

CELL_DCH state is characterized by: A dedicated physical channel is allocated to the UE in uplink and downlink. The UE is known on cell level according to its current active set.

 Dedicated transport channels, downlink and uplink (TDD) shared transport channels, and a combination of these transport channels can be used by the UE.
2.

CELL_FACH state is characterized by:

No dedicated physical channel is allocated to the UE. The UE continuously monitors a FACH in the downlink. The UE is assigned a default common or shared transport channel in the uplink (e.g. RACH) that it can use anytime according to the access procedure for that transport channel. The position of the UE is known by UTRAN on cell level according to the cell where the UE last made a cell update. In TDD mode, one or several USCH or DSCH transport channels may have been established. CELL_PCH state is characterized by: No dedicated physical channel is allocated to the UE. The UE selects a PCH with the algorithm, and uses DRX for monitoring the selected PCH via an associated PICH. No uplink activity is possible. The position of the UE is known by UTRAN on cell level according to the cell where the UE last made a cell update in CELL_FACH state.
3.

URA_PCH State is characterized by: No dedicated channel is allocated to the UE. The UE selects a PCH with the algorithm, and uses DRX for monitoring the selected PCH via an associated PICH. No uplink activity is possible. The location of the UE is known on UTRAN Registration area level according to the URA assigned to the UE during the last URA update in CELL_FACH state.
4.