MKT2802 Logic Circuits

Dr. Kadir ERKAN

Mechatronics Engineering Department

Spring : 2021

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1’s-Complement Form
The 1’s complement of a binary number is obtained by changing each 0 to a
1 and each 1 to a 0. In other words, change each bit in the number to its
complement. The process is shown below.

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2’s-Complement Form
The 2’s complement of a binary number is formed by taking the 1’s
complement of the number and adding 1 to the least-significant-bit position.
The process is illustrated below for (101101)2 = (45)10.

Here’s another example of converting a binary number to its 2’s- complement

representation:

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Subtraction by 2’s-Complement Form
Clear MSD, rest of the result
number is the expected
result
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Take 2’s complement of
subtrahend number
Sum up minuend and
complemented number
Observe the result
YES Number of digit of resulted
grater than highest digit
number?
NO
Find 2’s complement of
result number and put – sign
in front of result ! This is the
expected result
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Subtraction by 2’s-Complement Form

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Subtraction by 2’s-Complement Form

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Subtraction by 1’s-Complement Form

Take 1’s complement of the

subtrahend number

Sum up them inuend and the

complemented number

Observe the result

Clear MSD, add 1 to rest of YES Number of digit of the result
the result, this is the
grater than the highest digit
expected result
number?

NO

Find 1’s complement of the

result and put – sign in front
of the result! This is the
expected result

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Subtraction by 1’s-Complement Form

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Subtraction by 1’s-Complement Form

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Binary Logic and Gates
 Logic gates are the basic building blocks for forming digital electronic
circuitry.
 A logic gate has one output terminal and one or more input terminals.
 Its output would be HIGH (1) or Low (0) depending on the digital level (s)
at the input terminal (s).
 The logic gates can be used to design digital systems that will evaluate
digital input levels and produce a specific output response based on that
particular logic circuit design.

We will study the following logic gates in this

 The INVERTER, AND and OR gates are considered to be the basic

logic gates in the field of digital electronics.

 The NAND, NOR, Exclusive-OR and Exclusive- NOR gates are

constructed using the basic logic gates.
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Binary Logic and Gates
A truth table is a means for describing how a logic circuit’s output depends
on the logic levels present at the circuit’s inputs.

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NOT Gate
A NOT gate is a one-input, one-output logic circuit whose output is always
the complement of the input. That is, a LOW input produces a HIGH output,
and vice versa.

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NOT Gate
An OR gate performs an ORing operation on two or more than two logic
variables.
The OR operation on two independent logic variables A and B is written as
Y = A+B and reads as Y equals A OR B and not as A plus B.
An OR gate is a logic circuit with two or more inputs and one output. The
output of an OR gate is LOW only when all of its inputs are LOW. For all
other possible input combinations, the output is HIGH.

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OR Gate

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NOR Gate
An OR gate followed by a NOT circuit makes it a NOR gate!
The truth table of a NOR gate is obtained from the truth table of an OR gate by
complementing the output entries. The output of a NOR gate is a logic ‘1’ when all its
inputs are logic ‘0’. For all other input combinations, the output is a logic ‘0’.

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NOR Gate

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AND Gate
An AND gate is a logic circuit having two or more inputs and one output. The
output of an AND gate is HIGH only when all of its inputs are in the HIGH
state. In all other cases, the output is LOW.

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AND Gate

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NAND Gate
An AND gate followed by a NOT circuit makes it a NAND gate!
The truth table of a NAND gate is obtained from the truth table of an AND
gate by complementing the output entries. The output of a NAND gate is a
logic ‘0’ when all its inputs are a logic ‘1’. For all other input combinations, the
output is a logic ‘1’.

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NAND Gate

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EXCLUSIVE-OR (EXOR) Gate
The EXCLUSIVE-OR gate, commonly written as EX-OR gate, is a two-input, one-
output gate.
The output of an EX-OR gate is a logic ‘1’ when the inputs are unlike and a logic ‘0’
when the inputs are like. Although EX-OR gates are available in integrated circuit
form only as two-input gates, unlike other gates which are available in multiple inputs
also, multiple-input EX-OR logic functions can be implemented using more than one
two-input gates.

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EXCLUSIVE-OR (EXOR) Gate

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EXCLUSIVE-NOT-OR (EXNOR) Gate
EXCLUSIVE-NOR (commonly written as EX-NOR) means NOT of EX-OR, i.e. the
logic gate that we get by complementing the output of an EX-OR gate.

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EXCLUSIVE-NOT-OR (EXNOR) Gate

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Digital Buffer
In digital electronic circuits we need to isolate logic gates from each other or have
them drive or switch higher than normal loads, such as relays, solenoids and lamps
without the need for inversion. One type of single input logic gate that allows us to do
just that is called the Digital Buffer.

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Three-State Buffer
A Tri-state Buffer can be thought of as an input controlled switch with an output that
can be electronically turned “ON” or “OFF” by means of an external “Control” or
“Enable” ( EN ) signal input. This control signal can be either a logic “0” or a logic “1”
type signal resulting in the Tri-state Buffer being in one state allowing its output to
operate normally producing the required output or in another state were its output is
blocked or disconnected.

Digital Buffers and Tri-state Buffers can provide current amplification in a

digital circuit to drive output loads

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Three-State Buffer
Tri-state Buffers are available in integrated form as quad, hex or octal buffer/drivers in
both uni-directional and bi-directional forms, with the more common being the TTL
74240, the TTL 74244 and the TTL 74245

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Pull-up and Pull-down Resistors
One final point to remember, when connecting together digital logic gates to produce
logic circuits, any “unused” inputs to the gates must be connected directly to
either a logic level “1” or a logic level “0” by means of a suitable “Pull-up” or
“Pull-down” resistor ( for example 1kΩ resistor ) to produce a fixed logic signal.
This will prevent the unused input to the gate from “floating” about and producing
false switching of the gate and circuit.

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Pull-up and Pull-down Resistors
As well as using pull-up or pull-down resistors to prevent unused logic gates from
floating about, spare inputs to gates and latches can also be connected together or
connected to left-over or spare gates within a single IC package as shown.

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Three-State Buffer

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IEEE / ANSI symbols.

This standard uses a

rectangular symbol for all
devices instead of a different
symbol shape for each
device.

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Application-Relevant Information

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Application-Relevant Information

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Application-Relevant Information

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Key terms

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