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1.Terjemah artikel.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT

IN INDONESIA

Titik Meldawati

Teaching Staff at the Indonesian College of Economics (STIESIA) Surabaya

ABSTRACT

This article discusses the role of information technology which is a combination of: computer
technology with the communication technology needed in the information age. One form of
information technology is the emergence of the internet which is an information network that
has a large and wide reach and is available e-commerce, business which is another alternative
for business people. Besides that, the development of information technology in Indonesia, its
obstacles and expectations.

Keywords: information technology, internet, e-commerce business

1. INTRODUCTION
Information Technology changes things quickly. Information technology, which is a
combination of computer technology and telecommunications, has replaced the industrial
paradigm into a post-industrial paradigm which also means changing environmental behavior.

business or business people, which means that information technology gains closeness between
business people and their customers, because this shortens the distance and time so that will
reduce the distance and time gap between consumer demand and fulfillment of their needs.
With the changes in this business environment, it will cause changes in the form of
management decision-making which mean that the structure organization with this information
technology demands a fast structure formed and reformed as a result of rapid changes.

The history of economic development is divided into three eras, namely the agricultural era
(agricultural era), industrial era (industrial era), and the information age (information era)
(Robert K. Elliot, 1992). Before 8000 BC, people lived by hunting, gather, fish, so that they
eat from what they get and move around (nomadic). Then 10,000 years after that until 1650,
began an era called the agricultural era with the start of sedentary life and cultivating land

Information Technology and Its Development (Point Mildawati) 101 agriculture. Starting in
1650, the industrial era began with the invention of the steam engine which helps human labor
in factories that convert raw materials into finished goods, the growth of the cities where the
factories are located, the expansion of industrial markets. In 1955 invented the transistor and
the first commercial computer installation (although computers first using vacuum tubes that
combine computers with semi-conductors) began the information age. In the information age,
system drivers are not human like the agricultural era or the machine in the industrial era, but
information. The accounting system in this industrial era only considers wealth or assets
tangible assets, focuses on products, accounting is recorded when incurred, and hierarchical
organizations. While the third era accounting system is focusing on focus on changing
resources and processes. Because information age managers must changing organizational
forms that facilitate the implementation of resources and processes.

The resources and obligations measured in the third era system must also change, so the third
era accounting system must allow for a networked form of organization, which is a form of
organization that allows members to move quickly, large and eventually disappear. The
resources that drive third-era companies are information which is an asset, as are other assets,
namely research and development, people, knowledge, data, and capacity for innovation. This
asset is not visible on the second-era balance sheet.

Third-era accounting systems must present information in real time within the business without
waiting for new events to occur and then recording them. In practice, many companies are
entirely using computer integrated factory which is a continuous process activity. This
extraordinary added value is being able to see the work in progress on the shop floor
(production site) per week or per month without any manual counting of goods and by stopping
all activities.

2. INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY Information technology is needed in the third era, so that the accounting
system can be implemented. Information technology enables third- generation companies to
collect, analyze, report, and disseminate new types of information: (Robert Elliott, 1992).

 Automated Data Capture: This is the great advantage that information technology
offers, the opportunity to design customer, employee, supplier interfaces. by way of the
interaction of the captured data automatically.
  Instantaneous Access and Processing: This is an advantage of the time dimension of
information technology. Third-era accounting systems must allow for analyzing and
reacting to real-time market data. Data and analysis must be accessible by the user or
the user immediately.
102 Equity Vol.4 No.2 June 2000: 101-110

 Geographical Freedom: This is the spatial dimension of the advantages of information

technology. The third era accounting system must be aimed at all aspects of the
company without neglecting remote areas which means that information from
anywhere in the company can be accessed by managers immediately.
 Fully Versatile Analysis and Reporting: Information technology enables third-
generation accounting systems to carry out new analyzes and report in new formats as
required. Managers of third-generation companies must have data reported in the
manner requested, even if the report has never been requested before.
 Capacity for Additional Data Types: Information technology allows managers to add
new information to new information systems without redesigning the entire structure.
 Access to External Data Bases: Information technology can enable third-generation
accounting systems to open external databases. A lot of information needed in the
accounting system era third on competitors and other market insights.
Also information will be able to be used from the community database and will have to be
organized at the request of management.

Technology is needed to shape the third-era accounting system, but that's not enough. The
technology used in the system must be designed to serve the company's needs, must reflect the
company's vision and managerial strategy, and must be integral to the company's structure,
style and goals. So technological capabilities must be managed effectively so that they can
encourage changes in the behavior of someone who uses technology for profitable competition.

Information technology can cause a shift in the way of practice and a change in the way of
thinking, for example if previously optimal business practices were often considered the main
principle, this can be shown by a change in the optimal principle, namely the presence of
information technology has made this principle questionable, namely it is not optimization that
plays a role. Important, but innovation holds the key. So fast is innovation for innovation that
optimization with an innovation is easily broken by optimization with the following
innovations, so that with new innovations that develop rapidly, the optimization principle is
not a benchmark for the success of a business.

Information technology in the field of computers is developing very rapidly, starting from
advances in the cost/performance field of computers, the architecture known as client/server,
appearances that make information technology easier to use, information Technology and its
Development 103 storage media with a larger and more reliable capacity, advances in the field
of artificial intelligence to its physical appearance which is getting smaller and more portable.
Technically advances in the field of information technology are no longer in doubt, but can
companies use them optimally, this is not an easy and complex job. In implementing
information technology, it is necessary to balance 5 elements of information systems, namely:
hard ware, software, human resources, data and facilities/procedures (including strategy).

The internet which is one of the results of information technology is an information resource
that is able to reach the whole world. The information resources are so vast and large, that no
single person, organization, or even a single country can handle it alone. However, the internet
is not just a network and the usefulness of the internet is not from the computer itself but from
information resources obtained from the internet. Computers are important in relation to the
internet because computers do the job of moving data from one place to another, and executing
programs that provide opportunities to access information.

The internet can be seen as a global library, so that all users can participate at all times (the
internet never closes), besides that it doesn't matter who the user is, the internet always accepts
and the internet never sees how someone looks, the internet doesn't see what color someone's
skin is, what religion he adheres to, where he lives, what is his social status. The Internet
provides an opportunity for users around the world to communicate and increase resources that
information. A person can communicate with other users around the world by sending and
receiving electronic-mail (e-mail) or by establishing a connection with other computers and
entering messages to and from that computer. One can share information resources by
participating in discussion groups or by using programs and information resources that are
available free of charge. The internet will communicate with people from different countries,
work together and share information resources. People share their time, their efforts, and their
work.

Internet is a dynamic picture that humans are able to communicate freely will choose to be
social and selfless. Information resources exist because some people and groups give their time,
effort and work, they have ideas, organize them, create something useful, and make it available
to every user around the world. This is the first time in human history that an unlimited number
of people can communicate quickly and easily, and do not discriminate between humans.

Information technology, in addition to providing many benefits in business, management must

be aware of the risks and threats of harm from information technology, therefore managers
need to be careful in formulating plans/strategies for implementing information technology.

104 Ekuitas Vol.4 No.2 June 2000:

101-110 the use of information technology and its implementation. Information technology is
often used in increasing productivity in companies, but there are several things that can cause
delays in the success of the use of information technology which can be described as follows:

 High cost: Compared to the price of old equipment, such as typewriters, storage
cabinets, even though they are already get a discount, locally made personal computers
are still more expensive.
 The process of mastering technology is slow.
 Rapid technological developments and incompatibility issues.
  Barriers to work, there are often situations where groups of workers refuse to enter fully
automated equipment.
 There are still many information technology that is less reliable, namely hardware that
suddenly breaks or software that still has many errors.
 Unprepared organization in change management, decision making, coordination and
others. Mismanagement: The use of computers by management is often still
inappropriate: underutilized, too much use or use for inappropriate purposes.
 Inconsistency between software design and its use and use.

3. E-COMMERCE BUSINESS IN INDONESIA

In this article, the author focuses on electronic-commerce or e-commerce and its development
in Indonesia, which is one example of the benefits of information technology using the internet.
E-commerce is another traditional form of commerce that offers physical goods. With more
and more suppliers who offer in malls or stores, suppliers can develop and replace other ways
of offering their products by utilizing information technology computer-based, namely by
utilizing the internet.

E-commerce is a new way for business people to do business not a way or a tool to earn income
or cost savings, if the results obtained by using e-commerce is to increase income or reduce
revenue, then this is a positive impact of the use of e-com merce. The most important advantage
of using e-commerce is that the market is able to reach not only the local market but the global
market, which is not limited by time, geography, actors, so that transactions can be carried out
at any time, anywhere and anyone.

Information Technology and Its Development (Point Mildawati) 105

As stated above, the information technology business faces many challenges the problem is
especially the problem of the high costs associated with technology On the other hand, there is
an opinion which states that businesses that rely on information technology does not always
require an expensive investment, so the more many people turn their business to e-commerce
business. The one that became

The attraction of this business is the high value of an e-commerce company, though to set it up
does not require a large investment, for example a Verisign information technology company
in the United States whose annual income is only USD 25 million, but the market capitalization
of the company is USD 20 to USD 25 billion. This business has become a business with small
capital and low prices at this time (presentvalue), but based on the future value the price
becomes large. (Andi Sutejo, 2000).

From this description it can be concluded that the establishment of an e-commerce business
cannot be it is said to be expensive, the investment is only USD 25,000.00 and the company
has been able to open this business and sell by opening a large mall. Company value can so
high, this requires special calculations, for example, measured using indicators of the number
of networks and the number of existing subscribers. This measurement can be analogous to a
mall which can be measured by the number of visitors who come to the mall. If each member
is valued with a number of dollars, then the network of an e-commerce company that is so
extensive will be a valuable asset priceless. In starting an e-commerce business, one of the most
important and must be prepared previously seriously is the state's readiness as well as a
certificate that secures shopping through this online network, for example to anticipate if the
customer has paid, but the goods that have been paid are not sent, this require legal
infrastructure. Besides that, it also requires infrastructure cheap communication because this e-
commerce business is closely related to satellite or fiber optics. What is called an e-commerce
business is not only someone who can do it making a home page or looking through the internet
only, but it also requires complete infrastructure support, namely the existence of certification
as previously stated, adequate systems and procedures in doing business in this line,
management, guarantee of products being traded whether the products are sent in accordance
with the ordered both in terms of quantity, quality, and delivery, anticipate access global,
language diversity, currency differences and others. In terms of infrastructure technology,
Indonesia is seen as ready to organize e-commerce because Indonesia already has satellites, it
has developed and there are more and more Companies internet service providers (Internet
Service Providers), and various kinds of products that are available and can be traded, so that
the largest part consumes investment funds already fulfilled. The things mentioned above are
things that support the existence of an e-commerce business. Besides that, there are things that
are the main obstacles in developing the e-commerce business.

106 Equity Vol.4 No.2 June 2000: 101-110 commerce is the knowledge of the community,
including business people, which is still low. Business people generally lack knowledge and
information, while the people who become the target as a customer does not understand and
understand technical problems such as payment and delivery of goods.

From the description of e-commerce mentioned above, it can be seen that the rapid
development in the use of information technology in developed countries, in fact, does not fully
occur in Indonesia. The development of information technology in Indonesia is still far behind
when compared to Singapore and Hong Kong which are still within the Asian region. In the
countries mentioned above, more and more individuals are meet their needs via the internet
and there is a tendency that all systems are on the internet, starting from grocery stores,
cooperatives, information/news or entertainment media, and stock exchanges. Stock this brings
a variety of ease, smoothness and efficiency and is able to expand the market network quickly
without having to spend a lot of pro -motion costs (Info Financial, 2000).

The most basic factor of the slow application of information technology in Indonesia stems
from the culture of the people who are still accustomed to a traditional life. Information
technology problems in Indonesia include the following: following: KNA III, 1996)

The culture of the Indonesian people who still rely a lot on work manually because of the low
cost of labor.

 Development of information technology is still carried out on a sectoral basis. There

isn't any yet government agencies that deal specifically. The only control over
development of information technology in Indonesia is the screening of proposals
 development of information technology by Bapenas. And of course it's just limited to
the implementation of information technology projects among agencies government.
 There is no uniformity in the national database and uniformity in terms of hardware and
software usage. This is also caused by because there is no agency that plans the
development of information technology in an integrated manner.
 There is still a culture of protection for certain industries/companies.
In terms of telecommunications infrastructure: the tariff for data telecommunications lines is
still considered to be very expensive and inadequate quality.

Even so, the enthusiasm to jump into information technology continues along with the trend of
globalization which requires a person to open up to to the development of the external world
environment has a large share in the development of Information Technology and Its
Development (Point Mildawati) 107 development of information technology, the influence of
information technology spreads throughout the world does not again only around developed
countries but also in developing countries including Indonesia.

For Indonesia, although so far it is felt that it is a bit late in applying it due to various things
that have become obstacles in its development, progress in the field of information technology
is believed to be something that must be followed continuously, for example PT. Astra Graphia
Tbk, currently has developed e-business for its customers who are abroad, currently it continues
to study e-commerce because it intends to develop it. Mastering in this field is a must, at least
continuing to study advances in the field of information technology, this is done while
continuously applying it to their daily work. (News Economics, 2000). Besides that, Lippo
Life, which was previously a company in Indonesia in the life insurance sector, shifting its
business to the cyber internet and e-commerce fields by changing its name to Lippo E-net
invested 2 trillion for develop and build cyberspace in Indonesia which is expected to be a the
third largest provider of cyberspace infrastructure after Indosat and Telkom (Info Financial,
2000). Besides, if you look at the stock exchange, it is estimated that there will be more
companies internet based ready to get big payout through the IPO process. Stocks Information
technology on the JSE is starting to attract investors, this can be seen from the strengthening
of several shares of information technology issuers on the JSE accompanied by high market
capitalization on the stock exchange in general in the first and second weeks of January 2000,
for example Lippo shares. Life initial price this year (as of date January 4, 2000) the price was
in the position of Rp.475.00 on January 13, 2000 to reach Rp. 950.00 with a good upward trend.
Metrodata shares ever reached the highest point in the position of Rp. 3,275.00 on January 11,
2000 from the initial trading position on January 4, 2000 amounting to Rp. 2,350.00 while
Astra Graphia reached highest position Rp. 10,000.00 on January 11, 2000 from the initial
trading position January 4, 2000 amounting to Rp. 6.100,00 (Warta Ekonomi, 2000). Basically
people buy information technology stocks representing the world economy future (new
economy) which will be driven by information technology or the internet will change the way
people live, so it will be attractive to investors.
 4. HOPE FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN
INDONESIA.
The philosophy of top management in Indonesia is still a lot of reluctance or lack of use
information technology in Indonesia because there are still many who focus on increasing
efficiency and productivity, this shows the fact that awareness

108 Equity Vol.4 No.2 June 2000: 101-110 the importance of information technology is still
not an important thing and this awareness is only happening at the lower and middle levels.
Attempt to start This awareness can start from one of the professions, namely accountants as a
person which assists management in decision making by increasing knowledge about
information technology, so that it contributes a huge impact on the company's strategy. From
this it can be seen that the widespread the adoption of information technology in Indonesia, of
course, will have a special impact on accounting profession, so that : ( KNA III, 1996 )

 Accountants can no longer focus on issues surrounding accounting.

 Accountants are expected to contribute in determining the company's strategic perform
an analysis of the company's activities.
 Accounting is expected to understand the strength of the resulting company by a
combination of business strategy with information technology.
 With the increasing awareness of information technology, communication is expected
the gap that has been happening so often can be reduced.
With the start of accountants in the takeover of information technology, it is expected that will
have an impact on the development of information technology in Indonesia.

5. CONCULASION
From the discussion described above, it can be concluded that information technology which
is a combination of computer technology and communication technology is what is needed in
the third era, namely the information age. One form information technology is the emergence
of the internet which is a network of information the person who has a large and broad reach
that does not limit time, place, as well as users. And one form of the internet that is in the line
of business is the existence of an e-commerce business which is another method or tool that
can be used to It's a businessman to market a business other than a traditional business/mall.
The rapid advancement of information technology in developed countries is not accompanied
by the development of rapid development in Indonesia. This obstacle is mainly due to the
management philosophy which focuses more on efficiency and productivity than on technology
needs the information itself. But on the other hand, the development of information technology
exists, this is this can be seen by the increasing number of companies engaged in the technology
business sector. Information technology and the increasing prevalence of information
technology stocks on the stock exchange, this is shows that the information technology
business has begun to develop in Indonesia. The development of information technology can
be started from accountants as staff who assist managers in decision making by increasing
knowledge accountants for information technology.
 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Andy Sutedjo, 2000, Investing in E-Commerce Business, Warta Ekonomi,

No.41/TH.XI/ 28 February

Financial information, 2000, Lippo Life in Cyber Internet and E-Commerce

Business, 16/XI/02 February.

Financial information, 2000, Information Technology is Increasingly

Interested by Investors, 16/XI/02 February. National Accounting Conference III, 1996

Muhamad Ihsan and Prananda Herdiawan, 2000, Between Dreams and the
Future, economic News,No.41/Th.XI/28 February.

Robert K. Elliot, 1992, The Third Wave Breaks on the Shores of Accounting,
Accounting Horizon, June.
Economic News, 2000, New Economists and Economists, No.3/TH.XI/31
January

2.Langkah-langkah penggunaan googel translate.

 Buka web GOOGLE TRANSLATE.

 Klik TERJEMAHKAN DOKUMEN letaknya persis dibawah kolom,
tulisannya berwarna biru pada layar tampilan .
 Klik CHOOSE FILE, lalu pilih jurnal/dokumen yang mau diterjemahkan.
 Lalu klik TERJEMAHKAN terletak di pojok kanan atas layar tampilan.
 Tunggu beberapa saat akan muncul hasil terjemahan.

3.Beberapa tenses yang digunakan pada artikel tersebut

Simple Present Tense

“Information technology, which is a combination of computer technology and
telecommunications, has replaced the industrial paradigm into a post-industrial
paradigm.”
Simple Past Tense
“Beginning in 1650, the industrial era began with the invention of the steam
engine”
“Before 8000 BC, people lived from hunting, gathering, fishing, so they ate from
what they got and moved around (nomads).”
 Present Continous
“Information Technology changes things quickly.”
Simple Future Tense
“With the changes in the business environment, it will cause changes in the form of
management decision”.

4.Vocabularies pada artikel tersebut!

 Vocab kata kerja = Discusses, changes, Began, combination, communicate,

happening, etc.
 Vocab kata benda = Technology, people, management, place, users, countries, etc.
 Vocab kata keterangan = Cultural, currently, distance, due, effectively,
environment, required, expensive, etc.

5.Kesulitan dalam terjemahan ini.

Kesulitan yang saya alami dalam menerjemahkan artikel diatas adalah dalam mencari
tenses dan vocabulary, karena kosa kata serta kalimat yang banyak membuat saya harus
meneliti setiap kalimat.