ASIA PACIFIC COLLEGE OF ADVANCED STUDIES, INC.

City of Balanga, Bataan

CE PROF 16 - Construction Methods and Project Management

2nd Semester AY 2021-2021

RESOURCE UNIT

FACULTY-IN-CHARGE : Engr. Aldrian C. Garcia

COURSE CODE AND TITLE : CE PROF 16 – Construction Methods and Project Management
PROGRAM/ YEAR/ SCHEDULE : BSCE (TH,5:30-8:30PM)

WEEK 7: CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND OPERATIONS

I. LEARNING OUTCOMES
● Discuss the different methods and operation in a construction project

II. TOPIC/S
● Construction Methods and Operations

APCAS Core Value : Integrity & Commitment

Integration : Discussion on Activity and Weekly Output (Google Meet)

III. ACTIVITIES

PART 1: REAL-TIME CLASS SESSION via GOOGLE MEET

P - PRE- TEST
PRE-TEST 1

L - LESSON PRESENTATION

Lesson 6: Construction Methods and Operations

A - ACTIVITY

Instructions:
1. Attached files are instructions for the format of your activity/ weekly output. (FORMAT)
2. Attached the file/s on the designated Activity/Weekly Output, Follow File Name format
3. Answer the following questions in essay form with a minimum of 100 words each question.
Answer the following question in essay form.
A. What is the difference between green building and conventional building?
B. What are the advantages and disadvantages of traditional construction
methods?
C. What is meant by modern methods of construction? Give examples.
 D. What do you think is the most used building materials in residential building?
Explain.
E. What do you think are the benefits of modern methods of construction?
F. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Green Building?

Weekly Output (10mins)

Reaction Paper

Instructions:

Instructions:
1. Attached files are instructions for the format of your activity/ weekly output. (FORMAT)
2. Attached the file/s on the designated Activity/Weekly Output, Follow File Name format
3. Write your Reaction Paper regarding the video: Construction Methods – Bataan Cavite Interlink
4. A minimum of 500-1000 words (in your own words).

Guide questions for your Reaction Paper:

1. Enumerate and Explain possible Construction Methods on the said projects.

2. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of this project?

PART 2: SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING (90mins)

Lecture Reading

Construction Methods and Operations

• Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs

from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a
designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as
an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries.
• Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines. An architect normally manages the
job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager supervises it. For
the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential. Those involved with the design and
execution of the infrastructure in question must consider zoning requirements, the environmental impact of
the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction-site safety, availability and transportation
of building materials,logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding, etc. The
largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects.

Construction Methods\

Construction methods are the procedures and techniques that are used during the building process. Designing
Buildings Wiki has many articles on different types of construction method: Advanced construction technology.

• Surveying
 • Clearing
• Framing
• Signages
• Mobilization
• Layout
• Excavation
• Footing
• Columns
• Beams
• slabs
• Wall
• Electrical/ mechanical
• Plumbing
• Finishing/partisions
• Tapping off/roof deck
• Painting
• Power supply
• Testing
• Demobilization
• handover

Types of Construction

Building Construction

• Building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional).
Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The
majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a
bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the
entire project. Although building construction projects typically include various common elements, such as
design, financial, estimating and legal considerations, many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end
results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation.

Infrastructures

• Infrastructure is often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering. It includes large public works,
dams, bridges, highways, water/wastewater and utility distribution.

Industrial

• Industrial includes refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants. There are
other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets.

Construction Processes

Design Team

In the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal
design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other
parts. The design usually consists of drawings and specifications, usually prepared by a design team
including Architect, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, structural engineers, fire protection
engineers, planning consultants, architectural consultants, and archaeological consultants. The design team is most
commonly employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Under this system, once the design is completed by
the design team, a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to
make a bid for the work, either based directly on the design, or on the basis of drawings and a bill of
quantities provided by a quantity surveyor.

Financial Advisor

Construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems. Underbids happen when builders ask for too
little money to complete the project. Cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding cannot cover the
current costs for labour and materials, and because they are a matter of having sufficient funds at a specific time, can
arise even when the overall total is enough. Fraud is a problem in many fields, but is notoriously prevalent in the
construction field. Financial planning for the project is intended to ensure that a solid plan with adequate safeguards
and contingency plans are in place before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is properly
executed over the life of the project.Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are likely participants in
creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project.

Legal Aspects

A construction project must fit into the legal framework governing the property. These include governmental
regulations on the use of property, and obligations that are created in the process of construction.The project must
adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit
the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are
indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum
considerations, or things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district
and residences to a residential district.

Interaction of Expertise

Design, finance, and legal aspects overlap and interrelate. The design must be not only structurally sound and
appropriate for the use and location, but must also be financially possible to build, and legal to use. The financial
structure must accommodate the need for building the design provided, and must pay amounts that are legally owed.
The legal structure must integrate the design into the surrounding legal framework, and enforce the financial
consequences of the construction process.

Procurement

Procurement describes the merging of activities undertaken by the client to obtain a building. There are many
different methods of construction procurement; however the three most common types of procurement are
traditional (design-bid-build), design-build and management contracting. There is also a growing number of new forms
of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between
the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project. New forms include partnering such
as Public-Private Partnering (PPPs) aka private finance initiatives (PFIs) and alliances such as "pure" or "project"
alliances and "impure" or "strategic" alliances.

Construction Phase

• Vision/fantasy/idea - a concept never intended to be built, may be an aesthetic or structural design exercise
 • Proposed - a building concept that is under review by the building owner and by government

• Approved - a building concept that will be constructed in the near future. If the proposed building is not
approved then the proposal may be amended and resubmitted, or it may be deferred or cancelled.

• Design - the specification of what is to be built in sufficient detail to be used as the basis as a contract
between the owner and a contractor.

• Procurement - the selection of the contractor or contractors to carry out the construction. This may be by
competitive tendering.

• Diversions - before construction can start any services on the site which must be kept operational to serve
other adjacent sites must be diverted so they run outside the footprint of the new building. This can include
drainage, water and gas piped services and power and communication cables.

• Under-construction - a fully designed building currently being built

• Ground works - construction work below ground level including the construction of basements and
foundations

• Topped-out - a fully designed building where construction has reached the highest point of the building

• Fitting out - installation of the decorative, non-structural elements once the building main structure is
complete. This includes painting, ceilings, light fittings etc.

• Commissioning or setting to work - Once the building Mechanical, electrical, plumbing, communications, and
building control systems are installed they then need to be tested and adjusted so they deliver the required
performance. In modern buildings this can take some time during which little seems to be going on but if this
is not done properly then these systems will not deliver their design performance leading to hot and cold
spots, spurious alarms, higher energy bills, and systems failing during emergencies

• Substantial Completion / Beneficial Occupancy - a point when the work is sufficiently complete so that the
Owner can occupy (Items noted during inspection 'punch list' or 'snag list' may still be corrected)

• Complete/built - a fully designed building that has been fully built, excluding future expansions (punch list
items all completed)

• Building Operation - All those day-to-day activities need to ensure the building can be used. In simple
buildings this means little more than cleaning but in more complicated buildings this is a large scale operation
employing a large team of staff. If they do their job right then you hardly notice them.
• Maintenance - works to ensure the building continues to operate in accordance with its design, including
replacing elements which are approaching the end of their useful life
• Repair - replacing building elements which have been damaged or which have failed to restore the building to
its as-built state
• Renovation - modification to the building. This can be minor modifications that are carried out while the
building is occupied or major works where only the structural elements are kept and the building is out of use
for years
• Demolition - destruction of the building which may include the salvage of some elements for reuse elsewhere.

Modern Methods of Construction

The concrete industry embraces innovation and modern methods of construction (MMC) by offering concrete
solutions which can be used to reduce construction time and promote sustainable development, as well as offering
cost savings.

1. Precast Flat Panel System

● Floor and wall units are produced off-site in a factory and erected on-site to form robust structures,
ideal for all repetitive cellular projects. Panels can include services, windows, doors and finishes.
Building envelope panels with factory fitted insulation and decorative cladding can also be used as
load-bearing elements. This offers factory quality and accuracy, together with speed of erection on-
site.
2. 3D Volumetric Construction
● 3D Volumetric construction (also known as modular construction) involves the production of three-
dimensional units in controlled factory conditions prior to transportation to site.
● Modules can be brought to site in a variety of forms, ranging from a basic structure to one with all
internal and external finishes and services installed, all ready for assembly. The casting of modules
uses the benefits of factory conditions to create service-intensive units where a high degree of
repetition and a need for rapid assembly on-site make its use highly desirable.
● This modern method of construction offers the inherent benefits of concrete, such asthermal
mass, sound and fire resistance, as well as offering factory quality and accuracy, together with speed
of erection on-site.
3. Tunnel Form
● Tunnel form is a formwork system that allows the contractor to build monolithic walls and slabs in one
operation on a daily cycle. It combines the speed, quality and accuracy of factory/offsite produced
ready-mix concrete and formwork with the flexibility and economy of cast in-situ construction.
● This fast-track method of construction is suitable for repetitive cellular projects, such as hotels,
apartment blocks and student accommodation. It offers economy, speed, quality and accuracy, as well
as utilizing the inherent benefits of concrete, such as fire and sound resistance.
4. Hybrid Concrete Construction
● Hybrid Concrete Construction (HCC) combines all the benefits of precasting with the advantages of
cast in-situ construction. Combining the two, as a hybrid frame, results in even greater construction
speed, quality and overall economy. HCC can answer client demands for lower costs and higher
quality by providing simple, buildable and competitive structures that offer consistent performance
and quality.
5. Thin Joint Masonry
● Thin Joint Masonry allows the depth of the mortar to be reduced from 10mm to just 3mm or less,
resulting in faster laying and improved productivity, particularly on long runs of walling. Construction
speed can be further increased by some 13.5 per cent using large-format concrete blocks, which have
a face size equivalent to two traditional concrete blocks. The mortar cures rapidly, achieving full bond
strength within one to two hours, eliminating the problem of 'floating' therefore enabling more
courses to be laid per day.
6. Insulation Concrete Formworks
● Insulating Concrete Formwork (ICF) systems consist of twin-walled, expanded polystyrene panels or
blocks that are quickly built up to create formwork for the walls of a building. This formwork is then
filled with factory produced, quality assured, ready-mixed concrete to create a robust structure. The
expanded polystyrene blocks remain to provide high levels of thermal insulation and the concrete
core provides robustness and good levels of sound insulation.
7. Precast Foundation
 ● Precast concrete systems can be used to rapidly construct foundations. The elements are usually to a
bespoke design and cast in a factory environment, giving assured quality for the finished product. The
foundations are often supported by concrete piles and connected together.
● These systems improve productivity, especially in adverse weather conditions, and reduces the
amount of excavation required - particularly advantageous when dealing with contaminated ground.

Construction Operations

Construction operations include: constructing, altering, repairing, extending or demolishing: buildings or structures.
works that are part of the land.

Currently 3d-modelling is the trend in the simulation area. However, developing 3d models of construction operations
is very complex and time consuming. In general, the study of construction operations requires a tool that provides
solutions without requiring the input of copious amounts of data. In order for a construction company to use a
simulation tool, the methodology has to be presented in a very simple and graphical context. Pictorial and schematic
tools are easily accepted.

PROSIDYC

Prosidyc is a system for simulating construction operations jointly developed by the planning and methods unit of
dragados y construction, madrid, spain and the division of construction engineering & management at purdue
university. It is a computer-based system analyzing construction job site production processes. It is used to improve
productivity in the field by studying resource utilization and cycle times identifying oppurtunities for production
improvement.

HIERARCHICAL LEVELS IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ORGANIZATIONAL- COMPANY Structure and business focus, head office and field functions, portfolio of projects, gross
project attributes.
Project- project definition, contract, drawings, specifications, cost, time, breakdown into project activities.
Activity- attainment of physical segment of project equated to time and cost control.
Operation- construction method focus. Means of achieving construction complete.
Process- basic technological sequence focus, logical collection of work tasks and recognizable potion of construction
operation.
Work task- fundamental field action and work unit focus, skill at crew member level and basis of work assignment to
labor.

Building Process Model

The relative sequence and logic of the work tasks and processes that make up construction operation
constitute the technological structure of the operation. The modeling elements can be used in a variety of patterns to
model construction operations.
As an example, consider the development of a model for an earth-modeling operation that involves the
loading of trucks with earth transport to a dump area.

In order to develop the framework of the earth-moving operation, it is necessary to identify the major
resources involved (trucks, front-end loader and soil) and establish the various states that the resources are traverse
in their work assignment path cycles. Finally, the integration of the resource paths and cycles establishes the basic
structure of the operations.

PART 3: ASSESSMENT RESULT

As of:

Program/Level: BSCE 4

Total Number of Students:

No. of G-Meet Attendees:

SUBMITTED PASSED SUBMITTED FAILED

NO SUBMISSION
no. of students w/ passings score/ no. of students w/ failed score/ total
Total no. of students with submission no. of students with submission

Pre-Test

Seatwork

Weekly Output

Long Quiz