Periodic

classification
of elements
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 Periodic classification of elements
elements klement made atom
single type of
→
up of
-

They cannot be
simplified further .

There 118 elements known till All the elements have

are

it
now .

them
different
properties & was

scientists divided all elements into few

difficult for
such that elements in same
the scientists to
organise .
so the
,

have similar characteristics

groups
group
This makes the elements easier .

study of .

Early attempts at the

classification of elements
→

The the elements resulted in them into

earliest
attempt to
classify grouping
metals & non metals Later
different attempts were made to
classify the
-

elements .

Dobieeiner's triads -

In chemist
1817
Johann Wolfgang Dobéreinee German tried to
•
a
,

elements with similar

, ,
arrange
the
properties into groups .

•
Tte identified each with three elements & named them triads
group
.

Dobéieinee showed that when the elements in the triad are

arranged middle
in
•

their atomic masses then the atomic

in
increasing order
of ,
mass
of
atomic third
element
element
is
.
approximately equal to
average of
masses
of first &

eiscample Li Na k ca sa Ba Cl Be I
•
-

7 23 39 40 88 137 35.5 80 127

T+z39_ 4¥
23
401-2137--1721=88.5 35.52-1272=81.2
= =

Limitations - This law was

applicable only for initial three trials .

'
Newlands law octaves
of
-

In Newlands known
John
'
the then
1866
English scientist
arranged
•
, ,
an ,

element in order atomic

of increasing masses .

(hydrogen) &
Ite started with element
having lowest atomic mass ended at
•

thorium (56th element) .

 found elements
Ite that when the
arranged
8th element increasing
in order
of their
•
are

then the similar to its

atomic mass
,
property of every
is
found
respective first one .

•
Ite
compared it to the octaves found in music (sa ne
pa da )
ni
ga
, ,
ma , ,
, ,
•
& thus called it Newlands law
'

of octaves
'
Law octaves This is called
of
.

sa da ni
ga por
ne ma

( do) ( re) 1mi Cfa) Iso ) (ta) (ti)

H hi Be B C N O

Na si P
F
Mg ede S

U k Ca Ca Ti Mn Fe
co & Ni en Tun Y In As Se

Br Rb See Celina In -
-

Limitations
This law calcium
applicable only till calcium After every eighth
element
•
was .

did not
possess properties similar first
to the .

He claimed that 56 elements existed in nature & elements would be

only Later
•
no more

discovered in elements discovered whose did not

future .

,
new were
,
properties
into the octaves
fit Law
of .

Newlands
'

In order to
fit elements into his table
adjusted two elements in the
•
.

slot unlike elements under the

same
,
but also
put some same note .

eescample -
Cobalt & Nickel are in the same slot & these are
placed in the
which have than co & Ni
very different properties
same column as U .
F & Be .

→
Mendeleev 's Periodic Table

Periodic
One
of the most
important contributor to the
early development of
-

Table elements Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev Russian chemist

of was ,
a .

The elements
arrangedthe fundamental property
the basis ltne
on
of their
-

were ,

chemical
atomic mass & also on
similarity of properties .

63 elements known when he started his work

Only were
-

Ite examined the between atomic the elements & their

relationship of
-

masses

& chemical
physical properties .

chemical
Among properties he concentrated on
compounds formed by
the
-

reactive &
elements with
oxygen
&
hydrogen as
they are
very formed compound
with most elements .
 The formulae of the
hydrides & oxides
formed by element treated
-

an were as

one
of the basic
properties of an element its for classification .

Ite took & each card Then he

63 cards wrote the
properties of each element on
-

the elements similar

sorted with
properties & pinned them on the wall .

observed that all the elements in the order

He were
arranged of increasing
-

atomic masses .

Ite also observed that there elements with

was a
periodic recurrence
of
-

& chemical
similar
physical properties .

He observed that elements with similar vertical

properties fall in the same
-

The vertical column are called

column .

groups
&
horizontal rows are

called
periods .

'

On this basis Mendelian Periodic law which states that the

formulated a
-

their atomic masses !

properties of elements are the
periodic function of

Achievements ellendeléev 's Periodic table

of
Meddler
left gaps
in the Periodic table
for the elements not discovered
-

some

named them Sanskrit numeral ,

that time Tte
prefixing
byelement
at .
a

Coned in the
hka to the name
ofpreceding same
group Eg
Eka -
-
.

aluminium & hka silicon which named scandium

boron hka were
gallium
- -

, , ,

&
germanium respectively after discovery .

Ite predicted the properties of several elements the basis

of their position
-

on

in the
periodic table Elements like scandium gallium & germanium have
.

Mendeleev
properties similar to those
predicted by .
 Properties
ed tonic mass
aka -
aluminium
68
Gallium
69.7
Formula
of oxide 203
E Ga Dz
Formula chloride
of E Ug Ga Az

the table instances

While
developing there were
few were ellendeléev had to
-

atomic
place an element with
greater
slightly that mass
before an element with
lower atomic elements with similar
slightly mass so
properties could be

grouped together .

Noble which discovered later could be

placed in his table
gases
were
-

without
disturbing the
existing order -

Mendeleev 's
Limitations
of classification
Position
of hydrogen configuration of hydrogen resembles that of
Electronic
-
-

alkali metals Like alkali metals

hydrogen combines .

with
halogensitoxygen &,
sulphur to form compounds having similar formulae .

Like exists diatomic molecule & combines with metals & metals
halogen as non -

Thus
to
form covalent
compounds .

,
its
position was not
fixed in the table .

Position
of isotopes
-

Isotopes were discovered

long after Mendeleev 's Periodic
table .
thus ,
position of isotopes of all elements could not
attested
be
properly .

order atomic elements The atomic do not

Wrong of masses
of some masses
-

increase in
in
a
regular manner

going from one element to another so it was not possible . to

predict how
elements could be discovered between two elements
many
.

→ The Modern Periodic Table

In 1913 ,
Henry Moseley showed that etne atomic number (2) of an

than its atomic

element is more
fundamental property mass .

•
he Mendeleev 's Periodic
-

On the basis
of modified
this ,
law as
Properties of
elements are a
periodic function of their atomic number ? This is called
ellodeen
periodic law .

elements
When the are
arranged in
increasing order
of atomic number
-

the obtained table is Modern Periodic table .

The table consists vertical columns called & 7

of 18
horizontal
-

groups
rows called
periods .
 The elements in have valence elections &
present a
group same no
of
-

have the same

No shells increases
valency .

down the
of as we
go group
-
-
.

The elements have identical chemical

in a
group properties
-

Physical properties of the element such as

melting point boiling point , ,

density vary gradually in group a .

elections instead
Elements in
period do not have of valence they
-

same no .

have same no
of shells elections
. .

unit the atomic

The valence shell
no
of increases
byto one as no
-

. .

increases
shells
by one unit on
moving from left
element in
right in period a .
Thus
,
no .

of
are same
for different same
period .

valence shell elections

-
chemical
properties of elements changes as the no .

of
changes .

elements based how electrons

Different periods have
different no
of on are
filled
-
.

invarious shells ellascimum electrons that be accommodated in

.
.
no
of can a

shell is 2Ñ (n nucleus)
the
given by formula ,
. = no -

of given shells
from
2×12 has elements & is called
K -

shell → = 2
,
hence
first period 2

very
short
period .

2×22--8
L shell → hence second
period has 8 elements & is called short
-

period .

2×32--18
M shell but the outermost shell have
only 8 electrons thus
→
-

,
can ,
 third
period has 8 elements & is called short
period .

called
Fourth &
fifth periods have 18 elements & are
long periods .

sixth & seventh have 52 elements & called

periods are
very long periods .

Position elements in the etlodun Periodic table

of
-

the element in etw

One can
find position of periodic table by writing
its electronic
configurationin & then finding the
period & group from its
electronic
configuration following way
:

The electron shells in its atom

period number is equal to the of
-

no .
.

leg If to 3rd
the atom
-

of element has 5 an electron shells (K ,

L& M ) then it

belongs period .

If elements have valence shells

two or same no
of then
they belong to
-

more .

the same
period .

The number element electrons

group of having upto two valence is
equal
-

an

the valence elections

to
ofno . .

leg -

if an element has 1 valence election ,

it
belongs to group 1- & an element
valence elections
with 2
belongs to
group
2 .

element
The
having than valence election Is
equal
2
group of
no an more to
-
.

valence elections
plus 10 .

element has 4 valence elections then its is 4-110=14

hey If an
group
no
-
. .

valence elections then

If two or more elements have same no
of they belong to
-

the
group
same
about
.

also tells
element present
of
If elements
" are
Position
they
"

reactivity extremely night metals

.

chemical
left or -

non
at extreme metals or

reactive
highly respectively
.
.
. .

are
-

Trends in the Modern Periodic table

Valency The
capacity isof called
atom of an element to
acquire noble
-

an

the
gas
configuration valence . It
depends on no .

of valence
electrons in the outermost shell
present .

For valence elections

For
group
elements
1, 2,13 & 14 →
valency
15 onwards
= no .

of
valence elections
from group valency 8
→ = -
.

In the outer electronic

a
group .
the
valency of all elements is same '
as

valence
configuration of
elections .
all elements are same ,
as
-

they have same no .

of
elements have
eogcample -

of group 2
valency = 2 .

Group elements
2 Electronic
configuration Valency .

Beryllium CB49e) 2 ,
2 2

Magnesium g) 2,8 2 2
,

2
calcium ( ) Ca 2,8 8,2 ,

each short
On
moving from left to
right in
period .
the
valency of an

element increases
from 1 to (till 4 14 ) & then decreases to zero
group
( 15 to I 8)
the Be B C N O F Ne
I 2 3 4 3 2 I 0

atomic It
edtomio
size
-

siege refers to the radius

of an atom .

may
be
the distance between the centre the
visualized as
of nucleus
& the outermost shell isolated atom
of an .

atomic radius decreases in

The
left to right along
moving fromwhich a

due to an increase in nuclear

period ,
charge pull the electrons closer
to the nucleus & reduce the
size of atoms
Bo Boo
• •

•
Na Al
Mg • Si •

• •
••

The atomic radius increases down the as new shells are addicted
group ,

while down the This increases the distance between outermost

shell &
going
nucleus .
group
.

µ••
•

Li

••

Na
 Metallic & metallic
non -

properties
elements which have
Metals
tendency to lose electrons &
-

are a one or more

ion
form positive .

the centre
Metals are
present on the
left side as well
ofperiodic table
-

as .

lose electrons is called metallic characteristic

The
tendency to
-
.

As metals
form positive ions
they are also called electropositive elements
-
.

Non elements which have electrons & form

metals are a
tendency to
gain
- -

negative ions .

metals the
Non
present right hand side
of periodic table
-

on
.

-
are -

The electron is called metallic characteristics

tendency to
gain non
- -

eds metals
form negative ions
they are also called
electronegative
-

non -

elements .

In metals
-

period table
gig gag
,
lines
separates metals &
-
Borderline non -
.

silicon tellurium &

elements - boron ,
germanium
intermediate in
arsenic,
antimony
called metalloids
,

semi metals
, ,

polonium -
are &
properties are or - .

eds
effective nuclear charge acting
the the valence shell elections increases
-

on

across
period the tendency to loss elections decrease Thus metallic
a
,
.

character decreases the

period across .

effective valence electrons

Down the
group
the nuclear
charge experienced by
-

decrease because the outermost elections are

farther away from nucleus .

be lost metallic character increases down

Therefore
the
,
these can
easily . Thus

group
.

edue
Least metallic
hi Metals
Metalloid Non metal
-
acche
ke
se
aamighne
ke
PTA liye app
metallic
character ÉÉdl
k
Tse
metallic character decrease
lectures
game dekhiye
•⑨
. . .

increases
pub Non metallic character increase
-

Cs
Fn
Most metallic