UNIT - I

BJT AMPLIFIERS

In this chapter, we will:

 Understand the concept of an analog signal and

the principle of a linear amplifier.
 Investigate how a transistor circuit can amplify a
small, time-varying input signal.
 Discuss and compare the three basic transistor
amplifier configurations.
 Analyze the common-emitter amplifier.
 Understand the ac load line & determine the
maximum symmetrical swing of the output.
 Analyze the emitter-follower amplifier.
 Analyze the common-base amplifier.
 Analyze multitransistor or multistage amplifiers.

1
 Common Emitter
with Time-Varying Input

IB Versus VBE
Characteristic

2
 ac Equivalent Circuit
for Common Emitter

Small-Signal Hybrid p Model for npn BJT

Phasor signals are shown in parentheses.

3
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Using
Common-Emitter Current Gain

Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit for

npn Common Emitter circuit

4
 Problem-Solving Technique:
BJT AC Analysis

1. Analyze circuit with only dc sources to find Q

point.
2. Replace each element in circuit with small-
signal model, including the hybrid p model for
the transistor.
3. Analyze the small-signal equivalent circuit
after setting dc source components to zero.

Hybrid p Model for npn with Early Effect

5
Hybrid p Model for pnp with Early Effect

Expanded Hybrid p Model for npn

6
 h-Parameter Model for npn

Common Emitter with Voltage-Divider

Bias and a Coupling Capacitor

7
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit –
Coupling Capacitor Assumed a Short

npn Common Emitter

with Emitter Resistor

8
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Common Emitter with RE

RE and Emitter Bypass Capacitor

9
 dc AND ac Load Lines:
RE and Emitter Bypass Capacitor

Current Source Biasing and

Nonlinear Load

10
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit with
Current Biasing and Nonlinear Load

Common-Collector
or Emitter-Follower Amplifier

11
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Emitter Follower

Output Resistance:
Emitter Follower

12
 Common-Base Amplifier

Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:

Common Base

13
 11/2/2020

Input Resistance:
Common Base

Rie = rp/(1+b)

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-27

McGraw-Hill

Output Resistance:
Common Base

RO = RC

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-28

McGraw-Hill

14
 11/2/2020

Common Emitter Cascade Amplifier

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-29

McGraw-Hill

Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:

Cascade Amplifier

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-30

McGraw-Hill

15
 Darlington Pair

Cascode Amplifier

16
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Cascode Amplifier

17
 Analog Circuits

MOSFET Aplifiers

In this chapter, we will:

 Investigate a single-transistor circuit that can amplify a
small, time-varying input signal
 Develop small-signal models that are used in the
analysis of linear amplifiers.
 Discuss and compare the three basic transistor amplifier
configurations.
 Analyze the common-source amplifier.
 Analyze the source-follower amplifier.
 Analyze the common-gate amplifier.
 Analyze multitransistor or multistage amplifiers.

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 4-2

McGraw-Hill

1
 NMOS Common-Source Circuit

NMOS Transistor Small-Signal

Parameters

 Values depends on Q-point

iD id
gm  vGS 
v gs
g m  2 K n (VGSQ  VTN )  2 K n I DQ
ro  ( viDSD ) 1
ro  [K n (VGSQ  VTN ) 2 ]1  [I DQ ]1

2
 Simple NMOS Small-Signal
Equivalent Circuit

NMOS Common-Source Circuit

AC Small-signal

Av  Vo Vi   g m (ro RD )

3
 Problem-Solving Technique:
MOSFET AC Analysis

1. Analyze circuit with only the dc sources to

find quiescent solution. Transistor must be
biased in saturation region for linear amplifier.
2. Replace elements with small-signal model.
3. Analyze small-signal equivalent circuit,
setting dc sources to zero, to produce the
circuit to the time-varying input signals only.

Modeling the Body Effects

4
Common-Source Configuration

DC analysis:
Coupling capacitor is assumed
to be open.

AC analysis:
Coupling capacitor is assumed
to be a short. DC voltage
supply is set to zero volts.

Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit

Ri
Av  Vo Vi   g m (ro RD )( )
Ri  RSi

5
 DC Load Line

Q-point near the middle

of the saturation region
for maximum symmetrical
output voltage swing,.

Small AC input signal for

output response to be
linear.

Common-Source Amplifier with

Source Resistor

6
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit
for Common-Source with Source Resistor

 g m RD
Av 
1  g m RS

Common-Source Amplifier with

Bypass Capacitor

Small-signal equivalent circuit

7
 NMOS Source-Follower
or Common Drain Amplifier

Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit

for Source Follower

RS ro Ri
Av  ( )
1 R  R
 RS ro i Si
gm

8
Determining Output Impedance
NMOS Source Follower

1
RO  RS ro
gm

Common-Gate Circuit

9
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit
for Common Gate

g m ( R D RL ) IO RD g R
Av  Ai  ( )( m Si )
1  g m RSi Ii RD  RL 1  g m RSi

Comparison of 3 Basic Amplifiers

Configuration Voltage Current Input Output

Gain Gain Resistance Resistance

Common __ Moderate
Source Av > 1 RTH to high

Source __
Follower Av ≈ 1 RTH Low

Common Moderate
Gate Av > 1 Ai ≈ 1 Low to high

10