OSHA 30 Hours General Industry

Outreach Training

Presented By: Engr. Muhammad Khuram Yousaf

Introduction to OSHA
 What is OSHA?

Occupational Safety
and Health Administration
Responsible for worker safety and health
protection
Is there a need for OSHA?

Each year...
About 6,000 deaths from workplace injuries
An estimated 50,000 deaths from illnesses
cause by workplace exposures
6 million non-fatal workplace injuries
Injuries alone cost U.S. businesses more
than $125 billion

4
 Has OSHA made a
difference?
YES!

Since 1970 OSHA has:

Cut the work-related fatality rate in half
Reduced overall injury and illness rates in
industries where OSHA concentrated its
attention
Virtually eliminated brown lung disease in
the textile industry, and
Reduced trenching and excavation fatalities
by 35 percent 5
 What does OSHA do?
 Encourages employers and employees to
reduce workplace hazards and implement new
or improve existing safety and health programs
 Develops and enforces mandatory job safety
and health standards
 Maintains a reporting and recordkeeping
system to monitor job-related injuries and illnesses
 Provides assistance, training and other
support programs to help employers and
workers

6
Who is covered by the OSH
Act?
 All employees and their employers under
Federal Government authority
 Coverage provided either directly by federal
OSHA or through an OSHA-approved state
program
 Does not cover the self-employed or
immediate members of farm families that do not
employ outside workers

7
 OSHA Standards

 OSHA is responsible for writing and

enforcing standards that employers
must follow
 Where OSHA has not issued specific
standards, employers are responsible
for following the OSH Act's “General
Duty Clause”
 States with OSHA-approved programs
must set standards at least as effective
as federal standards 8
 What does OSHA
require?
 Determine which OSHA
standards apply to your
workplace
 Follow the OSHA standards
and requirements

9
Recordkeeping and
Reporting

Employers of 11 or more employees

must maintain records of occupational
injuries and illnesses
All employers must report to OSHA
within 8 hours any accident that
results in a fatality or in-patient
hospitalization of 3 or more
employees

10
Recordkeeping Forms

Maintained on a calendar
year basis
Summary of records for
the previous year must be
posted from February
through April

11
What are workers’ responsibilities?
Read the OSHA poster
Follow the employer’s safety and health rules and
wear or use all required gear and equipment
Follow safe work practices for your job, as directed
by your employer
Report hazardous conditions to a supervisor or safety
committee
Report hazardous conditions to OSHA, if employers
do not fix them
Cooperate with OSHA inspectors

(see OSHA’s Workers’ web page for more information)

13
What are workers’
rights?
Workers have a vital role to play in identifying and
correcting problems in their workplaces, working with
their employers whenever possible
Workers can complain to OSHA about workplace
conditions threatening their health or safety in
person, by telephone, by fax, by mail or electronically
through OSHA’s web site
Section 11(c) of the OSH Act gives workers the right
to seek safe and healthful conditions on the job
without being disciplined or fired

(see OSHA’s Workers’ web page for more information)

14
OSHA’s Workers’ Page

15
What are employers’ rights
and responsibilities?

 Employers must provide a safe and

healthful workplace free of recognized
hazards and follow the OSHA standards
 The OSH Act grants employers important
rights, particularly during and after an
OSHA inspection
 Employers also provide training,
medical examinations and
recordkeeping

16
Workplace Inspections

Every establishment covered

by the OSH Act is subject to
inspection by OSHA
compliance safety and health
officers (CSHO's)
Most inspections are conducted
without advance notice

17
Inspection Process

CSHO displays official

credentials
Opening conference
Walkaround inspection
Closing conference

18
 Conducting the Walkaround
Inspection

 CSHO and accompanying

representatives (employer and
employee) inspect the establishment for
potentially hazardous working
conditions
 CSHO discusses possible corrective
actions with the employer
 CSHO may consult, at times
privately, with employees
19
What happens after an OSHA
inspection?
OSHA may or may not issue citations
Citations inform employer and employees of the
regulations and standards allegedly violated and
of the proposed time for abatement
Employer must post a copy of each citation at or
near place where violation occurred, for 3 days or
until violation is corrected, whichever is longer

20
 Sources of
Assistance
OSHA web site (www.osha.gov)
Consultation assistance
Federal and State area offices
Speakers, publications, a/v aids, technical advice
Training and education
OSHA Training Institute (OTI) and the OTI
Education Centers
OSHA Outreach Training Program
OSHA Office of General Industry Compliance
Assistance
OSHA Office of State Programs
Voluntary Protection Programs

21
 OSHA Web Site
(www.osha.gov)
About OSHA (contacts, programs . . .)
Events (conferences, hearings . . .)
Library/Reading Room (statistics . . .)
News Room (publications, news releases . . .)
Outreach (technical links, training . . .)
Regulations & Compliance (standards . . .)

22
Where to Get OSHA
Standards
Federal Register in public libraries
or at the GPO web site
CD-ROM subscription through U.S.
Government Printing Office (GPO)
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
in public libraries and through GPO
OSHA web site - OSHA standards,
interpretations, directives
(www.osha.gov)

23
Consultation Assistance

Provided at no cost to employer

Developed for smaller employers with
more hazardous operations
Delivered by state government agencies
or universities employing professional
safety and health consultants
No penalties are proposed or citations
issued
Possible violations of OSHA standards
are not reported to OSHA enforcement
staff unless employer fails to eliminate
or control any serious hazard or
imminent danger 24
OSHA Emergency Hot-Line

1-800-321-OSHA

Hot-line for reporting workplace safety or

health emergencies
Provides a 24-hour point of contact to report
imminent dangers on the job

25
 Summary

OSHA helps save lives and prevent injuries

OSHA balances a cooperative approach with
traditional enforcement
OSHA standards are the enforceable
requirements for worker safety and health
Inspections are OSHA’s way to ensure
compliance
OSHA offers various means of assistance

26
Occupational Safety and Health
Act
Public Law 91-596

27
Occupational Safety and
Health Act
Effective April 29, 1971
Amended
1990
1998

28
Occupational Safety and Health Act

Established
• Occupational Safety and
Health Administration
(OSHA)
• National Institute for
Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH)
• Occupational Safety and
Health Review
Commission (OSHRC)

29
Purpose of OSHA

"to assure so far as possible

every working man and woman
in the Nation safe and healthful
working conditions and to
preserve our human resources.”

30
 3. Definitions

Employer
• Any person engaged in
a business affecting
commerce who has
employees
• Does not include
®State
®Political subdivisions
of state

31
 4. Applicability of Act

Extends to all 50 states, District of

Columbia, Puerto Rico, and other
territories under Federal jurisdiction

Puerto Rico USVirgin Islands

32
 5. Duties
Section 5(a)(1) -- General Duty
Clause
• “Each employer shall
furnish employment
and a place of
employment which are
free from recognized
hazards causing or are
likely to cause death or
serious physical harm
to employees.”

33
6. Occupational Safety and
Health Standards

Provides authority for

promulgating standards
necessary to protect the safety
and health of workers

34
8. Inspections, Investigations
and Recordkeeping
Upon presenting credentials
compliance officer is authorized to
• Enter without delay at
reasonable times
• Inspect and investigate
during regular working
hours and other
reasonable times
• Privately question
employees and others

35
 9. Citations

Any citations issued will indicate

• Regulations and standards alleged to have been
violated
• Proposed abatement time

36
9. Citations (continued)

Employer must post copy of

each citation
• At or near place
alleged violation
occurred
• Post for three days or
until abated -
whichever is longer

37
10. Procedures for
Enforcement

Employer may request an informal meeting with Area Director

if citation received

Director is authorized to enter into agreements to revise

citations and penalties

38
10. Procedures for Enforcement
(continued)

If employer decides to contest

citation, proposed penalty, or
time allowed for abatement,
Area Director must be notified in
writing within 15 working days
from receipt

39
11. Judicial Review

Notice of Contests will be

forwarded by Area Director to
Occupational Safety and Health
Review Commission (OSHRC)
Commission will assign case to
administrative law judge

40
11. Judicial Review (continued)

Once administrative judge rules, further review by OSHRC

may be requested
Rulings may also be appealed to U.S. Court of Appeals.

41
17. Penalties

Types of violations
• Serious violation
®$7,000 maximum
• Other than serious
violation
®$7,000 maximum

42
17. Penalties
(continued)

• Willful violations
®$70,000 maximum
®Imprisonment of up to 6
months if caused fatality
• Repeated violations
®$70,000 maximum

43
17. Penalties
(continued)

• Failure to abate a previous

violation
®$7,000 maximum for each
day violation continues
• Advance notice of an
inspection
®$1,000 maximum and/or
imprisonment of up to six
months

44
 17. Penalties
(continued)

• Falsifying records, reports

or applications
® $10,000 maximum
and/or imprisonment of
up to six months
• Violations of posting
requirements
®$7,000 maximum

45
Q. In what year did the OSH Act
become effective?

46
Q. In what year did the OSH Act become
effective?

A. 1971

47
Q. When reference is made to the OSHA
General Duty Clause, which section of
the OSH Act is being cited?

48
Q. When reference is made to the OSHA
General Duty Clause, which section of
the OSH Act is being cited?

A. Section 5 (a)(1)

49
Q. Violations that an employer knowingly
commits or commits with plain
indifference to the law are classified as
what type of violation?

50
Q. Violations that an employer knowingly
commits or commits with plain
indifference to the law are classified as
what type of violation?

A. Willful

51
Q. What is the maximum
penalty authorized for
a serious violation?

52
Q. What is the maximum penalty
authorized for
a serious violation?
A. $7,000

53
Safety and Health
Programs

54
Benefits of Effective Safety and Health
Programs

• Reduce work related injuries and

illnesses
• Improve morale and productivity
• Reduce workers’ compensation costs

55
 Major Elements

An effective occupational safety and health program includes the

following four elements:

➢Management commitment and employee

involvement

➢Worksite analysis
d control
➢Hazard prevention
➢Safety and health training

56
Management Commitment
and Employee Involvement

• These are complementary elements

• Management commitment provides motivation and
resources
• Employee involvement allows workers to develop
and express commitment to safety and health

57
Policy and Goals

• Clearly state a worksite safety and health policy

• Establish and communicate a clear goal and objective for the
safety and health program
• Involve top management in implementing the program

58
Employee Involvement

• Encourage employees to get involved in the program

and in decisions that affect their safety and health
• Communicate responsibility for all program aspects

59
 Responsibility

• Parties responsible for the safety and health program must have
authority and resources
• Managers, supervisors, and employees must be held
accountable for meeting their responsibilities
• Program operations must be reviewed at least annually, to
evaluate, identify deficiencies, and revise, as needed

60
 Worksite Analysis

• Examine the worksite and identify:

-- existing hazards
-- conditions and operations where
changes might occur to create hazards
• Management must actively analyze the
work and the worksite to anticipate and
prevent harmful occurrences

61
Comprehensive Survey

• Conduct a comprehensive
baseline survey for safety and
health
• Job Hazard Analysis
• Who may help you:
-- OSHA Consultation Program
-- Insurance companies
-- Consultants

62
Safety and Health
Inspections

• Conduct regular (usually weekly) site inspections

• Establish daily work area inspection procedures
• Develop and use a checklist
• Provide a reliable system for employees, without fear of reprisal, to notify
management about apparent hazardous conditions and to receive timely and
appropriate responses

63
Additional Worksite Analysis

• Investigate accidents and “near miss”

incidents, so that their causes and
means for prevention are identified
• Analyze injury and illness trends, so
that common cause patterns can be
identified and prevented

64
Hazard Prevention and
Control
• Start by determining that a hazard or potential
hazard exists
• Where feasible, prevent hazards by effective
design of job or job site
• If the hazard cannot be eliminated, use hazard
controls
• Eliminate or control hazards in a timely manner

65
Controlling the Hazards

To prevent and control hazards:

Engineering controls
Administrative controls
Personal protective equipment
Safe work practices communicated
via training, positive reinforcement,
correction of unsafe performance,
and enforcement

66
Hazard Prevention Planning

• Maintain the facility and equipment

• Emergency planning
➢Training and drills, as needed
• Medical program
➢First aid on site
➢Physician and emergency care
nearby

67
Safety and Health Training

• Address the safety and health

responsibilities of all personnel
• Incorporate it into other training and
job performance/practice

68
Safety and Health Orientation

Employees must understand the hazards

they may be exposed to and how to
prevent harm to themselves and others
from hazard exposure
Orientation training must be given to site
and contract workers

69
Supervisor Responsibilities

• Analyze work to identify potential hazards in area of

responsibility
• Maintain physical protections in work areas
• Reinforce employee training through performance
feedback and, if needed, enforcement of safe work
practices

70
Specific Training Needs

• Hazard recognition
• Training required in standards
• Emergency response
• Accident investigation
• Emergency drills

71
 Summary

Effective worker safety and health programs:

• Reduce work related injuries and illnesses
• Improve morale and productivity
• Reduce workers’ compensation costs
• Include these four elements:
➢ Management commitment and
employee involvement
➢ Worksite analysis
➢ Hazard prevention and control
➢ Safety and health training

72
Personal Protective
Equipment

73
Protecting Employees from
Workplace Hazards

• Employers must protect employees from workplace

hazards such as machines, hazardous substances,
and dangerous work procedures that can cause injury
• Employers must:
➢ Use all feasible engineering and work practice
controls to eliminate and reduce hazards
➢ Then use appropriate personal protective
equipment (PPE) if these controls do not eliminate
the hazards.
• Remember, PPE is the last level of control!

74
Engineering Controls

If . . .
The machine or work environment can be physically
changed to prevent employee exposure to the
potential hazard,

Then . . .
The hazard can be eliminated with an engineering
control.

75
Engineering Controls
(cont’d)

Examples . . .
• Initial design specifications
• Substitute less harmful material
• Change process
• Enclose process
• Isolate process
• Ventilation

76
Work Practice Controls

If . . .
Employees can be removed from exposure to the
potential hazard by changing the way they do their
jobs,

Then . . .
The hazard can be eliminated with a work practice
control.

77
Work Practice Controls
(cont’d)

Examples . . .
• Use of wet methods to suppress dust
• Personal hygiene
• Housekeeping and maintenance
• Job rotation of workers

78
Examples of PPE

• Eye - safety glasses, goggles

• Face - face shields
• Head - hard hats
• Feet - safety shoes
• Hands and arms - gloves
• Bodies - vests
• Hearing - earplugs, earmuffs

79
Establishing a PPE Program

• Sets out procedures for selecting, providing

and using PPE as part of an employer’s
routine operation
• First -- assess the workplace to determine if
hazards are present, or are likely to be
present, which necessitate the use of PPE
• Once the proper PPE has been selected, the
employer must provide training to each
employee who is required to use PPE

80
 Training

Employees required to use PPE must be trained to

know at least the following:
• When PPE is necessary
• What type of PPE is necessary
• How to properly put on, take off, adjust, and wear
• Limitations of the PPE
• Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal

81
Eye Protection

82
 What are some of the
causes of eye injuries?

• Dust and other flying particles, such as metal

shavings or sawdust
• Molten metal that might splash
• Acids and other caustic liquid chemicals that
might splash
• Blood and other potentially infectious body
fluids that might splash, spray, or splatter
• Intense light such as that created by welding
and lasers

83
Safety Spectacles

• Made with metal/plastic safety frames

• Most operations require side shields
• Used for moderate impact from particles
produced by such jobs as carpentry,
woodworking, grinding, and scaling

84
 Goggles

• Protect eyes, eye sockets, and the facial area

immediately surrounding the eyes from
impact, dust, and splashes
• Some goggles fit over corrective lenses

85
 Welding Shields

Protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or intense

radiant light, and protect face and eyes from flying
sparks, metal spatter, and slag chips produced during
welding, brazing, soldering, and cutting.

86
 Laser Safety Goggles
Protect eyes from intense concentrations of light
produced by lasers.

87
 Face Shields

• Protect the face from nuisance dusts and

potential splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids
• Do not protect employees from impact hazards

88
Head Protection

89
 What are some of the
causes of head injuries?

• Falling objects
• Bumping head against fixed objects, such
as exposed pipes or beams
• Contact with exposed electrical conductors

90
Classes of Hard Hats
Class A
• General service (e.g., mining, building construction,
shipbuilding, lumbering, and manufacturing)
• Good impact protection but limited voltage protection
Class B
• Electrical work
• Protect against falling objects and high-voltage shock and
burns
Class C
• Designed for comfort, offer limited protection
• Protects heads that may bump against fixed objects, but
do not protect against falling objects or electrical shock

91
Hearing Protection

92
Examples of Hearing Protectors

Earmuffs Earplugs Canal Caps

93
Foot Protection

94
 What are some of the
causes of foot injuries?

• Heavy objects such as barrels or tools that

might roll onto or fall on employees’ feet
• Sharp objects such as nails or spikes that might
pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes
• Molten metal that might splash on feet
• Hot or wet surfaces
• Slippery surfaces

95
Safety Shoes

• Have impact-resistant toes and

heat-resistant soles that protect
against hot surfaces common in
roofing, paving, and hot metal
industries
• Some have metal insoles to
protect against puncture wounds
• May be designed to be
electrically conductive for use in
explosive atmospheres, or
nonconductive to protect from
workplace electrical hazards

96
 Metatarsal Guards
A part of the shoes or strapped to the outside
of shoes to protect the instep from impact and
compression.

97
Hand Protection

98
What are some of the hand injuries
you need to guard against?

• Burns
• Bruises
• Abrasions
• Cuts
• Punctures
• Fractures
• Amputations
• Chemical Exposures

99
Types of Gloves

Norfoil laminate resists

permeation and
breakthrough by an array of
toxic/hazardous chemicals.

Butyl provides the highest

permeation resistance to gas
or water vapors; frequently
used for ketones (M.E.K.,
Acetone) and esters (Amyl
Acetate, Ethyl Acetate).

10
0
Types of Gloves
(cont’d)
Viton is highly resistant to
permeation by chlorinated and
aromatic solvents.

Nitrile provides protection

against a wide variety of
solvents, harsh chemicals, fats
and petroleum products and
also provides excellent
resistance to cuts, snags,
punctures and abrasions.
Types of Gloves
(cont’d)
Kevlar protects against cuts,
slashes, and abrasion.

Stainless steel mesh

protects against cuts and
lacerations.
Body Protection
 What are some of the
causes of body injuries?

• Intense heat
• Splashes of hot metals and other hot liquids
• Impacts from tools, machinery, and materials
• Cuts
• Hazardous chemicals
• Contact with potentially infectious materials,
like blood
• Radiation
Body Protection

Cooling
Vest Sleeves and Apron
Body Protection

Full Body Suit

Coveralls
 Summary
Employers must implement a PPE program where they:
• Assess the workplace for hazards
• Use engineering and work practice controls to eliminate
or reduce hazards before using PPE
• Select appropriate PPE to protect employees from
hazards that cannot be eliminated
• Inform employees why the PPE is necessary and when
it must be worn
• Train employees how to use and care for their PPE and
how to recognize deterioration and failure
• Require employees to wear selected PPE in the
workplace
Hazard Communication
 Introduction

About 32 million workers work with and are

potentially exposed to one or more chemical hazards
There are approximately 650,000 existing chemical
products, and hundreds of new ones being
introduced annually
Chemical exposure may cause or contribute to many
serious health effects such as heart ailments, central
nervous system damage, kidney and lung damage,
sterility, cancer, burns, and rashes
Some chemicals may also be safety hazards and
have the potential to cause fires and explosions and
other serious accidents
Purpose of OSHA’s Hazard
Communication Standard

To ensure that employers and employees know

about work hazards and how to protect themselves
so that the incidence of illnesses and injuries due to
hazardous chemicals is reduced.

Hazard Container Material Safety

Communication Labeling Data Sheet
Program

Program MSDS
Label
 Who is
covered?
 OSHA’s Hazard Communication
(HazCom) standard applies to general
industry, shipyard, marine terminals,
longshoring, and construction employment
and covers chemical manufacturers,
importers, employers, and employees
exposed to chemical hazards.
 Employer Responsibilities

 Identify and list hazardous chemicals in

their workplaces
 Obtain Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)
and labels for each hazardous chemical, if not
provided by the manufacturer, importer, or
distributor
 Implement a written HazCom program,
including labels, MSDSs, and employee
training
 Communicate hazard information to employees
through labels, MSDSs, and formal training
programs
 How can workplace hazards be
minimized?

The first step in minimizing workplace hazards is to

perform a thorough hazard assessment
Employers can rely on the evaluations performed by
the manufacturers or importers to establish the hazards
of the chemicals they use
This information is obtained from MSDSs and labels
Why is a written program required?

Ensures that all employers HazCom Program

receive the information they
(f)"Labels and other
need to inform and train their forms of warning."
employees (g)"Material safety data
sheets."
Provides necessary hazard (h)"Employee
information and
information to employees training."
Written HazCom Program
Requirements

Describes container labeling, MSDSs, and employee

training for each workplace
List of the hazardous chemicals
Make information regarding hazards and protective
measures available to other employers onsite
How must chemicals be labeled?

Each container of hazardous

chemicals entering the workplace
must be labeled or marked with:
Identity of the chemical
Appropriate hazard warnings
Name and address of the
responsible party
Container Labeling in the
Workplace

The hazard warning can be any

type of message, picture, or
symbol that provides information
on the hazards of the chemical(s)
and the targeted organs affected,
if applicable
Labels must be legible, in English
(plus other languages, if desired),
and prominently displayed
 Material Safety Data
Sheets
Prepared by the chemical manufacturer or importer
and describe:
Physical hazards, such as fire and explosion
Health hazards, such as signs of exposure
Routes of exposure
Precautions for safe handling and use
Emergency and first-aid procedures
Control measures
 Material Safety Data Sheets
(cont’d)
Must be in English and include information regarding the
specific chemical identity and common names
Must provide information about the:
Physical and chemical characteristics
Health effects
Exposure limits
Carcinogenicity (cancer-causing)
Identification (name, address, and telephone number)
of the organization responsible for preparing the
sheet
Must be readily accessible to employees in their work area
 Material Safety Data Sheets
(cont’d)
MSDSs have no prescribed
format
If no MSDS has been received
for a hazardous chemical,
employer must contact the
supplier, manufacturer, or
importer to obtain one and
maintain a record of the contact
 Trainin
g
Training is required for employees
who are exposed to hazardous
chemicals in their work area:
At the time of initial assignment
Whenever a new hazard is
introduced into their work area
 What training is
needed to protect
workers?
Explanation of the HazCom program, including
information on labels, MSDSs, and how to obtain and
use available hazard information
Hazards of chemicals
Protective measures such as engineering controls,
work practices, and the use of PPE
How to detect the presence or release of a hazardous
chemical (using monitoring devices, observation, or
smell)
 What information must
be provided to
workers?
 Employees must be informed of:
 The HazCom standard and its requirements
 Operations in their work areas where
hazardous chemicals are present
 Location and availability of the written hazard
evaluation procedures, communications program,
lists of hazardous chemicals, and the required
MSDSs
 Summa
ry
OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard is based
on a simple concept - that employees have both a
need and a right to know the hazards and identities of
the chemicals they are exposed to when working
Employees also need to know what protective
measures are available to prevent adverse effects
from occurring
Electrical
 Introduction

An average of one worker is electrocuted on the

job every day
There are four main types of electrical injuries:
Electrocution (death due to electrical shock)
Electrical shock
Burns
Falls
Electrical Terminology

Current – the movement of electrical charge

Resistance – opposition to current flow
Voltage – a measure of electrical force
Conductors – substances, such as metals, that
have little resistance to electricity
Insulators – substances, such as wood, rubber,
glass, and bakelite, that have high resistance to
electricity
Grounding – a conductive connection to the earth
which acts as a protective measure
Electrical Shock

Received when current passes

through the body
Severity of the shock depends on:
Path of current through the body
Amount of current flowing
through the body
Length of time the body is in the
circuit
LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT
MEAN LOW HAZARD
Dangers of Electrical Shock

Currents greater than 75 mA*

can cause ventricular fibrillation
(rapid, ineffective heartbeat)
Will cause death in a few
minutes unless a defibrillator is
used Defibrillator in use
75 mA is not much current – a
small power drill uses 30 times
as much

* mA = milliampere = 1/1,000 of an ampere

How is an electrical shock received?

When two wires have different potential differences

(voltages), current will flow if they are connected
together
In most household wiring, the black wires are at
110 volts relative to ground
The white wires are at zero volts because they
are connected to ground
If you come into contact with an energized (live)
black wire, and you are also in contact with the
white grounded wire, current will pass through your
body and YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK
How is an electrical shock received?
(cont’d)

If you are in contact with an energized wire or any

energized electrical component, and also with any
grounded object, YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK
You can even receive a shock when you are not in
contact with a ground
If you contact both wires of a 240-volt cable,
YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK and possibly
be electrocuted
Electrical Burns

Most common shock-related,

nonfatal injury
Occurs when you touch
electrical wiring or equipment
that is improperly used or
maintained
Typically occurs on the hands
Very serious injury that needs
immediate attention
 Falls

Electric shock can also cause

indirect or secondary injuries
Workers in elevated locations
who experience a shock can
fall, resulting in serious injury
or death
Inadequate Wiring
Hazards
A hazard exists when a conductor is
too small to safely carry the current
Example: using a portable tool with
an extension cord that has a wire too
small for the tool
The tool will draw more current Wire Gauge
than the cord can handle,
causing overheating and a
possible fire without tripping the W IRE

circuit breaker Wire gauge measures

The circuit breaker could be the
right size for the circuit but not
for the smaller-wire extension
cord
wires ranging in size from
number 36 to 0 American
wire gauge (AWG)
 Overload
If too manyHazards
devices are
plugged into a circuit, the
current will heat the wires to
a very high temperature,
which may cause a fire
If the wire insulation melts,
arcing may occur and cause
a fire in the area where the
overload exists, even inside
a wall
Electrical Protective
Devices
These devices shut off electricity flow in the
event of an overload or ground-fault in the circuit
Include fuses, circuit breakers, and ground-fault
circuit-interrupters (GFCI’s)
Fuses and circuit breakers are overcurrent
devices
When there is too much current:
®Fuses melt
®Circuit breakers trip open
 Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter
This device protects you from dangerous
shock
The GFCI detects a difference in current
between the black and white circuit wires
(This could happen when electrical
equipment is not working correctly,
causing current “leakage” – known as a
ground fault.)
If a ground fault is detected, the GFCI
can shut off electricity flow in as little as
1/40 of a second, protecting you from a
dangerous shock
 Grounding Hazards

Some of the most frequently violated OSHA

standards
Metal parts of an electrical wiring system that we
touch (switch plates, ceiling light fixtures, conduit,
etc.) should be at zero volts relative to ground
Housings of motors, appliances or tools that are
plugged into improperly grounded circuits may
become energized
If you come into contact with an improperly grounded
electrical device, YOU WILL BE SHOCKED
Overhead Powerline
Hazards
Most people don’t realize that
overhead powerlines are usually
not insulated
Powerline workers need special
training and personal protective
equipment (PPE) to work safely
Do not use metal ladders –
instead, use fiberglass ladders
Beware of powerlines when you
work with ladders and scaffolding
Some Examples of OSHA
Electrical Requirements . . . .
 Grounding
Path
The path to ground from
circuits, equipment, and
enclosures must be
permanent and continuous
Violation shown here is an
extension cord with a
missing grounding prong
 Hand-Held Electric
Tools
Hand-held electric tools pose a
potential danger because they make
continuous good contact with the hand
To protect you from shock, burns, and
electrocution, tools must:
Have a three-wire cord with ground
and be plugged into a grounded
receptacle, or
Be double insulated, or
Be powered by a low-voltage
isolation transformer
 Guarding of Live
Parts
Must guard live parts of electric
equipment operating at 50 volts or
more against accidental contact by:
Approved cabinets/enclosures, or
Location or permanent partitions
making them accessible only to
qualified persons, or
Elevation of 8 ft. or more above
the floor or working surface
Mark entrances to guarded locations
with conspicuous warning signs
 Guarding of Live
Partsor guard
Must enclose
electric equipment in
locations where it would be
exposed to physical damage
Violation shown here is
physical damage to conduit
 Cabinets, Boxes, and
Fittings
Junction boxes, pull boxes
and fittings must have
approved covers
Unused openings in cabinets,
boxes and fittings must be
closed (no missing knockouts)
Photo shows violations of
these two requirements
 Use of Flexible
Cords
More vulnerable than fixed wiring
Do not use if one of the recognized
wiring methods can be used instead
Flexible cords can be damaged by:
Aging
Door or window edges
Staples or fastenings
Abrasion from adjacent
materials
Activities in the area
Improper use of flexible cords can
cause shocks, burns or fire
 Permissible Uses of Flexible Cords
Examples

Pendant, or Portable lamps, Stationary equipment-

Fixture Wiring tools or appliances to facilitate interchange
 Prohibited Uses of Flexible Cords
Examples

Substitute for Run through walls, Concealed behind

fixed wiring ceilings, floors, or attached to
doors, or windows building surfaces
Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist

Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses

Warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or junction boxes
GFCI that shuts off a circuit
Worn or frayed insulation around wire or connection
 Training

Train employees working with electric equipment

in safe work practices, including:
Deenergizing electric equipment before
inspecting or making repairs
Using electric tools that are in good repair
Using good judgment when working near
energized lines
Using appropriate protective equipment
 Summa
ry Protective Measures
Proper grounding
 Hazards Using GFCI’s
 Inadequate wiring
Using fuses and circuit
 Exposed electrical parts
breakers
 Wires with bad insulation
Guarding live parts
 Ungrounded
electrical systems Proper use of flexible
and tools cords
 Overloaded circuits Training
 Damaged power tools
and equipment
 Using the wrong PPE
and tools
 Overhead powerlines
 All hazards are made
worse in wet conditions
 Part 1904

Recording & Reporting

Occupational Injuries
& Illnesses
 Subpart A - Purpose

1904.0 Purpose
• Require employers to
record and report work-
related fatalities,
injuries and illnesses
Subpart B - Scope
 1904.1 Partial exemption -
te
n or fewer employees
Ten or fewer employees
• Exempt from keeping records unless informed by OSHA or
BLS
• Must report fatalities / hospitalization of three or more
employees
 1904.2 Partial exemption –
certain industries
Listed as low hazard in Appendix A
• Exempt from keeping records unless informed by OSHA or
BLS
• Must report fatalities / hospitalization of three or more
employees
1904.3 Keeping records for more than
one agency
Subpart C – Recordkeeping Forms
and Recording Criteria
 1904.4 Recording Criteria

Employers must record each fatality,

injury, and illness
• Work-related
• New case
• Meets general recording
criteria or application to
specific cases
 1904.5 Determination of
work- relatedness

Work-related if event or exposure in work environment

• Caused or contributed to condition, or
• Significantly aggravated pre-existing injury or illness
 1904.6 Determination of new
cases
Injury or illness is new case if
• No previous injury or illness of same type affecting same part of
body, or
• Employee had recovered from previous injury / illness
 1904.7 General recording
criteria
Meets recording criteria if results in
• Death
• Days away from work
• Restricted work or transfer to
another job
• Medical treatment beyond
first aid, or
• Loss of consciousness
1904.7 General recording criteria ….
(continued)

Involves other significant injury

or illness diagnosed by a
physician or other licensed
health care professional
 1904.8 Recording criteria for
needlestick and sharp injuries

Cases involving contaminated needles or sharp objects

OSHA 300 Log
• Injury
• Privacy case
 1904.9 Recording criteria for medical
removal cases

Record if medically removed under medical surveillance

requirements
 1904.11 Recording criteria for work-
related tuberculosis cases

Record cases of occupational exposure if employee develops TB

infection
 1904.29 Forms

OSHA 300 – Log of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses

OSHA 301 A – Summary of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses
OSHA 301 – Injury and Illness Incident Report
 Subpart D – Other OSHA Injury and
Illness Recordkeeping Requirements
1904.30 Multiple business establishments

300 Log required for each

establishment expected to be in
operation one year or longer
 1904.31 Covered
employees
Must record injuries and illnesses of
• All employees on payroll
• Other employees supervised on a day-to-day basis
 1904.32 Annual summary

At end of calendar year employer must

• Verify completeness and accuracy of 300 Log
• Create annual summary
• Certify summary
• Post summary
 1904.33 Retention and
updating
Maintain records for five years
• OSHA 300 Log
• Privacy case list
• Annual summary
• OSHA 301 forms
 1904.34 Change in business ownership

Responsibilities
• Previous owner
• New owner
 1904.35 Employee
involvement
Employees/representatives must be
involved
• Inform how to report injury or
illness
• Provide access to records
 1904.36 Prohibition against
discrimination

Section 11 (c) of Act prohibits discrimination

• Reporting fatality, injury, or illness
• Filing complaint
• Asking for access to records
States with OSHA-approved State plans must have have substantially
identical requirements

1904.37 State
recordkeeping
regulations
1904.38 Variances from recordkeeping
rule

Procedure for variance petition

Alternative systems must
• Collect same information
• Meet purposes of Act
• Not interfere with administration of Act
Subpart E – Reporting Fatality, Injury,
and Illness Information to the
Government
1904.39 Reporting fatalities and multiple
hospitalization incidents

Following a death or hospitalization of three or more employees,

employer must report incident to OSHA
• Within 8-hours
• By telephone or in person
Must provide copies within four business hours

1904.40 Providing records to

government representatives
If survey form received, requested information must be submitted

1904.41 Annual OSHA injury and illness

survey
If survey form received, requested information must be submitted

1904.42 Request from Bureau

of Labor Statistics
Subpart F – Transition From Former Rule
Post 2001 annual summary from OSHA 200 Log

1904.43 Summary and posting of 2001

data
1904.44 Retention and updating of old
forms

OSHA 200 and 101 forms

• Save for 5 years
• Not required to update
 1904.46 Definitions

Establishment
Injury or illness
Physician or other licensed health care
professional
Q. Which OSHA form must be used for
maintaining the log of work-related injuries
and illnesses?
Q. Which OSHA form must be used for
maintaining the log of work-related injuries
and illnesses?

A. OSHA 300
Q. A work-related HIV infection must
be recorded on the OSHA 300 Log
as a “privacy case”. (True or False)
Q. A work-related HIV infection must
be recorded on the OSHA 300 Log
as a “privacy case”. (True or False)

A. True
Q. For how many calendar years must
the OSHA 300 log be retained?
Q. For how many calendar years must
the OSHA 300 log be retained?

A. 5 Years
Q. Employee fatalities must be reported
to OSHA within how many hours?
Q. Employee fatalities must be reported
to OSHA within how many hours?

A. 8 hours
 1910.1020

Access to employee exposure and medical records

 (c) Definitions

Employee exposure record

Employee medical record
 (c)(5) Employee exposure
records
Employee exposure records
include:
• Environmental
monitoring
• Biological monitoring
• Material safety data
sheets, or
• Chemical inventory
 (c)(6)Employee medical
records
Employee medical records include
• Medical and employment
questionnaires/ histories
• Results of examinations and tests
• Opinions, diagnoses, notes, and
recommendations
• Descriptions of treatments and
prescriptions
• First aid records
• Employee medical complaints
(c)(6)Employee medical records …
(continued):

Medical records do not include:

• Physical specimens
• Records for health insurance claims
• Records created for litigation, or
• Records for voluntary employee assistance programs
 (d) Preservation of records

(1)(i) General requirements are

for duration of employment plus
30 years with exceptions.
(d) Preservation of records …
(continued)
(1)(i) Exceptions
• Health insurance claims
• First aid records
• Medical records of employees who have worked less than 1
year
(d) Preservation of records …
(continued)
(ii)Employee exposure records must be retained for 30 years, with
exceptions
• Data for environmental monitoring or measuring
• Material Safety Data Sheets and chemical inventory records
• Biological monitoring results designated as exposure records
by specific standards
(d) Preservation of records … (continued)

Analyses using exposure or

medical records, must be
retained for 30 years.
 (e) Access to records

(1) Access must be provided in a reasonable time, place, and

manner.
(f) Trade secret issues
 (g) Employee
information
(1)Informing employees of medical and exposure record
requirements
• Initial employment
• Annually
Q. The results of urine and blood samples
indicative of an exposure are
examples of which of the following
type of record?
Q. The results of urine and blood samples
indicative of an exposure are
examples of which of the following
type of record?

A. Employee medical records

Q. Employers are required to inform
employees about their rights of access to
medical and exposure records on what
minimum frequency?
Q. Employers are required to inform
employees about their rights of access to
medical and exposure records on what
minimum frequency?

A. Annually
Materials Handling, Storage,
Use, and Disposal
Overview -- Handling and
Storing Materials
Involves diverse operations:
• Manual material handling
➢Carrying bags or materials
➢Unpacking materials
• Material handling via machine
➢Forklift
➢Crane
➢Rigging
• Stacking or storing drums, barrels, kegs, lumber,
• loose bricks or other materials
 Injuries

Lifting objects is a major

cause of back injuries in
the work place

Improper storing and

handling of material and
equipment can cause
struck by and crushed by
injuries
 Hazards
Improper manual lifting or
carrying loads that are too
large or heavy

Being struck by materials or

being caught in pinch points

Crushed by machines, falling

materials or improperly stored
materials

Incorrectly cutting ties or

securing devices
 Manual
Seek help: Handling
When a load is too bulky to
properly grasp or lift
When you can’t see around or
over the load
When you can’t safely handle the
load

Attach handles to loads to reduce

the chances of getting fingers
smashed.
Safe
Lifting
Break load into parts
Get help with heavy or bulky items
Lift with legs, keep back straight,
do not twist
Use handling aids - such as steps,
trestles, shoulder pads, handles,
and wheels
Avoid lifting above shoulder level
Safe Lifting
Training What should be taught:
How to lift safely
How to avoid unnecessary
physical stress and strain
What you can comfortably
handle without undue strain
Proper use of equipment
Recognizing potential hazards
and how to prevent / correct
them
 Personal Protective
Equipment
For loads with sharp or rough
edges, wear gloves or other
hand and forearm protection

When loads are heavy or bulky,

wear steel-toed safety shoes to
prevent foot injuries if the load
is dropped
Materials Handling
Equipment
Employees must
be
trained in the
proper
use and limitations
of the equipment
they operate

This includes
knowing how to
effectively use
equipment such as
forklifts, cranes,
and slings
 Forklifts

Center the load on the forks and as

close to the mast as possible to
minimize the potential for the truck
tipping or load falling

Overloading a lift truck makes it hard

to control and could make it tip over

Place the load at the lowest position

for traveling

Don’t place extra weight on the rear of

a counterbalanced forklift to allow an
overload
Operating a Forklift Safely

Keep arms and legs inside the truck

Handle only stable loads
Keep speed low - you may have to stop
Be careful when making sharp turns
with a raised load
If a load blocks your view, travel in reverse
No riders, unless there’s an approved seat
Don’t drive with forks raised
Wear safety belts or other restraint devices
Powered Industrial Truck
Training
Truck-related topics
Workplace-related topics
Standard requirements
Trainees must be supervised
by a competent person and not
endanger others
Formal instruction
Practical training
Evaluation of performance
 Dock Boards (Bridge
plates)
Dock boards must
have handholds, or
other effective
means
for safe handling.
 Earthmoving Equipment

Scrapers, loaders,
crawler or wheel
tractors, bulldozers, off-
highway trucks,
graders, tractors

Provide seat belts

Equipment with an
obstructed rear view
can’t be used in
reverse unless the
equipment has a signal
alarm
 Cranes

Check the load chart in the cab

Frequently inspect

Never lift people

Check overhead power lines

Ensure area of travel is clear

 Rigging Equipment Slings
Types of slings covered are those made from alloy
steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or
synthetic fiber rope, and synthetic web.

Chain Wire rope Metal mesh Synthetic

 Sling
Inspection
Inspect slings:
➢Each day before use
➢Where service conditions
warrant
Remove them from service if
damaged or defective
 Remove From Service

IMMEDIATELY REMOVE DAMAGED OR DEFECTIVE

SLINGS FROM SERVICE
 Alloy Steel Chains

Adapts to shape of the load

Can damage by sudden

shocks

Best choice for hoisting

very hot materials

Must have an affixed tag

stating size, grade, rated
capacity, and sling
manufacturer
 Markings
Alloy Steel Chain

It must be marked with grade or manufacturer's mark

 Alloy Steel Chain
Attachments
Rated Capacity
Hooks, rings, oblong
links, or other
attachments, when
used with alloy steel
chains, must have a
rated capacity at least
equal to that of the
chain
Unsuitable Alloy Steel Chain
Attachments

Right Wrong

Job or shop hooks and links, or makeshift

fasteners, formed from bolts, rods, etc., or
other such attachments, can’t be used
 Chain
Wear
When a chain
shows excessive
wear, or is cracked
or pitted, remove it
from service

Non-alloy repair
links can not be
used
 Wire Rope Slings

Used to hoist materials

Wire
Core
Selection considerations:
Center
➢strength
➢ability to bend without cracking
➢ability to withstand abrasive Strand
wear
Wire rope
➢ ability to withstand abuse
Wire Rope Slings
Eye Splices

Eye splices made in any wire rope

must have at least three full tucks
 Protruding Ends

Cover or blunt protruding ends of strands

 Wire Rope Clips

When using U-bolt

wire rope clips to
form eyes, ensure
the "U" section is in
contact with the
dead end of the
Dead End
rope
This is the correct method
 Lubrication

Regularly lubricate ropes and chains

 Wire Rope Slings
Remove From Service
If these happen, remove the wire rope sling from service

Bird Caging Kinking

Crushing
 Synthetic Web
Sling
Markings
Mark or code to
show:
Name or trademark of
manufacturer
Rated capacities for
the type of hitch
Type of material
Synthetic Web Slings
Fittings

Fittings must be:

At least as strong as
that of the sling
Free of sharp edges
that could damage
the webbing
 Synthetic Web
Sling
Stitching

Stitching

Stitching is the only method allowed to attach end

fittings to webbing, or to form eyes
 Synthetic Web
Slings -
Remove from Remove
servicefrom
if Service
any of these are present:
Acid or caustic burns
Melting or charring of any
part
Snags, punctures, tears or
cuts
Broken or worn stitches
Heat Damage
Distortion of fittings
 Storing Materials

Secure materials stored in tiers

by stacking, racking, blocking,
or interlocking to prevent
them from falling

Post safe load limits of floors

Keep aisles and passageways

clear
 Storing
Materials
Don’t store noncompatible
materials together

In buildings under
construction, don’t place
stored materials within 6
feet of a hoistway or floor
opening
 Fall Protection

Employees who work

on stored materials in
silos, hoppers, or
tanks, must be
equipped with lifelines
and harnesses
 Brick Storage

Stack bricks in a manner

that will keep them from
falling

Do not stack them more

than 7 feet high

Taper back a loose brick

stack after it is 4 feet high
 Lumb
er
Remove nails before
stacking

Stack on sills

Stack lumber so that it is

stable and self supporting
 Housekeeping

Keep storage areas free from accumulated materials

that cause tripping, fires, or explosions, or that may
contribute to harboring rats and pests
Disposal of Waste
Materials

Use an enclosed chute

when you drop material
more than 20 feet
outside of a building

If you drop debris

through holes in the floor
without chutes, enclose
the drop area with
barricades
 Disposal of Scrap
and Flammable
Materials
Remove all scrap lumber, waste
material, and rubbish from the
immediate work area as work
progresses

Keep all solvent waste, oily rags,

and flammable liquids in fire
resistant covered containers until
removed from worksite
Disposal of Demolition
Materials
Removal of materials through floor openings
Openings must be less
than 25 percent of the
whole floor

Floors weakened or
made unsafe by
demolition must be
shored so they can
safely carry the
demolition load
 Summa
ry
Manually handling materials
When lifting objects, lift with your legs, keep your back
straight, do not twist, and use handling aids

Using cranes, forklifts, and slings to move materials

Watch for potential struck by and crushed by dangers
For slings, check their load capacity, inspect them,
and remove them from service when they display
signs of stress or wear

Also -
Keep work areas free from debris and materials
Store materials safely to avoid struck by/crushed by
hazards
Walking-Working Surfaces
 Introduction

Slips, trips and falls cause:

the majority of general industry accidents
15 percent of all accidental deaths
more fatalities than all other causes but motor
vehicles
OSHA’s standards for walking and working
surfaces apply to all permanent places of
employment, except where only domestic,
mining, or agricultural work is performed
General Requirements
Housekeeping
Workplaces must be kept
clean, orderly, and sanitary
Workroom floors must be
maintained as clean and dry
as possible
 General
Aisles and Passageways
Requirements
Keep clear and move
obstructions that could
create a hazard
Mark permanent aisles and
passageways
Aisles must be sufficiently
wide where mechanical
handling equipment is used
 General
Requirements
Covers and
Provide covers and/or
Guardrails
guardrails to protect
workers from the hazards
of open pits, tanks, vats,
ditches, and the like.
 General
Requirements
Floormust
Load ratings Loading
be Protection
marked on plates and be
conspicuously posted
Do not exceed the load
rating limit
 Floor Opening
An opening measuring 12 inches or more in its
least dimension in a floor, platform, pavement,
or yard, through which persons may fall.
Guarding Floor Openings
Definitions
Standard railing. Consists of
top rail, mid rail, and posts.
Height from the upper surface
of top rail to floor level is 42
inches. Mid rail height is 21
inches.
Standard toeboard. 4 inches
high, with not more than ¼-inch
clearance above the floor.
 Stairway Floor Openings
Must be guarded by a standard railing on
all exposed sides (except at entrance).
 Ladderway Floor
Openings
Guard with a standard railing
with toeboard on all exposed
sides (except entrance)
Guard the passage through
the railing with a swinging
gate or offset it to prevent
someone from walking into
the opening
 Floor Hole

An opening measuring less than

12 in. but more than 1 in. in its
least dimension, in a floor,
platform, pavement or yard,
through which materials but not
persons may fall
Every floor hole into which
persons can accidentally walk
must be guarded by either:
standard railing with toeboard
cover
Wall Openings

Opening at least 30 in. high

and 18 in. wide, in a wall or
partition, through which
persons may fall
Wall openings from which
there is a drop of more than
4 feet must be guarded
 Open-Sided Floors and Platforms

Open-sided floors or platforms 4 feet or

more above adjacent floor or ground
level must be guarded by a standard
railing (or equivalent) on all open sides,
except where there is an entrance to a
ramp, stairway, or fixed ladder
A toeboard is required when, beneath
the open sides:
persons can pass, Unguarded Platform
there is moving machinery, or
there is equipment with which
falling materials could create a
hazard
 Open-Sided Floors, Walkways,
Platforms, and Runways

Regardless of height, a standard railing and

toeboard must be used to guard:
- open-sided floors
- walkways
- platforms, or
- runways
above or adjacent to dangerous equipment,
pickling or galvanizing tanks, degreasing
units, and similar hazards.
 Stairwa
ys
Flights of stairs with four
or more risers must have
standard stair railings or
handrails.
 Fixed Industrial
Stairs
Treads must be slip resistant
with uniform rise height and
tread width
Must be able to carry 5 times
expected load; minimum of
1000 pounds
Minimum width of 22 inches
Violation here – several
steps bent and damaged
 Portable
Ladders
Ladders used to gain access to a roof
or other area must extend at least 3
feet above the point of support
Withdraw defective ladders from
service and tag or mark "Dangerous,
Do Not Use“
Never use ladders in a horizontal
position as scaffolds or work platforms
Never use metal ladders near
electrical equipment
 Ladder Angle

Portable Rung and Cleat Ladders

Use at angle where the

horizontal distance from the
top support to the foot of the
ladder is ¼ the working length
of the ladder (length along
ladder between the foot and
top support).
 Fixed Ladders

Permanently attached to a
structure, building or equipment
Cages or wells required if longer
than 20 ft. to a maximum
unbroken length of 30 ft.
Ladder safety devices may be
used on tower, water tank and
chimney ladders over 20 ft. in
unbroken length instead of cage
protection
 Scaffolding
General Requirements

Must be capable of supporting four

times the maximum intended load
Do not alter or move while in use
Protect workers on scaffolds from
overhead hazards
If higher than 10 ft., use guardrails,
midrails and toeboards
Use wire mesh between the
toeboard and guardrail if people
work or pass underneath
Must be equipped with access
ladder or equivalent
 Summary

 Slips, trips, and falls constitute the majority of

general industry accidents
 OSHA’s standards for walking and working
surfaces include requirements for housekeeping,
guarding floor and wall openings and holes,
industrial stairs and ladders
 Keeping working surfaces clean, dry, and
uncluttered can prevent many workplace
accidents
 Means of Egress
and Fire Protection
 Introduction

 Fires and explosions kill more than 200

and injure more than 5,000 workers each
year
 There is a long and tragic history of
workplace fires in this country caused by
problems with fire exits and extinguishing
systems
 OSHA requires employers to provide
proper exits, fire fighting equipment, and
employee training to prevent fire deaths
and injuries in the workplace
 Escape Route

A continuous and unobstructed

way of exit travel from any
point in a building or structure
to a public way (a street, yard,
court or other open space
leading to the street)
Three parts to an escape route:
the way of exit access;
the exit; and
the way of exit discharge.
 Escape Routes
General Requirements
Fire alarms are required if a fire
could start without providing
adequate warning to occupants
There must be enough exits in the
proper arrangement for quick escape
Adequate and reliable illumination
must be provided for all exit facilities
Escape Routes:
Minimum width = 28 inches
Minimum ceiling height = 7-½
feet
 Locking
Must not installExits
any lock or fastening that impedes
or prevents escape from the inside of any building.

Locked and
blocked exit
 Access to Exits

Exits must be readily accessible at

all times
A door from a room to an exit or
escape route must be a side-hinged
swinging type, and swing in the
direction of exit travel when the
room is occupied by more than 50
people or contains high hazard
contents
Maintaining Escape Routes

Escape routes from all parts of the building

must be continuously maintained free of all
obstructions in case of emergency.

Obstructed exit
 Exit Marking

Exits must be marked by

a readily visible sign
when the exit or way to
reach it is not immediately
visible to occupants.
 Exit Marking
(cont’d)
If a door, passage, or stairway is
not an exit or a way of exit
access, but may be mistaken for
one, it must be identified by a
sign reading “Not an Exit”,
“Storeroom”, “To Basement”, etc.
 Exit Marking
(cont’d)
A sign reading “Exit” with
an arrow indicating the
directions must be placed
in every location where
the direction of travel to
the nearest exit is not
immediately apparent.
Emergency Action Plan

Describes actions that must be taken to ensure

employee safety in emergencies
Includes floor plans or maps which show
emergency escape routes
Tells employees what actions to take in
emergency situations
Covers emergencies the employer may reasonably
expect, such as fires, explosions, toxic chemical
releases, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, and
floods
Fire Prevention Plan

The plan must include:

• A list of the major fire hazards and handling,
storage, and control procedures
• Names or job titles of persons responsible for
maintenance of equipment and systems to prevent
or control ignitions or fires
Names or job titles of persons responsible for
control of fuel source hazards
Training for all employees who have
responsibilities in the plan
 Portable Fire
Extinguishers
If portable fire extinguishers
are provided for employee
use, the employer must
mount, locate and identify
them so workers can access
them without subjecting
themselves to possible injury.

Blocked extinguisher
 Extinguisher Classification
Letter classification given an extinguisher to designate
the class or classes of fire on which it will be effective.
Class A – ordinary combustibles (wood, cloth, paper)
Class B – flammable liquids, gases, greases
Class C – energized electrical equipment
Class D – combustible metals

Combustible
Ordinary Flammable Electrical

A B C
Equipment
D
Combustibles Liquids Metals
Extinguisher Rating

Numerical rating given to Class A and B extinguishers

which indicate how large a fire an experienced person
can put out with the extinguisher
Ratings are based on tests conducted at
Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.
Class A: 1-A, 2-A, . . . 40-A
Class B: 1-B, 2-B, . . . 640-B
A 4-A extinguisher, for example, should extinguish
about twice as much fire as a 2-A extinguisher
Maintaining Portable Fire Extinguishers

Must maintain in a fully charged

and operable condition
Must keep in their designated
places at all times except during
use
Must conduct an annual
maintenance check
Must record the annual
maintenance date and retain this
record for one year after the last
entry or the life of the shell,
whichever is less
 Portable Fire Extinguisher
Training and Education
Where portable fire extinguishers
have been provided for employee
use in the workplace, employees
must be provided with an
educational program on the:
General principles of fire
extinguisher use
Hazards of incipient
(beginning) stage fire fighting
Employees designated to use
extinguishers must receive
instruction and hands-on practice
in the operation of equipment
 Summa
ry
 There must be enough exits in the
proper arrangement for quick escape
 Escape routes must be marked, lighted, free of
obstructions, and locks must not be used to
impede or prevent escape
 An emergency action plan and a fire
prevention plan must be in place
 Fire extinguisher classes and numerical ratings
help a user understand its capabilities
 Fire extinguishers must be inspected, maintained
and employees must be trained in how to use
them
Machine Guarding
 Introduction

Crushed hands and arms, severed fingers, blindness -

the list of possible machinery-related injuries is as long
as it is horrifying. Safeguards are essential for protecting
workers from needless and preventable injuries.

A good rule to remember is: Any machine part, function,

or process which may cause injury must be safeguarded.

Where the operation of a machine can injure the

operator or other workers, the hazard must be controlled
or eliminated.
Causes of Machine
Accidents
Reaching in to “clear” equipment
Not using Lockout/Tagout
Unauthorized persons doing maintenance
or using the machines
Missing or loose machine guards
Where Mechanical Hazards
Occur
Point of operation
All parts of the machine which move, such as:
flywheels, pulleys, belts, couplings, chains,
cranks, gears, etc.
feed mechanisms and auxiliary parts of the
machine
In-running nip points
 Point of Operation
That point where work is performed on the
material, such as cutting, shaping, boring,
or forming of stock must be guarded.
Rotating
Parts
In-Running Nip Points

Rotating Belt and

cylinders pulley

Chain and Rack and

sprocket pinion
 Requirements for
Safeguards
 Prevent contact - prevent worker’s body or
clothing from contacting hazardous moving
parts
 Secure - firmly secured to machine and not
easily removed
 Protect from falling objects - ensure that no
objects can fall into moving parts
 Create no new hazards - must not have shear
points, jagged edges or unfinished surfaces
 Create no interference - must not prevent worker
from performing the job quickly and comfortably
 Allow safe lubrication - if possible, be able to
lubricate the machine without removing the
safeguards
 Methods of Machine
Safeguarding
Guards Location/distance
fixed Feeding and ejection
interlocked methods
adjustable automatic and/or semi-
automatic feed and
self-adjusting
ejection
Devices
robots
presence sensing
Miscellaneous aids
pullback
awareness barriers
restraint
protective shields
safety controls (tripwire
hand-feeding tools
cable, two-hand contol,
etc.)
gates OSHA Office of Training and Education 300
 Fixed Guard
Provides a barrier - a permanent part of the
machine, preferable to all other types of guards.
 Interlocked
When this Guard
type of guard is opened or removed, the
tripping mechanism and/or power automatically
shuts off or disengages, and the machine cannot
cycle or be started until the guard is back in place.

Interlocked
guard on
revolving drum
 Adjustable
ProvidesGuard
a barrier which may be adjusted to
facilitate a variety of production operations.

Bandsaw blade
adjustable guard
 Self-Adjusting
Guard
Provides a barrier which moves according to
the size of the stock entering the danger area.

Circular table saw

self-adjusting guard
 Pullback
Device
Utilizes a series of cables
attached to the operator’s
hands, wrists, and/or arms
Primarily used on machines
with stroking action
Allows access to the point of
operation when the
slide/ram is up
Withdraws hands when the
slide/ram begins to descend
 Pullback Device
(cont’d)

Hands in die, feeding Die closed

Point of operation Hands withdrawn from
exposed point of operation by
Pullback device attached pullback device
and properly adjusted
 Restraint
Device
Uses cables or straps
attached to the operator’s
hands and a fixed point
Must be adjusted to let
the operator’s hands
travel within a
predetermined safe area
Hand-feeding tools are
often necessary if the
operation involves placing
material into the danger
area
 Safety Tripwire
DeviceCables
located around
the perimeter of or
near the danger area
Operator must be able
to reach the cable to
stop the machine
 Two-Hand
Control
Requires constant,
concurrent pressure to
activate the machine
The operator’s hands are
required to be at a safe
location (on control
buttons) and at a safe
distance from the danger
area while the machine
completes its closing cycle
 Ga
Movable barrier devicetewhich protects the operator at
the point of operation before the machine cycle can be
started
If the gate does not fully close, machine will not function

Gate Open Gate Closed

 Safeguarding
by
Locate theLocation/Dista
machine or
its dangerous moving
nce
parts so that they are
not accessible or do not
present a hazard to a
worker during normal
operation
Maintain a safe distance
from the danger area
Automatic Feed
(shown on power press)

Transparent
Enclosure
Guard

Stock Feed
Roll

Danger
Area

Completed Work
 Robo
ts
Machines that load and
unload stock, assemble
parts, transfer objects,
or perform other tasks
Best used in high-
production processes
requiring repeated
routines where they
prevent other hazards
to employees
 Protective Shields
These do not give complete protection from machine
hazards, but do provide some protection from flying
particles, splashing cutting oils, or coolants.
Holding Tools

Used to place and remove

stock in the danger area
Not to be used instead of
other machine safeguards,
but as a supplement
Some Examples of OSHA Machine
Guarding Requirements . . . .
Guarding Fan Blades

When the periphery of the blades of a fan is less

than 7 feet above the floor or working level, the
blades must be guarded with a guard having
openings no larger than 1/2 inch.
 Abrasive Wheel
Machinery
Work rests on offhand grinding machines must be
kept adjusted closely to the wheel with a maximum
opening of 1/8-inch to prevent the work from being
jammed between the wheel and the rest, which may
result in wheel breakage.
 Abrasive Wheel Machinery
The distance between the wheel periphery and the
adjustable tongue must never exceed 1/4-inch.
 Power-Transmission Apparatus

Power-transmission Unguarded belt

apparatus (shafting, and pulley
flywheels, pulleys, belts,
chain drives, etc.) less
than 7 feet from the floor
or working platform must
be guarded.
Machine Safety Responsibilities

Management
ensure all machinery is properly guarded
Supervisors
train employees on specific guard rules in their
areas
ensure machine guards remain in place and are
functional
immediately correct machine guard deficiencies
Employees
do not remove guards unless machine is locked
and tagged
report machine guard problems to supervisors
immediately
OSHA Office of Training and Education 321
do not operate equipment unless guards are in
 Trainin
g training on the following:
Operators should receive
Hazards associated with particular machines
How the safeguards provide protection and the
hazards for which they are intended
How and why to use the safeguards
How and when safeguards can be removed and by
whom
What to do if a safeguard is damaged, missing, or
unable to provide adequate protection
 Summa
ry
Safeguards are essential for protecting workers
from needless and preventable machinery-
related injuries
The point of operation, as well as all parts of the
machine that move while the machine is
working, must be safeguarded
A good rule to remember is: Any machine part,
function, or process which may cause injury
must be safeguarded
Flammable and Combustible Liquids
 Introduction

The two primary hazards

associated with flammable and
combustible liquids are
explosion and fire
Safe handling and storage of
flammable liquids requires the
use of approved equipment and
practices per OSHA standards
 Flash Point

Flash point means the minimum temperature at which a

liquid gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture
In general, the lower the flash point, the greater the
hazard
Flammable liquids have flash points below 100oF, and
are more dangerous than combustible liquids, since they
may be ignited at room temperature
Combustible liquids have flash points at or above 100oF
Although combustible liquids have higher flash points
than flammable liquids, they can pose serious fire and/or
explosion hazards when heated
 Classes of Flammable
and Combustible Liquids

200
IIIA
Flash Point (oF)

140 Combustibl e
II (FP > 100o F)
100
IC Flammable
73 (FP < 100oF)
IA IB

100
Boiling Point (oF)
 Classes of Some Flammable Liquids
Common Name Flash Point (oF)
CLASS IA Ethyl Ether -49

CLASS IB Gasoline -45

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 21
Toluene 40

CLASS IC Xylene 81-115

Turpentine 95
Program Components

A good plan for safe use of flammable and

combustible liquids contains at least these
components:
Control of ignition sources
Proper storage
Fire control
Safe handling
Sources of Ignition

Must take adequate precautions to prevent ignition of

flammable vapors. Some sources of ignition include:
Open flames
Smoking
Static electricity
Cutting and welding
Hot surfaces
Electrical and mechanical sparks
Lightning
Static Electricity

Generated when a fluid flows through a

pipe or from an opening into a tank
Main hazards are fire and explosion from
sparks containing enough energy to
ignite flammable vapors
Bonding or grounding of flammable liquid
containers is necessary to prevent static
electricity from causing a spark
 Bondin
g
Physically connect two
conductive objects together
with a bond wire to eliminate
a difference in static charge
potential between them
Must provide a bond wire
between containers during
flammable liquid filling
operations, unless a metallic
path between them is
otherwise present
 Groundi
ngin static
Eliminates a difference
charge potential between
conductive objects and ground
Although bonding will eliminate
a difference in potential between
objects, it will not eliminate a
difference in potential between
these objects and earth unless
one of the objects is connected
to earth with a ground wire
 Ventilation

Always provide adequate ventilation

to reduce the potential for ignition of
flammable vapors.
Storage Fundamentals

Identify incompatible chemicals – check the Material

Safety Data Sheet
Isolate and separate incompatible materials
Isolate by storing in another area or room
Degree of isolation depends on quantities,
chemical properties and packaging
Separate by storing in same area or room, but
apart from each other
 Storage of
Flammable and
exits, Combustible
stairways, or areas normally Liquids
Storage must not limit the use of

used for the safe egress of people

In office occupancies:
Storage prohibited except that
which is required for
maintenance and operation of
equipment Inside storage room
Storage must be in:
®closed metal containers inside
a storage cabinet, or
®safety cans, or
®an inside storage room
Safety Cans for Storage and Transfer

Approved container of not

more than 5 gallons capacity
Spring-closing lid and spout
cover
Safely relieves internal
pressure when exposed to fire
Flame Arrester Screen

Prevents fire flashback into

can contents
Double wire-mesh construction
Large surface area provides
rapid dissipation of heat from
fire so that vapor temperature
inside can remains below
ignition point
 Storage
Cabinets
Not more than 60 gal of Class I
and/or Class II liquids, or not more
than 120 gal of Class III liquids
permitted in a cabinet
Must be conspicuously labeled,
“Flammable - Keep Fire Away”
Doors on metal cabinets must
have a three-point lock (top, side,
and bottom), and the door sill
must be raised at least 2 inches
above the bottom of the cabinet
 Fire
Control
Suitable fire control devices, such as
small hose or portable fire
extinguishers must be available
where flammable or combustible
liquids are stored
Open flames and smoking must not
be permitted in these storage areas
Materials which react with water must
not be stored in the same room with
flammable or combustible liquids
Transferring Flammable Liquids
Since there is a sizeable risk whenever flammable
liquids are handled, OSHA allows only four
methods for transferring these materials:
1. Through a closed piping system
2. From safety cans
3. By gravity through an approved self-closing safety
faucet
4. By means of a safety pump
 Self-Closing Safety Faucet

Bonding wire between

drum and container
Grounding wire between
drum and ground
Safety vent in drum
Safety Pump

Faster and safer than

using a faucet
Spills less likely
No separate safety vents
in drum required
Installed directly in drum
bung opening
Some pump hoses have
integral bonding wires
 Waste and
Combustible Residue
waste and residue must be kept to a minimum,
stored in covered metal receptacles and disposed of daily.

Waste drum with Safety disposal can Oily-waste can

disposal funnel (self-closing lid)
Safe Handling Fundamentals
Carefully read the manufacturer’s label on the
flammable liquid container before storing or using it
Practice good housekeeping in flammable liquid storage
areas
Clean up spills immediately, then place the cleanup
rags in a covered metal container
Only use approved metal safety containers or original
manufacturer’s container to store flammable liquids
Keep the containers closed when not in use and store
away from exits or passageways
Use flammable liquids only where there is plenty of
ventilation
Keep flammable liquids away from ignition sources such
as open flames, sparks, smoking, cutting, welding, etc.
 Summa
ry
 The two primary hazards associated with
flammable and combustible liquids are explosion
and fire
 Safe handling and storage of flammable
liquids requires the use of approved
equipment and practices per OSHA
standards
 An excellent reference on this topic is National
Fire Protection Association Standard No. 30,
Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
Bloodborne Pathogens
 Introducti
on
 Approximately 5.6 million workers in health care
and other facilities are at risk of exposure to
bloodborne pathogens such as human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV – the virus that
causes AIDS), the hepatitis B virus (HBV), and the
hepatitis C virus (HCV)
 OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogens standard
prescribes safeguards to protect workers against
the health hazards from exposure to blood and
other potentially infectious materials, and to
reduce their risk from this exposure
 Who is covered by the
standard?
 All employees who could be “reasonably
anticipated” as the result of performing their job
duties to face contact with blood and other
potentially infectious materials
 “Good Samaritan” acts such as assisting a co-
worker with a nosebleed would not be considered
occupational exposure
Some Workers Who are
at Risknurses and emergency room personnel
Physicians,
Orderlies, housekeeping personnel, and laundry workers
Dentists and other dental workers
Laboratory and blood bank technologists and technicians
Medical examiners
Morticians
Law enforcement personnel
Firefighters
Paramedics and emergency medical technicians
Anyone providing first-response medical care
Medical waste treatment employees
Home healthcare workers
 How does exposure
occur?
Most common: needlesticks
Cuts from other contaminated sharps (scalpels,
broken glass, etc.)
Contact of mucous membranes (for example, the
eye, nose, mouth) or broken (cut or abraded) skin
with contaminated blood
 Exposure Control
Plan
Identifies jobs and tasks where occupational exposure
to blood or other potentially infectious material occurs
Describes how the employer will:
Use engineering and work practice controls
Ensure use of personal protective equipment
Provide training
Provide medical surveillance
Provide hepatitis B vaccinations
Use signs and labels
 Exposure Control
Plan
Written plan required
Plan must be reviewed at least annually to reflect
changes in:
tasks, procedures, or assignments which affect
exposure, and
technology that will eliminate or reduce exposure
Annual review must document employer’s consideration
and implementation of safer medical devices
Must solicit input from potentially exposed employees in
the identification, evaluation and selection of
engineering and work practice controls
Plan must be accessible to employees
 Universal
Precautions
Treat all human blood and certain body fluids as if
they are infectious
Must be observed in all situations where there is a
potential for contact with blood or other potentially
infectious materials
 Engineering and
Work Practice Controls

 These are the primary methods used to

control the transmission of HBV and HIV
 When occupational exposure remains
after engineering and work practice
controls are put in place, personal
protective equipment (PPE) must be used
 Engineering
Controls
These controls reduce
employee exposure by
either removing the hazard
or isolating the worker.
Examples:
Sharps disposal containers
Self-sheathing needles
Safer medical devices
Needleless systems
Sharps with engineered sharps injury protections
 Safer Medical
Devices
Needless Systems: a device that does not use
needles for the collection or withdrawal of body
fluids, or for the administration of medication or
fluids
Sharps with Engineered Sharps Injury Protections:
a non-needle sharp or a needle device used for
withdrawing body fluids, accessing a vein or artery,
or administering medications or other fluids, with a
built-in safety feature or mechanism that effectively
reduces the risk of an exposure incident
 Work Practice
Controls
These controls reduce the
likelihood of exposure by
altering how a task is
performed. Examples:
Wash hands after removing
gloves and as soon as
possible after exposure
Do not bend or break sharps
No food or smoking in work
areas
Personal Protective
Equipment
Specialized clothing or equipment
worn by an employee for
protection against infectious
materials
Must be properly cleaned,
laundered, repaired, and
disposed of at no cost to
employees
Must be removed when leaving
area or upon contamination
 Examples of
Gloves
PPE
Gowns
Face shields
Eye protection
Mouthpieces and
resuscitation devices
 Housekeep
Must develop ing
a written schedule for cleaning and
decontamination at the work site based on the:
Location within the facility
Type of surface to be cleaned
Type of soil present
Tasks or procedures being performed
 Housekeeping
(cont’d)
Work surfaces must be
decontaminated with an
appropriate disinfectant:
After completion of
procedures,
When surfaces are
contaminated, and
At the end of the work shift
 Regulated
Waste
Must be placed in closeable,
leak-proof containers built to
contain all contents during
handling, storing, transporting
or shipping and be appropriately
labeled or color-coded.
 Laund
rylaundry as
Handle contaminated
little as possible and use PPE
Must be bagged or containerized
at location where used
No sorting or rinsing at location
where used
Must be placed and transported in
labeled or color-coded containers
 Hepatitis B
Vaccination
Requirements
Must make available, free of charge at
a reasonable time and place, to all
employees at risk of exposure within
10 working days of initial assignment
unless:
employee has had the vaccination
antibody testing reveals immunity
The vaccination must be performed by
a licensed healthcare professional
 Hepatitis B
Vaccination
Requirements (cont’d)
 Must be provided even if employee initially
declines but later decides to accept the
vaccination
 Employees who decline the vaccination must
sign a declination form
 Employees are not required to participate in
antibody prescreening program to receive
vaccination series
 Vaccination booster doses must be
provided if recommended by the U.S. Public
Health Service
What to do if an exposure
occurs?
Wash exposed area with soap and water
Flush splashes to nose, mouth, or skin with water
Irrigate eyes with water or saline
Report the exposure
Direct the worker to a healthcare professional
 Post-Exposure Follow-Up

 Document routes of exposure and how

exposure occurred
 Record injuries from contaminated sharps in a
sharps injury log, if required
 Obtain consent from the source individual
and the exposed employee and test blood as
soon as possible after the exposure incident
 Provide risk counseling and offer post-
exposure protective treatment for disease
when medically indicated in accordance
with current U.S. Public Health Service
guidelines
 Provide written opinion of findings to employer
and copy to employee within 15 days of the
evaluation
 Biohazard Warning
Labels
Warning labels required on:
Containers of regulated
waste
Refrigerators and freezers
containing blood and other
potentially infectious
materials
Other containers used to
store, transport, or ship blood
or other potentially infectious
materials
Red bags or containers may be
substituted for labels
 Training
ProvideRequirements
at no cost to employees
during working hours
Provide at time of initial assignment
to a job with occupational exposure
and at least annually thereafter
Additional training needed when
existing tasks are modified or new
tasks are required which affect the
worker’s occupational exposure
Maintain training records for 3 years
 Training
Elements
Copy of the standard
Modes of transmission
Site-specific exposure control plan
Hazard recognition
Use of engineering controls, work practices and PPE
Live question and answer sessions
Medical Recordkeeping
Requirements
Employee’s name and social security number
Employee’s hepatitis B vaccination status
Results of examinations, medical testing, and post-
exposure evaluation and follow-up procedures
Health care professional’s written opinion
Information provided to the health care professional
Employee medical records must be kept confidential
and not disclosed or reported without the employee’s
written consent (unless required by law)
Medical records must be maintained for duration of
employment plus 30 years according to OSHA’s rule
governing access to employee exposure and medical
records
 Sharps Injury
EmployersLog
must maintain a sharps injury log for the
recording of injuries from contaminated sharps
The log must be maintained in a way that ensures
employee privacy and must contain, at a minimum:
Type and brand of device involved in the incident
Location of the incident
Description of the incident
 Summa
ry
OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogens standard prescribes
safeguards to protect workers against the health
hazards from exposure to blood and other potentially
infectious materials, and to reduce their risk from this
exposure
Implementation of this standard not only will prevent
hepatitis B cases, but also will significantly reduce the
risk of workers contracting AIDS, Hepatitis C, or other
bloodborne diseases
 29 CFR 1910.119

Process Safety Management of Highly

Hazardous Materials
 (a) Application

Paragraph One Applies to:

Processes involving chemicals at or
above threshold quantity
• Processes with flammable
liquid or gas of 10,000 lbs or
more
®Exceptions
 (a)
Application
Paragraph Two does not apply to:
• Retail facilities
• Oil or gas drilling/servicing
• Normally unoccupied remote facilities
Process Safety
Management (PSM)
Standard
Employee participation
Elements
Process safety information
Process hazard analysis
Operating procedures
Training
Contractors
 PSM Elements
(continued)
Pre-startup safety reviews
Mechanical integrity
Hot work permit
Management of change
Incident investigation
Emergency planning and
response, and
Compliance audits
 (c) Employee
Paragraphsparticipation
One, Two and Three:
Written plan of action
Consult with employees/representatives
Provide employees/representatives
access to
• Process hazards analyses
• Other information
 (d) Process safety
information
Paragraphs One, Two, and Three
Hazards of highly
hazardous chemicals
Technology of process
Equipment in process
(e) Process hazards
analysis (PHA)

Paragraph Two:
Specified methodology
• Checklist
• What-if/Checklist
• Hazop
• FMEA
• Fault Tree Analysis, or
• Equivalent methodology
 (e) PHA
(continu
ed)
Paragraph Three:
PHA must address
• Hazards of process
• Identification of previous incidents
• Engineering and administrative controls
• Consequences of control failures
• Facility siting
• Human factors
• Qualitative evaluation
 (e) PHA
Paragraph Four: (continued)
Must be performed by team
• Expertise in engineering
and process operations
• Other team member
requirements
 (e) PHA
(continu
Paragraph Five:
ed)
Must establish system to address
• Finding and recommendations
• Timely resolution
• Other requirements
 (e) PHA
Paragraph Six: (continued)
PHA update
• At least every 5 years
• Team involvement
• Assure consistency with
current process
 (e) PHA
(continu
Paragraph Seven: ed)
PHA Retention
• Retain for life of process
 (f) Operating
procedures
Paragraph One:
Written operating procedures
• Steps for each operating
phase
• Operating limits
• Safety and health
considerations
• Safety systems and their
functions
 (f) Operating
procedures
(continued)
Paragraphs Two, Three, and Four:
Readily accessible
Review and certification
Safe work practices
 (g)
Paragraphs One, Two, andTraining
Three:
Initial training
Refresher training
Training documentation
 (h)
Contractors
Paragraph One:
Application
• Work on or adjacent to a
covered process
 (h)
Contractors
Paragraph Two:
(continued)
Employer responsibilities
• Evaluate safety performance/programs
• Inform of hazards
• Explain emergency action plan
• Develop safe practices
• Evaluate performance
• Maintain injury and illness log
 (h) Contractors
(continued)

Paragraph Three:
Contract employer responsibilities
• Assure employees trained
• Assure employees instructed in hazards and emergency action
plan
• Document training
• Assure safety rules followed
• Advise employer of unique hazards
 (i) Pre-startup safety
review
Paragraphs One and Two:
For new/modified facilities
• Procedures in place
• Hazard analysis and
management-of-change
requirements met
• Construction/equipment in
accordance with design
specifications
• Training complete
 (j) Mechanical
integrity
Paragraphs One through Six:
Application to process
equipment
Written procedures
Training for process
maintenance
Inspection and testing
Equipment deficiencies
Quality assurance
 (k) Hot work
permit
Paragraphs One and Two:
Required for hot work
on or near covered
process
Compliance with
29 CFR 1910.252(a)
 (l) Management of
Change
Paragraphs One through Five:
Written procedures
Procedures to assure
considerations addressed
prior to change
Information and training
Safety information update
Operating procedure
update
 (m) Incident
investigation
Paragraphs One through Four:
Incident resulting in
(or could have resulted in) a catastrophic
release
Initiate within 48 hours
Establish team
Report requirements
 (m) Incident
investigation
(continued)
Paragraphs Five, Six, and Seven:
Resolve findings/recommendations
Review with affected personnel
Retain reports 5 years
 Emergency
planning and response

Establish and implement

emergency action plan
 (o) Compliance
audits
Paragraphs One through Five:
Certification of compliance
at least every 3 years
Conducted by at least one
person knowledgeable of
process
Development of report
Develop and document
response
Retention requirements
 (p) Trade
secrets
Paragraphs One through Three:
Information necessary
for compliance must
be made available
Confidentiality agreements
Access to trade secret
information
Q. What is the maximum length of time
allowed
between hazards analysis updates for
a
process?
Q. What is the maximum length of
time allowed
between hazards analysis updates
a for
process?
A. 5 years
Q. What is the maximum length of time
allowed
between refresher training on
operating
procedures?
Q. What is the maximum length of time
allowed
between refresher training on
operating
procedures?
A. 3 years
Q. An investigation must be conducted
for any
incident that resulted in a catastrophic
release of hazardous materials, but is
optional for near miss incidents
having
catastrophic potential. (True or False)
Q. An investigation must be
conducted for any
incident that resulted in a
catastrophic release of hazardous
materials, but is optional for near miss
incidents
having
catastrophic potential. (True or False)
A. False
Fall Protection
 Falls in Construction
Falls are the leading cause of deaths in the
construction industry.

Most fatalities occur when employees fall from open-

sided floors and through floor openings.

Falls from as little as 4 to 6 feet can cause serious

lost-time accidents and sometimes death.

Open-sided floors and platforms 6 feet or more in

height must be guarded.
 Fall Protection

This presentation will discuss:

•The working conditions that

prompt use of fall protection

•Options that are available to

protect workers from falls
 Fall Protection
At the end of this topic, you will be able to:

•List at least four methods of fall

protection available for protecting workers

•State the main criteria that prompts use of

fall protection for construction workers
 Fall Protection Options

Personal Fall Guardrails Safety Net

Arrest System
(PFAS)
 Fall Protection Planning

Lanyards and PFA S in use

Fall protection systems and work practices

must be in place before you start work.
Personal Fall Arrest Systems

• You must be trained how to properly use PFAS.

• PFAS = anchorage, lifeline and body harness.
Safety Line Anchorages

Must be independent of any

platform anchorage and capable
of supporting at least 5,000 lbs.
per worker
 Guardrails

Top Rail
Mid- Rail
Toeboard

Top rails between 39 and 45 inches tall

Toeboards at least 3 1/2 inches high
 Safety Nets

Place as close as possible, but no more than 30 feet below

where employees work
 When Fall Protection is Needed

Walkways & ramps Roofs

Open sides & edges Wall openings
Holes Bricklaying
Concrete forms & rebar Residential Construction
Excavations
Walkways and Ramps

Guard ramps, runways, and other walkways

 Fall Protection -
Residential Construction

In residential construction, you must be

protected if you can fall more than 6 feet
Unprotected Sides & Edges

Unprotected e dg
e

Unprotected sides and edges must

have guardrails or equivalent
Sides & Edges - Improper Guarding

This 1/4" nylon rope alone is not a proper

way to guard this open floor
 Sky Lights and Other Openings

• Holes more than 6 feet high must be protected

• This opening could be made safe by using a
guardrail, or strong cover
 Floor Holes

Improperly
Covered
• Cover completely and securely
• If no cover, can guard with a guardrail
Concrete Forms and Rebar

• Use PFAS when working on formwork or rebar

• Cover or cap protruding rebar
 Excavations
Guard excavations
more than 6 feet deep
when they are not
readily seen because
of plant growth or
other visual barriers
In addition to needing
guarding, this
excavation is not
properly shored
 Roofs

If you work on roofs and can fall

more than 6 feet, you must be protected
 Wall Openings

Wall opening
If you work near wall openings 6 feet or more above
lower levels you must be protected from falling
 Good Work
Practices
Perform work at ground level if possible
Example: building prefab roofs on the ground
and lifting into place with a crane
Tether or restrain workers so they can't reach the edge
Designate and use safety monitors (This is less desirable of
all the systems)
Use conventional fall protection
 Training
Employers must provide fall protection training

The training is to teach you:

➢How to recognize hazards
➢How to minimize hazards

The training must cover:

➢Fall hazards
➢Fall protection systems
➢Use of fall protection devices
Summary
If you can fall more than 6 feet, you must be protected
Use fall protection on:
➢walkways & ramps, open sides & edges, holes,
concrete forms & rebar, excavations, roofs,
wall openings, bricklaying, residential
construction
Protective measures include guardrails, covers, safety nets,
and Personal Fall Arrest Systems