FOUNDATION OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE

EDUCATION

Mary Germaine Pelingon-Tagnong, MEd

There is no greater disability in society; than the inability to see a person as more

UNDERSTANDING DIFFICULT TERMS

Inclusive Education
defined as a learning environment that promotes the full personal, academic and
professional development of all learners irrespective of race, class, colour, gender,
disability, sexual preference, learning styles and language.

Inclusive Education
defined as a learning environment that promotes the full personal, academic and
professional development of all learners irrespective of race, class, colour, gender,
disability, sexual preference, learning styles and language.

🡪It is individually planned , systematically implemented, and carefully evaluated

instruction to help exceptional children achieve the greatest possible personal self-
sufficiency and success in present and future environments. ( Heward,2003)
SPECIAL EDUCATION

🡪It is individually planned , systematically implemented, and carefully evaluated

instruction to help exceptional children achieve the greatest possible personal self-
sufficiency and success in present and future environments. ( Heward,2003)

INCLUSION

🡪in education it is an approach to educating students with special educational needs

🡪students with special needs spend most of their time with non-disabled
students

INCLUSION

🡪in education it is an approach to educating students with special educational needs

 🡪students with special needs spend most of their time with non-disabled
students

INCLUSIVE
- including or covering all the services, facilities, or items
normally expected or required

An inclusivegroupororganizationtriestoincludemany differenttypesofpeopleandtreatthem
allfairlyandequally.

INCLUSIVE
- including or covering all the services, facilities, or items
normally expected or required

An inclusivegroupororganizationtriestoincludemany differenttypesofpeopleandtreatthem
allfairlyandequally.

DISABILITY

a physical, mental, cognitive, or developmental condition that impairs,

interferes with, or limits a person's ability to engage in certain tasks or actions or
participate in typical daily activities and interactions

DISABILITY

a physical, mental, cognitive, or developmental condition that impairs,

interferes with, or limits a person's ability to engage in certain tasks or actions or
participate in typical daily activities and interactions

IMPAIRMENT
any loss or abnormality of physiological, psychological, or
anatomical structure or function, whether permanent or temporary

IMPAIREMENT

In psychological terms, it is the essence of the person : his

thoughts, feelings, and actions, experiences, beliefs, values, principles and
relationships. It includes persons life purpose, meaning and aspirations.

HANDICAPPED
 A condition that distinctly restricts a person's ability to
function physically, mentally, or socially.

the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of

physical or mental unfitness

HANDICAPPED

In psychological terms, it is the essence of the person : his

thoughts, feelings, and actions, experiences, beliefs, values, principles and
relationships. It includes persons life purpose, meaning and aspirations.

COLLABORATION

the action of working with someone to

produce or create something

Usually refers to infants or students with a high potential for experiencing future medical
or learning problems

AT RISK

Usually refers to infants or students with a high potential for experiencing future medical
or learning problems

PREVALENCE
refers to the total number of individuals in a population who has a disease or health condition
at a specific period of time, usually express as percentage of the population

PREVALENCE
uniqueness of an individuals thoughts, feelings and behavior
Relatively enduring or being consistent over different situations and over time

INTERVENTION
Preventive, remedial, compensatory or survival services made on behalf of a
disabled individual.

INTERVENTION
Preventive, remedial, compensatory or survival services made on behalf of a
disabled individual.

ADAPTATIONS

are changes in the way instruction and assessment are carried out to allow a learner
equal opportunity to demonstrate mastery of concepts and achieve the desired learning
outcomes.

ADAPTATIONS

are changes in the way instruction and assessment are carried out to allow a learner
equal opportunity to demonstrate mastery of concepts and achieve the desired learning
outcomes.

is a type of adaptation that creates a personal learning environment for a child by altering
instruction, classroom environment, assessment and/or other materials and attributes in order
to provide a student with a disability an equal opportunity to participate in class activities and
demonstrate knowledge and skills.

ACCOMMODATION

is a type of adaptation that creates a personal learning environment for a child by altering
instruction, classroom environment, assessment and/or other materials and attributes in order
to provide a student with a disability an equal opportunity to participate in class activities and
demonstrate knowledge and skills.

EXCEPTIONAL

Extraversion – sociable, talkative, active, outgoing and fun-loving

Agreeableness – friendly, warm, trusting, generous and kind – hearted
Neuroticism – calm, relaxed and comfortable

DIVERSE

E or I ( Extraversion or Introversion) – is how an individual prefers to channel his or her energy

when dealing with people , whether it is inward ( introversion ) or outward ( extraversion).
 TASK ANALYSIS
involves breaking down a particular task into the basic sequential steps,
component parts, or skills necessary for accomplishing the task.

TASK ANALYSIS
involves breaking down a particular task into the basic sequential steps,
component parts, or skills necessary for accomplishing the task.

ASSESSMENT

A process that involves collecting information about a student for the purpose of making
decisions

ASSESSMENT

A process that involves collecting information about a student for the purpose of making
decisions

LEAST RESTRICTIVE ENVIRONMENT

Applies to the educational setting of exceptional students and the education of
handicapped students with nonhandicapped students whenever realistic and possible. It is
the least restrictive setting in which the disabled student can function without difficulty.

LEAST RESTRICTIVE ENVIRONMENT

Applies to the educational setting of exceptional students and the education of
handicapped students with nonhandicapped students whenever realistic and possible. It is
the least restrictive setting in which the disabled student can function without difficulty.

INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONAL PLAN

A written educational program that outlines a disabled students current levels of
performance, related services, educational goals and modifications. This plan is developed by
a team including the students parents, teachers and supportive staff.
INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONAL PLAN
A written educational program that outlines a disabled students current levels of
performance, related services, educational goals and modifications. This plan is developed by
a team including the students parents, teachers and supportive staff.

INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITY EDUCATION ACT

is a federal law that requires schools to serve the educational needs of eligible
students with disabilities.

As the nation's special education law, IDEA provides rights and protections to children
with disabilities and to their parents.
 INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITY EDUCATION ACT
As the nation's special education law, IDEA provides rights and protections to
children with disabilities and to their parents.

Focus not on the differences of

people with disabilities but the talent
of the individual.

HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT

- Emphasizes the complete aspect of a person or his totality

HOLISM – is about seeing things as a whole and something that is bigger than the
sum of its parts.

LISTS OF CATEGORIES UNDER THE FEDERAL LAW INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES

EDUCATION ACT OF 2004

13 Categories of
disabilities among
children and
youth with special
needs.

AUTISM

a developmental disorder of variable severity that is characterized by difficulty in social

interaction, communication and by restricted or repetitive patterns of thought and behavior.

Social - refers to the relationships a person has with other people.

Spiritual – refers to the higher ideals, beliefs, and values a person adheres to which help
guide the person in achieving personal happiness and self-fulfillment.

Basic Drives and Affect

Basic Human Drives – biologically related such as hunger and thirst.

Affect - is the various emotional experiences such as emotions, moods, and affective
traits.

concomitant [simultaneous] hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which

causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that
 they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with
deafness or children with blindness.

the condition of a child being less developed mentally or physically than is normal for
its age.

Values and Virtues

Values – system of beliefs that adhere to the highest ideals of human existence.
Virtues – are descriptions or adjectives that reflect a value.

Emotional and Behavioral Disorder

Inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationship with
peers and teachers
inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances

Hearing Impairment

Is a generic term that includes hearing disabilities ranging from mild to profound, thus
encompassing children who are deaf and those who are hard of hearing.

refers to substantial limitations in present functioning.

sub- average intellectual functioning
limitations in two or more adaptive skills

communication, self-care, home-living, social skills, community use, self- direction, health
and safety, functional academics, leisure and work.

Excitement, novelty and challenge in life

Multiple Disabilities

Means concomitant impairments such as intellectual disability and blindness, the

combination of which causes severe educational needs.

Personal success through demonstrating competence according to

social standards

Orthopedic Impairment
Means severe physical condition that adversely affect a students educational
performance.

Safety, harmony, and stability of society of relationships and of self

Other Health Impairment

means having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened

alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to
the educational environment

Is due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma, attention deficit disorder or
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead
poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia, and Tourette syndrome

Learning Disability

means disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in

understanding or in using language, spoken, written.
Dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia
Are NOUNS

Peace

Integrity

Are ADJECTIVES

peaceful, calm

- Honest, trustworthy

Speech or Language Impairment

Exist when the impact of that a communication pattern has on persons life meet problem
causes physical damage or endangers the health of the person

DEVELOPMENT STAGES IN MIDDLE

AND LATE
ADOLESCENE

Traumatic Brain Injury

 also known as intracranial injury, occurs when an external force injuresthe brain. TBI can be
classified based on severity, mechanism (closedor penetratinghead injury),
or other features (e.g.,occurring in a specific location or over a widespread
area).
ontext: 3 stages of adolescence
Early adolescence – between
10 and 13 years of age

Middle adolescence – between 14 and 16 years of age

Late adolescence – between 17 and 20 years of age

Visual Impairment

Display a wide range of visual disabilities- from total blindness to relatively good residual
vision.

Changes during Adolescence

Puberty – biological changes that happens during adolescence

physical body undergoes growth spurts at this time, for both male and female,
leading toward physical maturity.