ASSIGNMENT 2

1. What is the percent by weight concentration of Na2SO4 in a solution made by dissolving

7.60 g Na2SO4 in enough water to give 87.3 g of solution?

Given: mNa2SO4 = 7.60 g Required: %w/wNa2SO4 = ?

msol’n = 87.3 g

Solution:
m Na 2 SO 4 7.60 g
%w / w Na2 SO 4 = ×100 %= ×100 %=8.705612829 %
m sol' n 87.3 g
%w/wNa2SO4 = 8.7056 %

2. In the treatment of illnesses in the human body, a 0.92% w/v% NaCl solution is to be
administered intravenously. How many grams of NaCl are required to prepare 345 mL of
this solution?

Given: %w/v = 0.92 % Required: mNaCl = ?

Vsol’n = 345 mL

Solution:

mNaCl =
( V sol n )
'
( % wv ) = (345 mL)(0.92) =3.174 g mNaCl = 3.174 g
100 100

3. The density of a solution of 5.0 gram toluene and 22.5 grams of benzene is 8.76 g/mL.
Calculate :

Given: mC7H8 = 5.0 g mC6H6 = 22.5 gRequired: a. M b. %w/wC6H6

ρsol’n = 8.76 g/mL c. n%C6H6

Solution:
a. Molarity
MWC7H8 = 7(12) + 8 = 92 g/mol MWC6H6 = 6(12) + 6 = 78 g/mol

mC 7 H 8 5g
nC 7 H 8 MW C 7 H 8 92 g/mol
M= = = =17.31225296 mol / L

( )( )
L sol ' n m C 7 H 8 + mC 6 H 6 5 g +22.5 g L
ρsol' n g 1000 mL
8.76
mL
M = 17.3123 M

b. Percent weight of benzene

 mC 6 H 6 22.5 g
%w /wC 6 H 6= ×100 %= ×100 %=81.81818182 %
msol 'n 22.5 g+ 5 g
%w/wC6H6 = 81.8182 %

c. Percent mole of benzene

22.5 g
n 78 g/mol
%n= C 6 H 6 × 100 %= × 100 %=84.14634146 %
n sol' n 22.5 g 5g
+
78 g /mol 92 g/mol
%n = 84.1463 %

4. A 2.5 gram sample of ground water was found to contain 5.4 microgram of Zn +2, what is this
concentration in parts per million.

Given: mH2O = 2.5 g Required: ppm = ?

mZn+2 = 5.4 μg (1g/106 μg) = 5.4 x 10-6 g

Solution:
μg Zn+ 2 5.4 μg
ppm= = =2.159995334 ppm
g sol ' n 2.5+5.4 × 10−6 g
ppm = 2.16 ppm

5. Determine the molarities of the following solutions:

a. 2.37 moles of KNO3 are dissolved in enough water to give 650 mL of solution.

Given: nKNO3 = 2.37 mol Required: M =?

Vsol’n = 650 mL = 0.65 L

Solution:
mol solute 2.37 mol mol
M= = =3.646153846 M = 3.6462 M
L sol ' n 0.65 L L

b. 25.0 g of NaOH are dissolved in enough water to give 2.50 L of solution.

Given: mNaOH = 25.0 g Vsol’n = 2.50 L Required: M = ?

Solution:
MWNaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g/mol
mNaOH 25 g mol
M= = =0.25
( ) L
'
MW (L so l n) g M = 0.25 M
40 (2.5 L)
mol
6. Express in formality the concentration of each of the following solutions:
a. 28.4% NH3 by weight, having a density of 0.808 g/mL

Given: %w/wNH3 = 28.4% Required: F = ?

ρ = 0.808 g/mL

Solution: Basis of 100 g solution

mNH 3=
% ( )
w
w
( mso l n ) ( 28.4 ) (100 g)
'

= =28.4 g
100 100
MWNH3 = 14 + 3 = 17 g/mol

mNH 3
F=
' 28.4 g mol
(MW ¿¿ NH 3)( L. so l n)= =13.49835294 ¿
17
g
(
mol
100 g × )(
mL
×
L
0.808 g 1000 mL ) L

F = 13.4984 F

b. 36.0 % HCl by weight, having a density of 1.19 g/mL

Given: %w/wHCl = 36.0% Required: F = ?

ρ = 1.19 g/mL

Solution: Basis of 100 g solution

mHCl =
( )
w
% ( mso l n )
w
'

=
( 36 ) (100 g)
=36 g
100 100
MWHCl = 1 + 35 = 36 g/mol

mHCl
F=
' 36 g mol
(MW ¿¿ HCl)(L . so l n)= =11.9 ¿
( 36
g
mol )(
100 g ×
mL
×
L
1.19 g 1000 mL ) L

F = 11.9 F

7. How many grams of solute are in 500 mL of 6F HCl?

 Given: Vsol’n = 500 mL = 0.5 L Required: mHCl = ?
F = 6F

Solution:
MWHCl = 1 + 35 = 36 g/mol

mHCl =F ( MW HCl ) ( L. sol ’ n )= 6( eq

mol)(
36
g
mol )
( 0.5 L ) =108 g
mHCl = 108 g

8. Calculate the molality of a solution made by dissolving 10.0 g AgNO 3 (MW = 169.9) in 275 g
of water.

Given: mAgNO3 = 10.0 g mH2O = 275 g = 0.275 kg Required: m = ?

MWAgNO3 = 169.9 g/mol

Solution:
m. solute 10 g mol
m= = =0.2140296431
MW ( kg . solvent )
( 169.9
g
mol )
( 0.275 kg )
kg

m = 0.214 m
9. A 4.10 molal solution of H2SO4 has a density of 1.21 g/mL. What is the molar concentration
of the solution? What is the normality?

Given: m = 4.10 m ρ = 1.21 g/mL Required: a. M = ? b. N = ?

Solution: Basis of 1 kg solvent

MWH2SO4 = 2 + 32 + 4(16) = 98 g/mol
n H 2 SO 4 =m(kg . solvent )=(4.1mol /kg)(1 kg)=4.1 mol
g
mH 2 SO 4=4.1mol × 98 =401.8 g
mol

a. Molarity
mol . solute 4.1 mol mol
M= = =3.539021258
L . sol' n
(1000 g+ 401.8 g ) (
mL
1.21 g )( 1000L mL ) L

M = 3.539 M

b. Normality

(
N=Mf = 3.539021258
mol
L
2 )(
eq
mol )
=7.078042517
eq
L
1
N = 7.078 N
10. Five grams calcium hydroxide is dissolved in 950 mL of water. Determine the ff:

Given: mCa(OH)2 = 5g VH2O = 950 mL Required: a. %wsol b. %nsol

c. M d. N e. m
f. ppmsol g. SG h. ρ

Solution:
a. % weight solute
w m. solute 5g
% = ×100 %= × 100 %=0.5235602094 %
w m . sol ' n
(
5 g + 950 mL ×1
g
mL )
w
% =0.5236 %
w

b. % mol solute
MWCa(OH)2 = 40 + 2(16+1) = 74 g/mol MWH2O = 2 + 16 = 18 g/mol
5g
n . solute 74 g/mol
%n= × 100 %= ×100 %=0.1278590709 %
n . sol ' n 5g 950 g
+
74 g/mol 18
%n = 0.1279 %

c. Molarity
m. solute 5g mol
M= = =0.07112375533
MW ( L . soln )
(74 molg ) ( 950 mL ) ( 1000LmL ) L

M = 0.0711 M

d. Normality

(
N=Mf = 0.07112375533
mol
L
2)(
eq
mol )
=0.1422475107
eq
L
N = 0.1422 N

e. Molality
m. solute 5g mol
m= = =0.07112375533
(MW )(kg . solvent )
(74 molg )(0.95 kg) kg

m = 0.0711 m

f. ppm solute
m. solute 6 5g 6
ppm= ×10 = ×10 =5235.602094 ppm
m . sol ' n 5 g+ 950 g
ppm = 5235. 6021 ppm
 g. Specific gravity
ρ 955 g /950 mL
SG= sol' n = =1.005263158
ρH 2 O g SG = 1.005
1
mL

h. Density
ρ = 1.005 g/mL

11. Calculate the equivalent weight of the following solutes:

a. Na3PO4 Required: eq wt. = ?

MW = 3(23) + 31 + 4(16) = 164 g/mol f = 3 eq/mol

MW 164 g/mol
eq wt .= = =54.66666667 eq wt. = 54.6667
f 3 eq /mol

b. H2SO4 Required: eq wt. = ?

MW = 2 + 32 + 4(16) = 98 g/mol f = 2 eq/mol

MW 98 g/ mol
eq wt .= = =49 eq wt. = 49
f 2 eq/mol

c. Al(OH)3 Required: eq wt. = ?

MW = 27 + 3(16+1) = 78 g/mol f = 3 eq/mol

MW 78 g /mol
eq wt .= = =26 eq wt. = 26
f 3 eq/mol

12. Calculate the normality of the solution that results when 4.00 g of Al(NO 3)3 (MW = 213.0) is
dissolved in enough water to give 250.0 mL of solution.

Given: mAl(NO3)3 = 4.00 g MW = 213.0 g/mol Required: N = ?

Vsol’n = 250.0 mL = 0.25 L f = 3 eq/mol
Solution:
mf ( 4 g)(3 eq/mol) eq
N= = =0.2253521127
MWL . sol ' n
(
213
g
mol) (0.25 L)
L N = 0.2254 N

13. A solution contains 10.0 g of glucose (MW= 180) and 85.0 g of water. What is the mole
fraction of glucose in the solution? What is the mole percent glucose in the solution?

Given: mglu = 10.0 g MWglu = 180 g/mol Required: a. yi = ? b. %n = ?

 mH2O = 85.0 g MWH2O = 18 g/mol

Solution:
a. Mole fraction of glucose
180 g
10 g/
n mol
y i= glu = =0.01162790698 yi = 0.0116
n sol' n 10 g 85 g
+
180 g /mol 18 g/mol

b. Mole% of glucose
%n= y i ×100 %=0.01162790698 ×100 %=1.162790698 %
%n = 1.1628 %

14. What are the mole fractions of ethyl alcohol, C 2H5OH and water, in a solution made by
dissolving 11.5 g of ethanol in 27 g water?

Given: meth = 11.5 g MWH2O = 18 g/mol Required: yi (ethanol and H2O) = ?

mH2O = 27 g

Solution:
MWeth = 2(12) + 6 + 16 = 46 g/mol

g
11.5 g /46
neth mol
y eth= = =0.1428571429 yeth = 0.1429
n sol' n 11.5 g 27 g
+
46 g /mol 18 g/mol
g
27 g /18
nH 2 O mol
y H2O= = =0.8571428571 yeth = 0.8571
n sol' n 11.5 g 27 g
+
46 g /mol 18 g/mol

15. What volume of concentrated HCl should be used to prepare 500.0 mL of a 3.00 M HCl
solution? Concentrated HCl solution is 12.0 M.

Given: M1 = 12.0 M M2 = 3.00 M Required: V1 = ?

V2 = 500.0 mL

Solution:
V 2 M 2 (500 mL)(3 M )
V 1= = =125 mL V1 = 125 mL
M1 (12 M )

16. A solution of H2SO4 containing 50.0% H2SO4 by mass has a density of 1.40 g/mL. Express
its concentration in terms of mole fraction, mole percent, molarity, molality and normality.
 Given: %w/wSA = 50.0 % Required: a. Yi = ? b. %n = ? c. M = ?
ρ = 1.40 g/mL d. m = ? e. N = ?

Solution: Basis of 100 g solution

mH2SO4 = 0.5(100 g) = 50 g mH2O = 100g – 50g = 50 g
MWH2SO4 = 98 g/mol MWH2O = 18 g/mol

a. Mole fraction
g
50/98
n mol
y SA = SA = =0.1551724138 YSA = 0.1552
nsol ' n 50 g 50 g
+
98 g /mol 18 g/mol

b. Mole percent
%n=( y SA ) ( 100 )=( 0.1551724138 ) (100 )=15.51724138 %
%n = 15.5172 %

c. Molarity
m. solute 50 g
M= = =7.142857143mol / L
MWL . sol ' n
( 98
g
mol )(
100 g ×
mL
×
L
1.4 g 1000 mL )
M = 7.1429 M

d. Molality
m. solute 50 g mol
m= = =10.20408163
MWkg . solvent
( 98 molg )( 0.05 kg) kg

m = 10.2041 m

e. Normality

(
N=Mf = 7.142857143
mol
L
2)(
eq
mol )
=14.28571429
eq
L
N = 14.2857 N

17. How many grams of solute are required to prepare each of the following aqueous solutions?
a. 500.00 mL of a 0.500M urea solution , CO (NH2)2

Given: Vsol’n = 500.00 mLM = 0.500 M Required: msolute = ?

= 0.5 L

Solution:
MW = 12 + 16 + 2(14+2) = 60 g/mol
 msolute =M ( MW ) ( L . so l ' n ) = 0.5 ( mol
L
60
g
mol)( )
( 0.5 L )=15 g
msolute = 15 g

b. 500.0 mL of 1.50 N H3PO4 solution

Given: Vsol’n = 500.0 mL N = 1.50 N Required: msolute = ?

= 0.5 L f = 3 eq/mol

Solution:
MW = 3 + 31 + 4(16) = 98 g/mol

msolute =
N ( MW ) ( L . so l n )
'
=
1.5
eq
L
98( g
mol )(
( 0.5 L )
=24.5 g
)
f 3 eq /mol
msolute = 24.5 g

c. 1.0 liter of a 2.0 M CaBr2 solution

Given: Vsol’n = 1.0 L M = 2.0 M Required: msolute = ?

Solution:
MW = 40 + 2(80) = 200 g/mol
msolute =M ( MW ) ( L . so l ' n ) = 2
mol
L
200 (g
mol )(
( 1 L )=400 g )
msolute = 400 g

d. 1.0 kg of a 5.0 % by mass glucose, C6H12O6

Given: msol’n = 1.0 kg %w/w = 5.0% Required: msolute = ?

= 1000 g

Solution:

msolute =
( % ) (m
w
w sol' n )
=
(5)(1000 g)
=50 g
msolute = 50 g
100 100

18. What is the normality of each of the following solutions as an acid or as a base?
a. 2.0 liters of 18M H2SO4 diluted to 100 liters

Given: V1 = 2.0 L M1 = 18 M Required: N =?

V2 = 100 L f = 2 eq/mol
Solution:

N 2=
M 1V 1 f
=
( 18 M )( 2 L ) 2 ( eq
mol ) =0.72 eq N = 0.72 N
V2 100 M L
 b. 140 mL of a 12 M HCl diluted to 2.0 liters

Given: V1 = 140 mL = 0.14 L M1 = 12 M Required: N =?

V2 = 2.0 L f = 1 eq/mol
Solution:

N 2=
M 1V 1 f
=
( 12 M ) ( 0.14 L ) 1 ( eq
mol ) =0.84 eq N = 0.84 N
V2 2L L
19. How many grams of ethanol are there in a liter-volume of wine (D = 0.934 g/mL) that is
12.0% by mass ethanol, C2H5OH? 12% by volume ethanol?( D of pure ethanol = 0.789 g
/mL).

Given: %v/v = 12% ρwine = 0.934 g/mL Required: meth = ?

%w/w= 12.0% ρeth = 0.789 g/mL

Solution: Basis of 1 L solution

meth=
w
w( )
% ( msol n ) (12 % ) 1000 mL ×
=
'
0.934 g
mL (
=112.08 g
) meth = 112.08 g
100 100 %

V eth =
( % ) (V
v
v sol ' n
(12 %)(1 L)
)
=
=0.12 L=120 mL
100 100 %
meth=V ρeth= (120 mL )
0.789 g
mL
=94.68 g ( ) meth = 94.68 g

20. What is the molarity of concentrated HBr solution if the acid is 48.0% by mass HBr? ( D=
1.50 g/ mL)

Given: %w/w = 48.0 % ρ = 1.50 g/mL Required: M = ?

Solution: Basis of 100 g solution

mHBr =
% ( )
w
w
( mso l n ) (48 %)(100 g)
=
'

=48 g
100 100 %
MW = 1 + 80 = 81 g/mol

mHBr 48 g mol
M= = =8.888888889
MWL . sol ' n
( 81
g
mol )(
100 g ×
mL
×
L
1.50 g 1000 mL
L
)
M = 8.8889 M
21. What volume of concentrated HNO3 should be used to prepare 1.0 liter of 0.15M HNO 3?
Concentrated HNO3 is 70.0 % by mass HNO3 with a density of 1.42 g/mL .

Given: V2 = 1.0L M2 = 0.15M Required: V1 = ?

%w/w = 70.0% ρ = 1.42 g/mL

Solution: Basis of 100 g solution

MW = 1 + 14 + 3(16) = 63 g/mol

mHNO 3=
( )
w
% ( m so l n )
w
'

=
(70)(100 g)
=70 g
100 100
mHNO 3 70 g
M 1= = =15.77777778 M
MWL. sol ' n
63( g
mol )(
100 g ×
mL
×
L
1.42 g 1000 mL )
M 2 V 2 (0.15 M )(1000 mL)
V 1= = =9.507042254 mL
M1 15.77777778 M
V1 = 9.507 mL
22. A 100mL sample of concentrated H2SO4 is diluted with water until the final volume is 500
mL. Concentrated H2SO4 is 96.0% by mass with a density of 1.84 g/mL. What is the
normality and molarity of the new solution?

Given: V1 = 100 mL V2 = 500 mL Required: a. M2 = ?

%w/w = 96.0% ρ = 1.84 g/mL b. N2 = ?

Solution: Basis of 100 mL solution

MW = 98 g/mol

(
msol ' n =ρV = 1.84
g
mL )
( 100 mL )=184 g

mH 2 SO 4=
( ) w
% ( mso l n )
w
'

=
(96)(184 g)
=176.64 g
100 100

a. Molarity
mH 2 SO 4 176.64 g
M 1= = =18.0244898 M
MWL. sol ' n
98
g
(
mol
(0.1 L))
M 1 V 1 (100 mL)(18.0244898 M )
M 2= = =3.604897959 M M2 = 3.6049 M
V2 500 mL

b. Normality

(
N 2=M 2 f = 3.604897959
mol
L
2 )(
eq
mol )
=7.209795918
eq
L
N2 = 7.2098 N
23. Commercial aqueous nitric acid has a specific gravity of 1.42 and is 16M. Calculate the %
HNO3 by mass in the solution.

Given: SG = 1.42 M = 16 M ρH2O = 1g/mL Required: %w/wHNO3 = ?

Solution: Basis of 100 g solution

MW = 63 g/mol

(
m HNO 3=M ( MW ) ( L . so l ' n )= 16
mol
L
63)(g
mol ) ( 1.42100×1g g ×
L
1000 mL
)
mL
mHNO 3=70.98591549 g

w m HNO 3 70.98591549 g
% = × 100 %= ×100 %=70.98591549 %
w m sol 'n 100 g
w
% =70.9859 %
w

24. Propylene glycol, C3H6(OH)2, is sometimes used in automobile antifreeze solutions. If an

aqueous solution has a mole fraction of propylene glycol equal to 0.10, calculate : a) %
propylene glycol by mass; b) molality of the solution.

Given: ypg = 0.10 Required: a. %w/wpg b. m = ?

Solution: Basis of 1 mol solution

MWpg = 3(12) + 6 + 2(16+1) = 76 g/mol MWH2O = 18 g/mol
n pg =( y pg ) ( nso l n )=( 0.1 ) ( 1 mol )=0.1mol
' nH2O = 1 – 0.1 mol = 0.9 mol

a. Percent by mass C3H6(OH)2

%
w
=
( n pg )( MW pg )
× 100 %=
(
( 0.1 mol ) 76
g
mol ) ×100 %
w ( n pg )( MW pg ) + ( nH 2 O ) ( MW H 2 O )
(
( 0.1 mol ) 76
g
mol )
+ ( 0.9 mol ) 18
g
mol ( )
w w
% =31.93277311% % =31.9328 %
w w

b. Molality
n pg 0.1 mol mol
m= = =4.201680672
kg . sol' n
( 23.8 g ×
kg
1000 g) kg m = 4.2017 m
25. Caffeine, C8H10N4O2, is a stimulant found in coffee and tea. If a solution of caffeine in
chloroform , CHCl3, as a solvent has a concentration of 0.085 molal, calculate: a) % caffeine
by mass, b) mole fraction of caffeine.

Given: m = 0.085 m Required: a. %w/wcaf = ?

b. ycaf = ?
Solution: Basis of 1kg solution

(
n caf =m ( kg . so l ' n ) = 0.085
mol
kg )
( 1 kg )=0.085 mol
MWcaf = 8(12) + 10 + 4(14) + 2(16) = 194 g/mol

a. Percent by mass caffeine

%
w mcaf
= =
(
( 0.085 mol ) 194
g
mol ) ×100 %=1.649 %
w msol ' n 1000 g

b. Mole fraction of caffeine

[ g
m chl=1000 g− ( 0.085 mol ) 118
mol (
=989.97 g )]
MWchl = 12 + 1 + 3(35) = 118 g/mol

0.085 mol
y caf = =0.01003
(
0.085 mol+ 989.97 g ×
mol
118 g )
y caf =0.01