TABLE OF CONTENT

NO TITLE PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

2 OBJECTIVE 3

3 APPARATUS 4

4 PROCEDURE 5

5 RESULT 6-8

6 DISCUSSION 9

7 CONCLUSION 10

8 APPENDIX/REFERENCE 11
INRODUCTION
In fluids with no energy exchange due to viscous dissipation, heat transfer, or shaft work, energy
appears in the form of pressure, velocity, and elevation. Based on the conservation of energy
concept, Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) was the first to state the link between these three kinds of
energy. Bernoulli's theorem is a relationship between pressure, velocity, and elevation in a moving
fluid with minimal compressibility and viscosity while a steady, or laminar flow. As a result, a
drop in fluid pressure equates to an increase in fluid velocity if the fluid flows horizontally with no
change in gravitational potential energy. When a fluid flows through a horizontal pipe with varying
cross-sectional area, it speeds up in restricted areas and exerts the least amount of pressure where
the cross section is smallest.

PRINCIPLES

Consider a flow of incompressible fluid through figure 1's convergent-divergent pipe. A1 is the
cross-sectional area at the upstream (section 1), A2 is the cross-sectional area at the throat (section
2), and An is the cross-sectional area at any other arbitrary (section n). These portions' piezometer
tubes registered as h1, h2, and hn, respectively.

The Bernoulli Theorem asserts that if there is no energy loss along the horizontal pipe and the
velocity and piezometer heads are constant across each of the sections investigated,

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where V1, V2, and V are the flow velocities in sections 1, 2, and n, respectively. The continuity
equation is as follows:

The volume-flow or discharge rate is represented by Q. Substituting v from equation (2) into
equation (1):

and solving this equation for V2leads to,

In reality, some energy is lost between sections 1 and 2, and the velocity does not remain
constant under any of these situations. As a result, as determined from equation (3), measured
values of Q frequently fall a bit, and this difference is usually expressed as:

The flow coefficient of the Venturi metre is known as Cd, and it can be determined by
experiment. Its values fluctuate significantly from one metre to the next, and even within a single
metre, they can vary slightly with discharge; it usually falls between 0.92 and 0.99. Bernoulli's
equation can be used to calculate the ideal pressure distribution along the convergent-divergent
pipe:

It is more convenient to express (hn-h1) as a fraction of the velocity head at the meter's neck for
the purposes of calculation and comparison of experimental results. i.e.

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The ideal pressure is obtained by substituting area ratios in place of velocity ratios from the
equations of continuity (2) on the right-hand side.

OBJECTIVE

• To calculate the fluctuation of flow coefficient Cd with Q through the Venturi metre
• To compare the measured and ideal pressure distributions along the Venturi Meter.

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APPARATUS

Venturi meter

Hydraulic bench

Stopwatch

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PROCEDURE

(BERNOULLI’S THEOREM)

The air pockets in the supply system were cleared by opening the control and supply
valve to allow water to flow in for a few seconds

The control valve is close gradually to increase the pressure in venturi meter to let the
water in piezometer tube to rise

The control valves are opened one at a time to let water flow in whilst recording the
water level in the piezometer tubes along the venturi meter

The volume of water in the weighing tank is recorded and the flow rate is timed

Step 4 and 5 is repeated for 4 different flowrates by adjusting the control valve

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 RESULT

Volume = 5.0 litres (0.005m³)

Table 1: Values of Cd from experiment

Time to Piezometer Piezometer Actual (h1-h2) (h1- V2(m/s) Cd

fill the head at tube head at tube discharge, Q (m) h2)0.5
tank, t A, h1(mm) D, h2 (mm) (m3 /s) (m)
(s)
8.29 400 30 6.031 × 10−4 0.370 0.608 2.911 1.030
9.08 375 45 5.507 × 10−4 0.330 0.574 2.749 0.996
9.63 350 50 5.192 × 10−4 0.300 0.548 2.621 0.985
10.36 325 60 4.826 × 10−4 0.265 0.515 2.464 0.974

Table 2: Ideal pressure distribution as a fraction of velocity head at throat

Piezometer Distance Diameter of d2/dn Area, A (m) (A2 / An)2 (A2 / A1)2 - (A2 / An)2
tube from datum cross
number (mm) section, dn
(mm)
A (1) -54.0 26.00 0.615 5.309 × 10−4 0.143 0.000
B -34.0 23.20 0.690 4.227 × 10−4 0.226 -0.083
C -22.0 18.40 0.870 2.659 × 10−4 0.572 -0.429
D (2) -8.0 16.00 1.000 2.011 × 10−4 1.000 -0.857
E 7.0 16.79 0.953 2.214 × 10−4 0.825 -0.682
F 22.0 18.47 0.866 2.679 × 10−4 0.563 -0.420
G 37.0 20.16 0.794 3.192 × 10−4 0.397 -0.254
H 52.0 21.84 0.733 3.746 × 10−4 0.288 -0.145

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 J 67.0 23.53 0.680 4.348 × 10−4 0.214 -0.071
K 82.0 25.21 0.635 4.992 × 10−4 0.162 -0.019
L 102.0 26.00 0.615 5.309 × 10−4 0.143 0.000
Table 3: Measurement of pressure distribution along Venturi meter
Piezometer tube Q = 6.031 × 10−4 m3 /s Q = 5.507 × 10−4 m3 /s
number
hn (mm) hn -h1(m) 𝒉𝒏 − 𝒉𝟏 hn (mm) hn -h1(m) ℎ𝑛 − ℎ1

𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑣22
𝟐𝒈 2𝑔
A (1) 400 0.000 0.000 375 0.000 0.000

B 380 -0.020 -0.046 360 -0.015 -0.039

C 250 -0.150 -0.347 240 -0.135 -0.350

D (2) 30 -0.370 -0.857 45 -0.340 -0.857

E 50 -0.350 -0.810 60 -0.315 -0.818

F 140 -0.260 -0.602 145 -0.230 -0.597

G 190 -0.210 -0.486 190 -0.185 -0.480

H 230 -0.170 -0.394 225 -0.150 -0.389

J 250 -0.150 -0.347 245 -0.130 -0.338

K 260 -0.140 -0.324 250 -0.125 -0.325

L 280 -0.120 -0.278 265 -0.11 -0.286

Piezometer tube Q = 5.192 × 10−4 m3 /s Q = 4.492× 10−4 m3 /s

number
hn (mm) hn -h1(m) 𝒉𝒏 − 𝒉𝟏 hn (mm) hn -h1(m) 𝒉𝒏 − 𝒉𝟏

𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈
A (1) 3450 0.000 0.000 325 0.000 0.000

B 335 -0.015 -0.043 310 -0.015 -0.048

C 230 -0.120 -0.343 220 -0.105 -0.339

D (2) 50 -0.300 -0.857 60 -0.265 -0.856

E 70 -0.280 -0.800 75 -0.250 -0.808

F 140 -0.210 -0.600 140 -0.185 -0.598

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 G 180 -0.170 -0.486 175 -0.150 -0.485

H 215 -0.135 -0.386 215 -0.110 -0.355

J 230 -0.120 -0.343 220 -0.105 -0.339

K 235 -0.115 -0.328 225 -0.100 -0.323

L 250 -0.100 -0.286 240 -0.085 -0.275

Calculation:

𝑉(𝑚3 )
𝑄=
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘(𝑠)

0.005
𝑄=
8.29

𝑄 = 6.031 × 10−4

𝑉
2𝑔(ℎ1−ℎ2)
2=√ 𝐴
1−( 2 )
𝐴1

𝑉 2(9.81)(0.37)
2=
√ 2.011×10−4
1−( )
5.309×10−4

𝑉2 = 2.911

𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
𝑉𝐴2

6.031 × 10−4
𝐶𝑑 =
(2.911)(2.011 × 10−4 )

Cd = 1.030

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DISCUSSION

Plot a graph variation of Cd VS Q through venturi meter.

Cd VS Q
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1
0.99
0.98
0.97
0 1 2 3 4 5

- Based on our results, we can examine that our experiment is possible and satisfied for
this particular study. Thus, Graph of the variation of Cd versus Q through Venturi
meter is plotted at Graph. The discharge coefficient is the ratio of the actual discharge
to the ideal discharge. The average value of the discharge coefficient, Cd in this
experiment is equal to 1.030.

- As in the result, we adjusted the control valve to get different flow rates for our
experiment. When there is a different flow rate, there will be different velocities of
the fluid. As the relationship of the velocity of the fluid and the flow rate is directly
proportional, when we adjusted a lower flow rate, we will get a lower velocity. By
applying Bernoulli’s theorem and continuity equation, we can calculate and draw the
measured and ideal pressure distributions curve. To obtain the result of ideal pressure
distribution, we have calculated the area ratio from the principle we learned.

- Theoretically, the graph of Cd versus Q through Venturi meter showing the flow
coefficient is proportional to discharge. The graph that we plotted is in a line graph.
From our result and calculation, we can conclude that the greater the actual discharge,
Q, the greater the value of flow coefficient, Cd. Cd can be increased by lowering the
convergent angle in flow measurement and can be increased when the pressure of
working fluid is enhanced.

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CONCLUSION

The goal of this experiment was to compare and contrast the behaviour of ideal and real fluids,
and based on the test results, it can be determined that the experiment was a success because the
measured and theoretical values differ. This is due to friction losses in the real fluid; friction
losses do not exist in an ideal fluid. It may be concluded from the experiment that when the area
of flow decreases, the fluid's velocity increases and its flow pressure decreases. According to
Bernoulli, a high velocity of fluid flow results in a low pressure, and the smaller the area, the
higher the velocity. As a result, both equations were shown to be capable of determining the
velocity of fluid flow in a manometer. Although the value is not same, the pattern of increasing
and decreasing at the convergence and divergence portions is. As a result, for both convergent
and divergent flow, the total head pressure rises as the velocity rises.

Bernoulli's equation is used to solve all incompressible fluid flow issues. The Bernoulli's
equation can be applied to flow measurement from takes, within pipes, and in open channels
using measuring devices such as the Venturi metre, Nozzle metre, Orifice metre, and Pitot tube.

The following conditions must be met in order to apply Bernoulli's equation such as the flow has
to be consistent (Velocity, pressure, and density are constant at all times) and The flow must be
incompressible even if the pressure changes, the density along the streamline must remain
constant.

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REFERENCE / APPENDIX

• UMP Lab Manual

• https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_bernoulli_lesson01
• https://youtu.be/Qlie8g_YYPc

11 | P a g e
 Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology
Civil Engineering Technology Laboratory
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT RECEIPT

Faculty's Copy
This section must be filled by student

Subject & Code : DAA 1951 ENGINEERING LAB 1 ( WATER & ENVIRONMENT )
Section : A21
Group No. : 14
Group Member & ID : 1) KHALIL HAZZIMIE BIN MOHD KHALID ( AB20174 )
2) AISAR MUKHLISS BIN MOHD ROZAIMIE (AB20175)
3) RUTHIRAN A/L ARUMUGAM (AB20219 )

Title of the Test : HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Testing Date : 25 MAY 2022
Person In-Charged : EN. SYED NAJMUDDIN BIN SYED MOHAMAD NORDIN
Submitted By (Group
Name & ID) : AISAR MUKHLISS BIN MOHD ROZAIMIE( AB20175 )

This section must be filled by PJP in-charged or technical staff representative.

Name :
Date Received :
Stamp & Sign :

Note:
Please make sure that PJP in-charged or technical staff representative stamps & signs complete with date
receive at the front cover of the lab report.
Created By: NMN
(Detached At This Line)

Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology

Civil Engineering Technology Laboratory
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT RECEIPT

Student's Copy
This section must be filled by student.

Subject & Code : DAA 1951 ENGINEERING LAB 1 ( WATER & ENVIRONMENT )
Section : A21
Group No. : 14
Group Member & ID : 1) KHALIL HAZZIMIE BIN MOHD KHALID ( AB20174 )
2) AISAR MUKHLISS BIN MOHD ROZAIMIE ( AB20175 )
3) RUTHIRAN A/L ARUMUGAM (AB20219 )

Title of the Test : HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Testing Date : 25 MAY 2022
Person In-Charged : EN. SYED NAJMUDDIN BIN SYED MOHAMAD NORDIN
Submitted By (Group
Name & ID) : AISAR MUKHLISS BIN MOHD ROZAIMIE( AB20175 )

This section must be filled by PJP in-charged or technical staff representative.

Name :
Date Received :
Stamp & Sign :

Note:
Please make sure that PJP in-charged or technical staff representative stamps & signs complete with date receive
at the front cover of the lab report.
Created By: NMN
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
SEMESTER II SESSION 2021/2022
HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY

SUBJECT CODE DAA 1951

SUBJECT ENGINEERING LABORATORY I (WATER &

ENVIRONMENT)

EXPERIMENT TITLE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

DATE OF 25 MAY 2022

EXPERIMENT
GROUP NUMBER 14

SECTION A21

GROUP MEMBER AB20174-KHALIL HAZZIMIE BIN MOHD KHALID

ID NUMBER &
NAME AB20175-AISAR MUKHLISS BIN MOHD ROZAIMIE

AB20219-RUTHIRAN A/L ARUMUGAM

LECTURER - DR. HASMANIE BINTI ABDUL HALIM

PERSON INCHARGE - EN. SYED NAJMUDDIN BIN SYED MOHAMAD NORDIN

MARKS

ENDORSEMENT
DETAIL EVALUATION FORM FOR ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

SUBJECT/CODE: DAA1951 ENGINEERING LAB 1 ( WATER & ENVIRONMENT )

GROUP NO./SECTION: 14 (A21)

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

No DESCRIPTION MAX AVE NCR STU REMARKS/COMMENTS/SUGGESTION

1 Cover Page (1.5M)

i. Follow the Standard Cover page 1
ii. Not follow the standard Cover page 0.5 0.2
iii. Correct spell of Lecturer name,subject Code etc 0.5
v. Such as wrong in Lecturer name, Subject Code etc 0.25 0.2
Table of content (1.5M)
i. Follow Standard Table of Content 1.5
i. Not follow the standard Table of Content 0.5 0.2
ii. Doesn't have either no., content or page no. 0.25 0.2
2 Introduction/Principles (3M) 3 2 1
Objectives (2M)
i. Follow as lab manual, lab sheet and extra 2
ii. Too simple and not enough 1
iii. same as lab manual only 1.5
Apparatus/Equipment (2M)
i. All equipments listed 2
ii. Not enough equipment 1.5 1
3 Procedures (15M)
i. As experiment method 15
ii. Too simple and not enough 10
iii. Follow as lab manual and lab sheet only 5
4 Results (10M)
i. Tables 5 2.5 1
ii. Graphs 2.5 1.5 1
iii. Calculations - Example 2.5 1.5 1
5 Discussion / Analysis (20M)
i Discuss on experiment result 8 4 2
ii Is it the result right or wrong 3 2 1
iii Comparison between theoritical and experimental 3 2 1
iv Cause and errorr during experimental 3 2 1
v Safety measure during experiment 3 2 1
6 Conclusion (20M)
i. State the final result getting from experiment 4 2 1
ii. Is it the objectives achieve/reach/accomplish 4 2 1
iii. Actual result from other resources 4 2 1
iv. Method to reduce error and improve method 4 2 1
v. Purpose of testing on industry application 4 2 1
7 References/Appendix (5M)
i. Photo during experiment 1 0.7 0.5
ii. Website reference/ book 1 0.7 0.5
iii. Result attached 3 2 1
TOTAL 80 46.9 25.3

NOTE:
MAX: Maximum NCR: Non Conformance requirements
AVE: Average STU: Student's marks

SUMMARY MARKS FOR ENGINEERING LABORATORY

% %
NO. NAME ID NO. TOTAL
PRACTICAL REPORT

1 KHALIL HAZZIMIE BIN MOHD KHALID AB 20174

2 AISAR MUKHLISS BIN MOHD ROZAIMIE AB 20175

3 RUTHIRAN A/L ARUMUGAM AB 20219

4
5
6
7
8

LAB SUPERVISOR'S NAME AND SIGNATURE

TABLE OF CONTENT

NO TITLE PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 OBJECTIVE 1

3 APPARATUS 2

4 PROCEDURE 3

5 RESULT 4-6

6 DISCUSSION 7

7 CONCLUSION 8

8 APPENDIX/REFERENCE 9
INTRODUCTION
Hydrostatic pressure is defined as the pressure that is exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given
point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity. Hydrostatic pressure increases in proportion
to depth measured from the surface because of the increasing meaning of the resultant force
caused by the pressure loading of a liquid acting on submerged surfaces. The centre of pressure
is also important where it shows a point on the immersed surface at which the resultant
hydrostatic pressure force acts.

The resultant force created by the pressure loading of a liquid acting on submerged surfaces is
known as hydrostatic forces. In fluid mechanics, the calculation of the hydrostatic force and
the location of the centre of pressure are fundamental topics. The resultant hydrostatic pressure
force acts at the centre of pressure, which is a point on the immersed surface.

OBJECTIVES
⚫ To determine the hydrostatic force due to water acting on a partially or fully submerged
surface
⚫ To determine, both experimentally and theoretically, the center of pressure

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APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT

WEIGHT

SYRINGE WITH TUBE

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE SYSTEM

MEASURING BEAKER

2|Page
PROCEDURE (HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE)

Adjust the container of the
hydrostatic pressure to make sure
its plane surface is in vertical
direction
Measured:
• width of the plane surface, b
• height of the plane surface, h
• radius of the water container,
R1 and R2

The water was poured into the The load of 350g was attached to
balancing container. the container's arm.

The amount of water in step (3)

and was made sure that the lever
was added to balance up the load
arm was in horizontal position.
attached in step (4)

h1 and h2 weremeasured and Steps (4) to (6) were repeated for

recorded. loads 400g and 450g.

Steps (2) to (7) were repeated by

adjusting the plane surface to
make an angle of 20º to vertical.

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 RESULT
Width of plane surface, 𝑏 = 75 𝑚𝑚

Inner radius, 𝑅1 = 100 𝑚𝑚

Outer radius, 𝑅2 = 200 𝑚𝑚

Length of lever arm, 𝑅3 = 200 𝑚𝑚

Height of plane surface, 𝑑 = 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 = 100 𝑚𝑚

Area of plane surface, 𝐴 (Eqn. 4) = 7500 𝑚𝑚²

Second moment area, 𝐼𝑃𝐺 (Eqn. 3) = 6.25 × 106 𝑚𝑚3

No. Angle, 𝜃 ℎ1 (mm) ℎ2 (mm) ℎ (mm) [Eqn.6] 𝐹 (N) [Eqn.1] 𝑦 (mm)

[Eqn.5]
1 0 8 112 60 4.41 × 106 60.00
2 0 20 124 72 5.30 × 106 72.00
3 0 28 132 80 5.89 × 106 80.00
4 20 6 96 51 3.75 × 106 54.27
5 20 12 102 57 4.20 × 106 60.66
6 20 18 108 63 4.64 × 106 67.04

𝐼𝑃𝐺, 𝑦𝑃, 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑚 𝑌 (mm) ℎ1 𝑦𝑃, % 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟

𝐴𝑦 theory (g) [Eqn.8] experiment
(mm) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (mm)
[Eqn.2] [Eqn.10]
450.00 × 103 69.80 350 155.71 8.00 63.71 8.72

540.00 × 103 81.81 400 148.08 20.00 68.08 16.78

600.00 × 103 89.82 450 150.00 28.00 78.00 13.16

407.03 × 103 63.48 350 183.12 6.39 89.51 -41.01

455.00 × 103 69.89 400 186.86 12.77 99.63 -42.55

502.80 × 103 76.27 450 190.28 19.16 109.44 -43.50

4|Page
Calculation:
Area of surface plane, 𝐴 [Eqn.4] = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝑏𝑑
= 75𝑚𝑚 × 100𝑚𝑚
= 7500𝑚𝑚2

𝑏𝑑3
Second moment area, 𝐼𝑃𝐺 [Eqn.3] = 12

75×1003
=
12

= 6.25x106 𝑚𝑚4

ℎ1+ℎ2
h (mm) = 2
8+112
= 2

= 60mm (continue until No.6)

F, (N) [Eqn.5] = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐴

= (1 × 10−3)(9810)(60)(7500)
= 4.41x106 𝑁 (continue until No.6)

ℎ
y, (mm) = cos θ

= 60.00 (continue until No.3 for 0˚)

(continue No.4 – No.6 for 20˚)

IPG = Ay
= (7500)(60)
= 450x103 (continue until No.6)

𝐹
𝑦𝑃, theory (mm) [Eqn.2] = 𝑦 + 𝑰𝑷𝑮

4.41×106
= 60 + 450×103

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 = 69.80mm (continue until No.6)

𝑚𝑔𝑠
Y, (mm) [Eqn.8] = 𝐹
(350)(9810)(200)
= 4.41×106

= 155.71mmm (continue until No.6)

8
h1/cos θ = cos 0

= 8.00 (continue until No.6)

yp(experiment)(mm)[Eqn.10] = Y - R1+ h1/cos θ

= 155.71 – 100 + 8.00
= 63.71 (continue until No.6)

𝑦𝑝 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦−𝑦𝑝 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
% Error = × 100
𝑦𝑝 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦

69.80−63.71
= × 100
69.80

= 8.72% (continue until No.6)

6|Page
DISCUSSION

In this experiment, on only the forces the plane surface were considered. However,
the hydrostatic forces on the curved surface of the quarter-circle block do happen, but they do
not affect the measurement. This is because no moment is created by forces acting on the
curved surface of the quarter circle block. The line of action of the forces on the curved
surface are perpendicular to the surface, all lines of action that acted on the curved surface
will pass through the center or so called the pivot. Thus, no moments are created and hence
no effect on the results.

Buoyancy force is defined as the net pressure force acting on a submerged body,
and thus in this experiment it should not being neglected in the analysis of the experimental
data. Consider the buoyancy forces acting normal to the surface, then the buoyancy force do
not appear because the normal forces on the curved surface do not contribute a moment about
the pivot of the device. This result is due to the design of the apparatus. In other words, the
circular arc shape was been chosen because it allows the measurement of hydrostatic pressure
forces without accounting for the buoyancy effect.

7|Page
CONCLUSION

With a low standard deviation from the theoretical water height for both partially and fully
submerged surfaces, the Edibon Hydrostatics Pressure System accurately measures the height
of the water in the chamber required to calculate both the hydrostatic force acting on the vertical
rectangular quadrant and the centre of pressure at which this force acts. The slope of the linear
plots of theoretical versus measured water height, which is about one for both partially and
fully submerged surfaces, confirms this.
The data gathered from the pressure system also supports the relationships between variables
as they are presented in the equations given to calculate hydrostatic force, centre of pressure,
and mass. In other words, the hydrostatic force acting on both partially and fully submerged
vertical rectangular surface increases as the height of the fluid (water) in the chamber increases.
This relationship is supported by the plots of mass versus theoretical height when the balance
of the moments about the pivot is considered. For both partially and fully submerged surfaces,
the centre of pressure (measured from the balance bridge arm down) decreases towards the
centroid of the quadrant as the height of water in the chamber increases.
Care must be taken to avoid the quadrant from contact with water when pouring, this is to
prevent any inaccuracy of value taken caused by increases of weight on quadrant which can
affected both reading error on spirit level of apparatus and reading of measurement. It is
recommended to do this experiment in enclosed space, minor error caused by the wind loads
from environment may influence the reading of measurement by increasing the weight on the
quadrant. From this experiment, it can be conclude that the water filled in should be equivalent
to the water drained out, and then the result will be more accurate.

8|Page
REFERENCE / APPENDIX

• UMP Lab Manual

• https://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/hydrostatic_pressure.htm
• https://byjus.com/physics/hydrostatic-pressure/
• https://www.me.psu.edu/cimbala/learning/fluid/hydrostatics/applications.htm

9|Page