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Water distribution systems

Chapter 20

Water distribution systems

The cost of water distribution systems will include the
material ,equipment ,labor ,and supervision to accomplish
some or all of the following
1.clear the right –of –way for the trench
2. remove and replace pavement
3. relocate utility lines
4. install pipe
5. excavate and backfill trenches
6. install fittings

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Water distribution systems

7. install valves and boxes
8. install fire hydrants
9. install service connection ,meter, and meter
boxes
10. drill holes under under roads and pavement,
and install casings for pipeline
11. test and disinfect water pipe

Pipelines
The following types of pipes 2. steel
are use for water systems : a. threaded, black or galvanized
1.cast iron b. welded, plain or cement-lined
a. bell and spigot 3. reinforced concrete
b. mechanical joint a. prestressed
c. push –on joint, or b. nonprestressed
gasket –seal joint 4. brass and copper
d. threaded 5. lead
e. cement-lined 6. plastic

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Bell –and –spigot cast –iron pipe

 Bell-and-spigot pipe is cast with a bell on one end and a spigot on the
other .
 Joints are made by inserting the spigot end in to the bell of an adjacent
pipe caulking one or two encircling strands of yarning material into the
bell then filling the balance of the bell with a specified jointing material
such as lead cement or an approved substitute .fitting and valves are
installed in pipeline in the same manner a joint of pipe may be cut if
necessary to enable a fitting or valve to be installed at a designated
location .
 The inside surface of cast-iron pipe can be lined with Portland cement to
reduce tuberculation.
 Several types of cast-iron pipe are available .table 23.1 gives the weights
of bell –and-spigot and push-on joint pipe cast in metal molds , for water
and other liquids.

Push-on joint cast-iron pipe

 This pipe which can also be identified as gasket-type joint ,or gasket-seal
joint,
 Has a built-in rubber-type gasket in the bell or hub that produces a
watertight
 Joint when the spigot end of the joining pipe is forced into the bell .this is
now
 The most widely used type of cast-iron pipe in the water service .
 The American water work association (AWWA) and the American national
standards institute (ANSI)specify the same laying lengths ,properties .and
weights of this pipe as for bell – and spigot cast-iron pipe for service under
the same water pressure . thus the information appearing in table 23.1
applies to this pipe

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Fittings for bell-end-spigot cast-iron pipe

 Fittings for bell –and-spigot cast-iron pipe
include tees crosses bens reducers etc the
fittings can be purchased with any desired
combination of bells and spigots the joints are
made with the same materials that are used in
joining the pipelines.

Mechanical-joint cast-iron pipe

A joint for this pipe is made by inserting the plain
end of one into the socket of an adjoining pipe then
forcing a gasket ring into the socket by means of a
cast-iron gland which is drawn to the socket by
tightening bolts through the gland and socket
fittings are installed in similar manner joints may be
made quickly with an unskilled crew an ordinary
ratchet wrench being the only tool required .

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Fire hydrants
Fire hydrants are specified by the type of
construction size of valve sizes and number of hose
connections size of hub for connection to the water
pipe and depth of bury it is good practice to install a
gate valve between each hydrant and the main
water pipe so that the water can be shut off in the
event repairs to the hydrant are necessary.

Tests of water pipes

Specifications usually require the contractor to
subject the water pipe to a hydro-static test after it
has been to backfilling the trenches if any joints
show excessive leakage they must be recalled it is
common practice to lay several blocks of pipe install
a valve temporarily and subject the section to a test
if a test satisfies the specifications the valve is
removed and the trench is repeated until the
system is completed.

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Sterilization of water pipes

Prior to placing a water distribution system in
service it should be thoroughly sterilized
chlorine is most frequently used to sterilize
water pipes it should be fed continuously into
the water that is used to flush the pipe lines
after the pipes are filled with chlorinated water
the water permitted to remain in the 9r0

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Cost of cutting cast-iron pipe

o Cast-iron pipe may be cut with chisels or with chisels or with chain cutters chisel
cutting is done by two or more laborers using a steel chisel with wood handle and
a 6 to8-ib hammer chain cutters can be operated by hand for pipes up to 12 in
diameter but for larger pipes a power-driven cutter should be used.
o Machines are available that can cut 10-to60-in-diameter pipe it requires 60 to 70
cf/min of air at a pressure of of 85 ib/sq in .the saw is a portable milling machine
on wheels which travels around the pipe under two silent type chains which hold
the machine to the pipe and act as a flexible ring gear for the feed sprockets the
machine moves while the chins remain stationary a complete cut is made in I
revolution (r) around the pipe it will require I min of cutting time for each inch of
pipe diameter thus a 24-in.pipe is cut in24 min of cutting time an experienced
crew of two individuals can install the machine on a pipe in approximately 15 min.

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The total time allowed for cutting cast-iron pipe

should include measuring supporting on skids if
necessary and cutting in cutting pipe larger than 24
to 30 in it may be necessary to use a crane to
handle the pipe table 23.4 gives the approximate
time in hours required to cut various sizes of cast-
iron pipe the time given includes measuring setting
up and cutting for average conditions

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Labor required to lay cast-iron pipe

The installation of bell-and-spigot cast-iron pipe will include some of or all the following operation:
1. cutting the pipe if necessary
2. lowering the pipe into the ball
3. inserting the spigot into the bell
4. yarning the bell
5. attaching a runner and pouring the lead
6. removing the runner and caulking the lead

Each joint of pipe is lowered into the trench by hand or with an excavator crane tractor-mounted side
boom or other suitable equipment after the spigot end is forced into the bell to full depth two or more
strands of yarning which completely encircle the pipe are caulked into the bell to center the pipe and to
prevent molten lead from flowing into the pipe a runner is placed around the pipe against the bell with
an opening near the top to enable molten lead to be poured into the joint the lead for a joint should be
poured in one continuous operation without interruption after the lead cools to the temperature of the
pipe the runner is removed the lead is caulked by hand or with a pneumatic caulking hammer.

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Labor required to lay cast-iron pipe

The size of crew required to lay the pipe and the rate of laying will vary
considerably with the following factors :
1. Class of soil
2.Extent of groundwater present
3. Depth of trench
4.Extent of shoring required
5. Extent of obstruction such as utilities ,sidewalks ,pavement
6. Size of pipe
7. Method of lowering pipe into trench
8. Extent of required for fittings and valves

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Labor required to lay cast-iron pipe

 Often ,water lines are installed above sewer lines. The depth of water lines
are placed below  The frost line. Since water lines since water lines are
under pressure they can be routed up or down rather than following grade
to ensure gravity flow like sewer lines.
 The crew required to dig the trenches lay the pipe and backfill the
trenches for 12-in.pipe furnished in 18-ft lengths using a tractor-mounted
side boom to lower the pipe into the trench In trench 3 to 6 ft deep in firm
earth with no groundwater and no shoring needed might include.
Trenching machine operator
Laborers on bell holes
Tractor operator
Laborers on pipe

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Labor required to lay cast-iron pipe

Workers centering pipe and installing yarning
1 person melting and supplying lead
1 person installing runners and pouring lead
2 workers caulking lead joints by hand
1 driver for utility truck
1 bulldozer operator backfilling trench
1 foreman
A crew should install four to six joints per hour either pipe or fitting the length of pipe laid will
vary from 72 to 108 ft/hr 90 ft/hr a fair average for the conditions specified .  Table 23.5 gives
representative labor-hours required to lay cast-iron pipe in trenches 3 to 6 ft deep in firm soil
with litter or on shoring required and no groundwater using caulked lead joints for pipe laid
under other conditions the labor –hours should be altered to fit the conditions for the
particular project if a crane is used to lower the pipe replace the tractor operator with a crane
operator.

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Labor required to lay cast-iron pipe with mechanical

joints
 The operations requite to lay cast-iron pipe with mechanical joints include lowering the pipe into
the trench installing the gasket and gland on the spigot centering the pipe in the bell pushing the
gasket into the bell and setting the gland by tightening the bolts the nuts may be tightened with a
hand or pneumatic wrench.
 The crew required to dig the trench lay 12-in pipe furnished in 18-ft lengths and backfill the
trenches for trenches 3 to6 ft deep in firm earth with no shoring needed might include the
following l:
1 Trenching machine operator
2 Laborers on bell holes
1 Tractor operator
2 Laborers on pipe
2.workers installing gland and gasket and centering pipe
1. person tightening nuts
1. driver for utility truck
1.bulldozer operator backfilling trench
1.foreman

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 A crew should lay five to seven joints per hour either pipe
or fittings the length of pipe laid will vary from 90 to to 136
ft/hr, with 100 ft/hr a fir average .
 Table 23.6 gives representative labor-hours required to lay
cast-iron pipe with mechanical joints in trenches 3 to 6 ft
deep in firm soil with little or on shoring required and no
groundwater for pipe laid under other conditions the labor-
hours should be altered to fit the conditions of the
particular job if a crane is used to lower the pipe replace
the tractor operator with a crane operator .

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Labor required to lay push-on joint castiron pipe

 The operations required to lay cast-iron pipe and fitting with push-on
joints include cutting the pipe to length if necessary lowering the pipe
and fittings into the trench using a tractor with a side boom or a crane
then forcing the spigot end of the pipe being laid into the bell end of the
pipe previously laid bell holes should be dug in the trench for proper
bedding of the pipe and joints.
 The crew required to dig the trench lay the pipe and backfill the trench
will vary with the requirements of the job including the method of
backfilling the earth around and over the top of the pipe .
Consider a project which requires the laying of 12-in. push on joint cast iron
water pipe for a pressure of 150 ib/sq .in. in 18-ft lengths in a trench whose
depth will vary from 4 to 6 ft in a soil that will not require shores or side
support for the trenches. The pipe will be laid in a new subdivision of a city
under average conditions.

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Labor required to lay push-on joint castiron pipe

• The trench which will be 30 in. wide will be dug with a gasoline-engineoperated
wheel type of trenching machine the backfill must the of select earth free or rocks
hand-placed and compacted to a depth of 6 in above the top of the pipe. The Rest
of the backfill may be placed with a bulldozer and compacted by running the
bulldozer along the trench over the backfill requiring an estimated three a four
passes of the bulldozer.
• The compaction around and 6 in. over the top of the pipe will be obtained from
using a hand-operated gasoline-engine type of self-contained tamper.
• The pipe will E lowered into the trench with a tractor-mounted side boom .
• The pipe will be laid along one side of the trench prior to digging the trench .
• The crew should lay four to seven joints per hour for either pipe or fitting .for pipes
furnished in 18-ft lengths the total length laid should vary from 72 to 136 ft/hr
with 100 ft/hr representing a reasonable average rate .

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Labor required to lay push-on joint castiron pipe

The crew might include:
1 trenching machine operator
2 laborers cleaning trench and digging bell holes
1 tractor operator lowering pipe into trench
1 laborer assisting tractor operator
2 laborers in trench handling pipe
1 pipe layer with pipe and fittings
2 laborers backfilling trench
1 laborer operating tamper
1 bulldozer operator backfilling trench
1 foreman
In some locations it may by necessary to reclassify some of the individuals of the crew into
semiskilled or skilled ratings .

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HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONAL DRILLNG

Horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is frequently used for installation
of water lines. It is also for installation of gas lines and underground
cables for phone and fiber optic cables. In resent years , HDD has been
used for gravity pipelines and, with increased accuracy of locating and
tracking equipment and improvement in method , this trend is growing
. The term directional drilling is used to describe the unique ability to
track the location of the drill bit and steer it during the drilling process
. The accuracy of installation depend on the survey system that is used
and the skill of the operator . Generally the accuracy is within
1perecent of the length.

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o Directional or horizontal directional drilling methods involve steerable

tunneling systems for both small-and large –diameter lines . HDD usually is a
two -stage process . the first stage consist of drilling a small – diameter pilot
hole along the desired centerline of a proposed line . the second stage consists
of enlarging the pilot hole to the desired diameter to accommodate the utility
line and pulling the utility line through the enlarged hole.

o All directional method consist of drilling unit to form the borehole and a survey
system to locate the drill head . The drilling process us accomplished either by
mechanical cutting using a drill bit or by fluid cutting with high – pressure jets ,
or a combination of both . There are a variety of survey systems that have been
patented by different manufacturers . The choice of a particular system will
largely depend on the type of job , the site condition and accessibility , operator
skill , finances available ,etc.

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Classifications of HDD

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PROCEDURE FOR HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONAL

DRILLING
The directional drilling operation involves several operation : pilot hole , pre- ream,
and pullback . the first stage involves drilling a pilot hole, from one side of the obstacle
to the other , along the design centerline of the proposed pipeline . The second stage
involves enlarging the pilot hole to the desired diameter to accommodate the pipeline
. Usually , enlarging the borehole and pulling back the product pipe can be
accomplished in one step . the pilot hole is drilled with a specially built rig with an
inclined carriage , typically adjusted between 5 and 20 degrees, which pushes the drill
rods into the ground . The optimum angle of entry of the pilot drill pipe , or pilot string
, is 12 degrees with respect to the ground surface .The pilot hole continues at a 12-
degree angle until it passes through a sagbend to level out horizontally under the
obstacle at a desired depth. Once the hole has passed the obstacle , it rises through
another sagbend to exit on the far side angel of approximately 8 to 12 degrees.

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PRODUTION RATES
Most mini –HDD jobs are usually completed in a day or even a few
hours . It is common to complete a 200-ft job in a few hours . for midi-
HDD project , and for lengths of 1,000ft or longer , the job may take 10
or 15 days , including mobilization and setup of the rig and preparation
of the product pipe. For major river crossing using maxi- HDD , the
project may take several method to complete . It should be noted that
the duration of an HDD project is site – specific, and it is dependent on
many factor , such as experience of the operator and the contractor ,
project surface and subsurface condition , equipment used , type of
application , and the degrees of planning for the project .

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