PRONOUN

POSSESSION
REFLEXIVE
SUBJECT OBJECT Possessive Possessive PRONOUN
Adjective Pronoun
I me It is my class This pen is mine Myself
YOU you It is your class This car is yours Yourself
WE us It is our class The task of ours Ourselves
THEY them It is their class The class of theirs Themselves
SHE her It is her class The ball is hers Herself
HE him It is his class the home is his His self
IT it It is its class ----- Itself

Contoh soal
Ted flies from Amsterdam for more than 11 hours, ___ must be exhausted.
A. it
B. they
C. he’s
D. he

Jenny's engagement ring is made of diamond, so he must be so expensive.

A B C D
EXERCISE II
1. The writers, like most of ___ counterparts, were amateur historians.
A. hers males C. his male
B. their male D. theirs male
2. Cars should be banned in the city because ___ create not only air but also
sound pollution.
A. it C. they
B. them D. themselves
3. To save time and labor, cartoonists draw the hands of ___ with only three
fingers and a thumb.
A. her characters C. his characters
B. their characters D. they are the characters
1. Dolphin can hold it’s breath for up to several minutes and dive
A B C
more than 300 meters.
D
2. The cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which causes theirs
A B C
to suffer serious injury. S + V + O
D

SKILL II SINGULAR PLURAL NOUN

5 books
5 kilos of sugar

Singular Countable Plural Countable

Nouns
Jika diawali kata
determiners dibawah ini
makevera bentuk noun
harus singular (s/es)
Nouns
Jika diawali kata
determiners dibawah ini
maka bentuk noun
harus plural (s/es)
Uncountable Nouns
Jika diawali kata
determiners dibawah
ini maka bentuk noun
tanpa penambahan
s/es

a, an, another, each, Two, Some, , Other, An Amount Of, Much,

every, any, whole, Many, Few, A Few, A
_____________________________ Number Of , One Of___ ,
double of ____ etc.
____________________________
 A man and a woman  I have some
came in. problems.
 I heard an interesting  There were few
story at the office people at the
yesterday. concert. (not many)
 There were a few
people at the
concert. (some)
 Other boys would
have done the same.
The number Of,
Little, A Little
__________________________
_
 There is little
hope that he will
survive. (not
much)
 There is a little
hope that he will
survive. (some)
 The word budget
means an amount
of money we have
 available to spend.
Choose the best answer to complete the sentence!
1. There are ___ that can be accessed to get to Orchard road such as: by taxi, bus
or drive your own car.
A. a little ways C. several ways
B. an amount of ways D. another way
2. Phonological structure encodes spoken sounds as a ___ of vocal tract
configurations.
A. Sequence C. is sequenced
B. Sequences D. other sequencings

1. Eagle, known as a big flying predators, is one of animals that exists

A B C
in the whole country of Indonesia.
D
2. Small to medium-sized marsh birds similar in body shape to cranes,
A B
some rail are found throughout the world.
C D

3. The modern mandolin has four pairs of string tuned to violin pitch
A B
and produces a clear and bright tone.
C D

SKILL III SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Secara umum, Subject verb agreement (SVA) adalah bentuk kalimat yang
menyerupai Simple Present Tense, dimana terdapat keterkaitan antara subject
dari kalimat dan Verb, dimana jika subjek adalah berupa singular noun maka
verb harus ditambah –s/es dan sebaliknya jika subjek plural maka verb tanpa
ditambah –s/es.
S+V s/es+O
Write / do: They we I you
Writes / does: She He It
+ I write a novel / she writes novel
- I do not write a novel / she does not write novel
 ? do you write ... / does she write...?
 Margareth always goes to traditional market every morning.
 The workers under human resource department are asked to join
Sunday Touring.
 My father, a banker, earns a lot of money every year.

His hobby, sailing across the Pacific ocean, ___ a lot of time.

A. take
B. takes
C. to take
D. that takes

A foremost scientist, Niels Bohr,  advocate the peaceful use of atomic energy.

A B C D

Exercise
1. The administration of a college ___ the governing structure of the institution.
A. Provides C. to provides
B. provide D. providing
2. The heart, along with the 100,000 miles of arteries and veins, ____ the oxygen
needed by all parts of the body.
A. to supply C. supplying
B. supplies D,. supply
3. Rattlesnakes, copperheads snakes, coral snakes, and cottonmouths snakes
____ to four kinds of poisonous snakes found in the United States.
A. referring C. refers
B. to refer D. refer

1. Many television newscasters makes the public an eyewitness to

A B C
the news by means of alive reports.
D
2. The field of dentistry develop branches that specialize in
A B
the treatment of individual dental problems.
C D
3. Certain zoologist regard that crows and ravens
A B
 are the most intelligent birds.
C D

SKILL IV TENSES

1. Simple Past (V2)

S+V2+O
She went to Japan
She did not go to japan
Did she go to Japan?

Was /were
He was a doctor
He was not a doctor
Was he a doctor?

Simple Past Tense untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi di

masa lampau. Time signal yang melekat di simple past tense adalah last _,
yesterday, specific time of year (in 1988), and __ ago.
Contoh soal:
SIMPLE
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the production of food and feed
crops in the United States___ at an extraordinarily rapid rate.
A. rising
B. to be risen
C. rose
D. to rise

Last night, most of people celebrates new year of 2017 in front of City hall
A B C
office.
D

2. Present perfect (have/has +V3)

S+ has/have + V3
 Peter has washed his car
Present perfect tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu aktivitas
atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan telah selesai pada suatu titik
waktu tertentu di masa lalu atau masih berlanjut sampai sekarang. Time
signals yang melekat dengan “present perfect” adalah for, yet, never, ever
and since. Seperti contoh:

Thomas ___ for about three hours to choose souvenirs for his wedding.
A. Spends C. has spent
B. Spent D. to spend

Since 1938, 5-day workweek was the standard of working duration in a week
A B C
in the United States.
D

3. Past perfect ( S + HAD V3/BEEN ,-> SUBJ + V2 )

She had given the card
My mom had prepared breakfast before I went to school yesterday
Past Perfect Tense untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi telah selesai
pada suatu titik di masa lalu sebelum aksi lainnya terjadi, biasanya sering
diikuti oleh bentuk kalimat Simple Past Tense.

When Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, the
iron making _____ the backbone of American industry.
A. Became
B. To become
C. had become
D. has become
The citizens has moved from their land when their nation was defeated by
A B C
another country in war.
D
1. The number of law enforcement officers killed by suspects ___ last year,
under the Obama administration.
 A. Declined C. to decline
B. has declined D. had declined
2. The news on the national election ____ the trending topic on many television
channels for three days.
A. had been C. has been
B. were D. was
3. On May 20,1932, Amelia Earhart became the first woman who ___ solo
across the Atlantic Ocean
A. had flown C. Has flown
B. flown D. flying
1. In 1961, the entertainer Chubby Checker introduce a new dance,
A B C
the twist to New York’s rock’ n ‘ roll fans.
D
2. The operetta first emerges as a popular form of musical theater
A B C
in the nineteenth century.
D

SKILL VI COMPARISON
As... as
The same .. as
She is as/the same smart as her sister

a. one syllable adjective (Adjective + ER + THAN + …)

 Lee Chong Wei is stronger than Simon Santoso
 The Scottish winter is colder than the winter in England. 

b. two-syllable (MORE adjective + THAN + ...)

 Your shirt is more expensive than my shirt 
 Anas is more diligent than Lutfi.

1. Superlative
Superlative Degree tidak membandingkan dua benda atau lebih, di
mana salah satu benda paling/ter… dari keseluruhan benda yang lainnya.

a. One syllable ( the adjective +est ... in/of)

  The ‘Silver Arrow’ will be the fastest train in the world when it
is built.
 Sahrul is the tallest boy among us.

b. Two syllables word ( the most +adjective ... in / of)

 The most frightening film I’ve ever seen was Alfred
Hitchcock’s ‘Psycho’.
 Taj Mahal is the most luxurious cemetery in the world

c. Pattern : THE MORE/ER (clause), THE MORE/ER (clause),

The more significant role you play, the better position you can have

“Semakin penting peran yang kamu mainkan, semakin bagus posisi

yang bisa kamu miliki”

1. ___ road markers were stones piled at intervals.

A. the earlier C. earlier
B. the earliest D. the early

2. According to the third law of thermodynamics, _____ possible is –273.16

degrees centigrade.
A. that temperature is lowest C. the temperature is lower
B. lowest temperature D. the lowest temperature.
3. Among the myriad problems faced by many developing countries,
healthcare and education are two of the ____ issues.
A. most pressing C. . more pressing
B. those pressing D. pressing
4. Historically, no artists have presented clearer or _____ of the development of
human culture than sculptors have.
A. the more complete records C. more complete record
B. most of complete record D. mostly to complete the record

1. The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which involves
A B
using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom.
C D
2. The more lenient a country deal with practices in overfishing,
A B
the most severe will it disrupts the balance in nature.
C D
3. Some procedures used for laboratory analysis of archaeological
A B
specimens are the most sopisticated than procedures conducted
C
in crime laboratories.

SKILL IX PARALLEL STRUCTURE

Parallel structure  memiliki bentuk elemen kalimat yang sama secara

gramatikal yang biasanya adalah keselarasan dari noun, noun phrase, atau clause
dengan ditandai sebuah conjunction (seperti; or, but, and, as well as) serta
double conjunction (seperti; not only-but also, either-or, neither-nor, both-and)
Dibawah ini adalah aturan keselarasan bentuk dalam kalimat parallel
structure sebagai berikut;

1. Single Pointer

 I spent two hours with Ms. Smith, reviewing my job performance,

evaluating my goals, and discussing my future with the company.

Dalam kalimat di atas, konjungsi yang menghubungkan kata kerja

adalah "and" dan pola kata kerja yang sama “V-ing” ; reviewing,
evaluating, discussing.

 She thought my supporting evidence was strong but invalid to be

brought to the court .

Dalam kalimat di atas, konjungsi yang menghubungkan kata kerja

adalah "but" dan pola kata sifat yang sama “; strong , invalid .

 Being doctor or nurse, both of them must have a good dedication

for patient.
 Dalam kalimat di atas, konjungsi yang menghubungkan kata kerja
adalah "or" dan pola kata benda yang sama ; doctor , nurse
.

 Now we have to open our stockings as well as presents to what is

inside.

Dalam kalimat di atas, konjungsi yang menghubungkan kata kerja

adalah "as well as" dan pola kata benda sama : stockings , presents

2. Double Pointers
Bentuk parallel structure yang mengunakan correlative conjunction
(double Conjunction) adalah sebagai berikut:  “BOTH ........ AND”  ,
“NEITHER ...... NOR” , “EITHER .... OR” , “NOT ONLY .... BUT  ALSO”

DOUBLE POINTER

a. Not only _ but also_

 The content of his paper was not only phrased well but also
punctuated correctly.

The double pointer in dalam kalimat diatas adalah not only diikuti
phrased (V3) maka setelah but also harus sama bentuknya yaitu but
also V3+adverb, but punctuates belum sesua dengan bentuk not
only phrased

b. Either/whether __ or ___

 The college can increase its revenue by either reducing the number
of adjuncts or curtailing the supply order

The double pointer dalam kalimat diatas adalah Either diikuti V-

ING, maka setelah or adalah V-ing jadi, Curtailed tidak sesuai dan
harus diganti V-ING.
 c. Both/between ___ and ___

 The area has been governed by both gangsters and criminals.

The double pointer dalam kalimat diatas adalah both with NOUN ,
maka setelah and noun sehingga they are criminal kurang tepat
harusnya tanpa they are.

d. Neither _ nor _

 The lazy students neither understood the professor’s instructions,

nor listened any single words.

The double pointer dalam kalimat diatas adalah Neither V2 , maka

setelah nor V2. Kata kerja listen adalah bentuk pertama maka harus
diganti menjadi listened (V2).

Both….
Not only…
Either…
Neither….
Whether…

Contoh parallel structure dalam soal TOEFL

1. In his first summer at camp, he learned to swim, to sail, and ______ together
with his friends.
A. Riding C. how to ride
B. to ride D. rode something
2. Alicia __, applied sunscreen, and increased the volume on her iPod.
A. tightened her shoelaces C. was tightening her
shoelaces
B. did tighten her shoelaces D. to tighten her shoelaces
3. The Skeeter had to decide either to shred a roll of toilet paper ___ in the sofa
arm.
A. or chew another hole C. or to chew another hole
B. and chewing another hole D. he wants to chew another
1. The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until
A
the last minute to study for the exam, but complete his lab problems in
B C
a careless manner.
D
2. The production manager was asked to write his report quickly,
A B
accurate, and thoroughly.
C D
3. Natasha tried holding her breath, chewing a piece of gum, and poke
A B C
her belly, but she could not quiet her empty stomach.
D
4. Carlos not missed his one-year anniversary with Adrianna
A B
but also forgot his mother's birthday
C D

SKILL X ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Adjective Clause atau dikenal juga sebagai Relative Clause adalah klausa
yang terdiri dari subjek dan kata kerja (verb). Adjective clause berfungsi sebagai
adjective atau menerangkan kata benda dalam suatu kalimat. Biasanya, ia
diawali oleh relative pronoun seperti; who, whom, whose, which, where, when,
dan that.

PERATURAN
1. Adjective clauses mungkin dimulai dengan kata relative pronoun: who,
whom, whose, that, which
ex: Magazines that inform and entertain are my favorites.
2. Adjective clauses mungkin mulai dengan where (lokasi) dan when
(waktu)
ex: The store where I shop the most is Trader Joe’s.
3. An adjective clause mengikuti kata benda yang dimodifikasi.
Who – digunakan untuk human
which – digunakan untuk thing
 that – digunakan untuk human dan thing

WHO : Orang  S‘
Contoh
I thanked the woman who helped my grandfather.
S+ V+O

WHOM : Orang  O
Contoh

The one whom we just met in the meeting is the owner of this brand product.

Rich Brian is a rapper who tours around the world

A girl whom you met last week is my friend

Which : Benda dan hewan

Subject
The lion, which eats goat, is the strongest lion in this zoo

Object
There are a lot of books on the floor which we have tidied up together.

THAT  gantikan who whom which where when

The man that lives next door is very helpful.
The book that I read was very exciting.

WHERE : tempat
Have you looked at the meeting room where we will meet later?

WHEN : waktu
2003 is the year when I was born

WHOSE : kepemilikan
Contoh
The man whose house is located at Gading Fajar street is Rahma.
EXERCISE II
Choose the best answer to complete the sentence!

1. This is the same old story _____we have been hearing since our childhood.
A. Whose C. That
B. Of which D. Where
2. The student, ____ Albert Einstein, loves to learn foreign languages.
A. that higher IQ than C. IQ which is higher
B. who IQ is higher than D. whose IQ is higher than
3. All brass instruments use a mouthpiece ____ is inserted into a long cone-
shaped tube.
A. Where C. that
B. Whose D. I

1. Gwendolyn Brooks, whom won a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in

1950, had
A B
75 poems published by the time she was twenty.
C D
2. The university of which I earned my Bachelor’s degree has built
a new
A B C
business school building.
D
3. The homeless was sleeping on the sidewalk, whose was dirty and
smells
A B C
very bad.
D
SKILL XI WORD ORDER

Word order artinya adalah urutan kata. Dalam hal ini yang dimaksud adalah
bagaimana kata – kata akan disusun dalam sebuah kalimat yang baku seperti
sentence order (subject+verb/TOBE; She sends me letter) atau adjective word
order ( adjective noun; she is a beautiful girl)

a. Adjective word order

 Dalam phrase kata benda, adjective adalah kata sifat yang mensifati kata
benda (a noun) or orang (a person).
1. Adjective muncul setelah TO BE (is, am, are), untuk menjelaskan
kata benda subjek
 The university students are very diligent.

2. Adjectives muncul sebelum kata benda (noun).

 Everyone must acknowledge the most brilliant person in
Indonesia, B.J, Habibie
Untuk memahami polar urutan baku dalam Adjectives maka
perlu melihat oder yang tepat seperti table dibawah:

DOSiSACOMPN

SEBUAH MEJA MAKAN ANTIK BERMODEL EROPA BERBENTUK OVAL

BERWARNA COKLAT TERBUAT DARI KAYU

Contoh :
I bought a beautiful, long, red, Italian, silk tie.
 Beautiful (observation), long (shape), red (color), Italian (origin),
silk (material),TIE (noun)
They all received several dazzling, small, ancient, gold coins.
  Several (determiner), dazzling (observation), small (size), ancient
(age), gold (material), COINS (noun)

...... GIRL : ADJ + N

DANCE BEAUTIFULLY : V + ADV OF MANNER

Word Order dalam soal TOEFL

Max Planck’s quantum theory revolutionized people’s understanding of atomic
and sub-atomic processes in the ____ physics .
A. Theoretically C. theoritical
B. Theory D. theories

Keterangan:
Dalam soal diatas membutuhkan adjective untuk mensifati kata physics, bentuk
adjective dari kata theory adalah theoretical (akhiran – al) maka jawaban yang
benar adalah C.

Throughout his life, Planck made significantly contributions to optics,

A B C
thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, physical chemistry, and other fields.
D
Keterangan:
Dalam kalimat diatas contributions adalah kata benda sehingga jika didahului
antara adjective dengan adverb lebih tepatnya dalah adjective, kata significantly
adalah adverb, maka kata yang tepat adalah significant. Jawaban adalah B.

EXERCISE II
Choose the best answer to complete the sentence!
1. Penguins, ___ specialized species of all aquatic birds, may live for twenty
years.
A. the most high C. the high
B. highly D. the highest
2. One purpose of a grand jury is to decide if there is ___ evidence to try a
person for a crime.
A. Sufficient C. to be sufficiently
B. sufficiency D. to suffice
3. The seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged by the conductor to
produce the desired blend of
sounds from ___.
A. various musical sections C. various musical section
B. some vary musical sections D. to vary musical sections
4. There are ___ of staging a play that help the audience understand its
structure and meaning
A. specifically aspects  C. aspects specific 
B. specific aspects  D. aspects to specify

EXERCISE III
Choose one of the options which is grammatically wrong!

1. Hydrofoils can exceed 75 miles per hour, as compared with conventionally

A B
watercraft, whose maximum speeds rarely approach 50 miles per hour.
C D
2. Physicians working in the field of health public are mainly concerned with
A B C
the environmental causes of illness.
D
3. The nuclear fission fuels are the remnants used to be a mixture of
A B C
radioaction and fissionable Materials.
D