Eudicots

The eudicots, Eudicotidae or

eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering
plants mainly characterized by having
two seed leaves upon germination.[1] The
term derives from Dicotyledons.
 Eudicots
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous - recent
PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K PN
g

Senecio angulatus, a eudicot

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Streptophyta

Clade: Embryophytes

Clade: Polysporangiophytes

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Spermatophytes

Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clades (APG IV)

Basal eudicots:
Buxales
Proteales
Ranunculales
Trochodendrales
Core eudicots:
Clades
Superasterids
Superrosids
Orders
Dilleniales
Gunnerales
Arabis pollen has three colpi.

Traditionally they were called tricolpates

or non-magnoliid dicots by previous
authors. The botanical terms were
introduced in 1991 by evolutionary
botanist James A. Doyle and
paleobotanist Carol L. Hotton to
emphasize the later evolutionary
divergence of tricolpate dicots from
earlier, less specialized, dicots.[2]
Numerous familiar plants are eudicots,
including many common food plants,
trees, and ornamentals. Some common
and familiar eudicots include: sunflower,
dandelion, forget-me-not, cabbage, apple,
buttercup, maple, and macadamia. Most
leafy trees of midlatitudes also belong to
eudicots, with notable exceptions being
magnolias and tulip trees which belong
to magnoliids, and Ginkgo biloba, which
is not an angiosperm.

Description
The close relationships among flowering
plants with tricolpate pollen grains was
initially seen in morphological studies of
shared derived characters. These plants
have a distinct trait in their pollen grains
of exhibiting three colpi or grooves
paralleling the polar axis.[3] Later
molecular evidence confirmed the
genetic basis for the evolutionary
relationships among flowering plants
with tricolpate pollen grains and
dicotyledonous traits. The term means
"true dicotyledons", as it contains the
majority of plants that have been
considered dicots and have
characteristics of the dicots. The term
"eudicots" has subsequently been widely
adopted in botany to refer to one of the
two largest clades of angiosperms
(constituting over 70% of the angiosperm
species), monocots being the other. The
remaining angiosperms include
magnoliids and what are sometimes
referred to as basal angiosperms or
paleodicots, but these terms have not
been widely or consistently adopted, as
they do not refer to a monophyletic
group.

Taxonomy
The earlier name for the eudicots is
tricolpates, a name which refers to the
grooved structure of the pollen. Members
of the group have tricolpate pollen, or
forms derived from it. These pollens
have three or more pores set in furrows
called colpi. In contrast, most of the
other seed plants (that is the
gymnosperms, the monocots and the
paleodicots) produce monosulcate
pollen, with a single pore set in a
differently oriented groove called the
sulcus. The name "tricolpates" is
preferred by some botanists to avoid
confusion with the dicots, a
nonmonophyletic group.[4]

The name "eudicots" (plural) is used in

the APG systems (from APG system, of
1998, to APG IV system, of 2016) for
classification of angiosperms. It is
applied to a clade, a monophyletic group,
which includes most of the (former)
dicots.

"Tricolpate" is a synonym for the

"Eudicot" monophyletic group, the "true
dicotyledons" (which are distinguished
from all other flowering plants by their
tricolpate pollen structure). The number
of pollen grain furrows or pores helps
classify the flowering plants, with
eudicots having three colpi (tricolpate),
and other groups having one sulcus.[5][4]

Pollen apertures are any modification of

the wall of the pollen grain. These
modifications include thinning, ridges
and pores, they serve as an exit for the
pollen contents and allow shrinking and
swelling of the grain caused by changes
in moisture content. The elongated
apertures/ furrows in the pollen grain are
called colpi (singular colpus), which,
along with pores, are a chief criterion for
identifying the pollen classes.[6]

Subdivisions
The eudicots can be divided into two
groups: the basal eudicots and the core
eudicots.[7] Basal eudicot is an informal
name for a paraphyletic group. The core
eudicots are a monophyletic group.[8] A
2010 study suggested the core eudicots
can be divided into two clades,
Gunnerales and a clade called
Pentapetalae, comprising all the
remaining core eudicots.[9]

The Pentapetalae can be then divided

into three clades:

Dilleniales
superrosids consisting of Saxifragales
and rosids (the APG IV system
includes the Vitales in the rosids)
superasterids consisting of Santalales,
Berberidopsidales, Caryophyllales and
asterids

This division of the eudicots is shown in

the following cladogram:[10]
eudicots basal eudicots (paraphyletic gro
  Buxales)
 
core eudicots   Gu
   
Pentapetalae   D
   
 
 

s
The following is a more detailed
breakdown according to APG IV, showing
within each clade and orders:[11]

clade Eudicots
order Ranunculales
order Proteales
order Trochodendrales
order Buxales
clade Core eudicots
order Gunnerales
order Dilleniales
clade Superrosids
order Saxifragales
clade Rosids
order Vitales
clade Fabids
order Fabales
order Rosales
order Fagales
order Cucurbitales
order Oxalidales
order Malpighiales
order Celastrales
order Zygophyllales
clade Malvids
order Geraniales
order Myrtales
 order Crossosomatales
order Picramniales
order Malvales
order Brassicales
order Huerteales
order Sapindales
clade Superasterids
order Berberidopsidales
order Santalales
order Caryophyllales
clade Asterids
order Cornales
order Ericales
clade Campanulids
order Aquifoliales
order Asterales
order Escalloniales
 order Bruniales
order Apiales
order Dipsacales
order Paracryphiales
clade Lamiids
order Solanales
order Lamiales
order Vahliales
order Gentianales
order Boraginales
order Garryales
order Metteniusales
order Icacinales

References
1. "EUDICOTS" . Basic Biology. Basic
Biology 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
2. Endress, Peter K. (2002).
"Morphology and Angiosperm
Systematics in the Molecular Era"
(PDF). Botanical Review. Structural
Botany in Systematics: A
Symposium in Memory of William C.
Dickison. 68 (4): 545–570.
doi:10.1663/0006-
8101(2002)068[0545:maasit]2.0.co;
2 . JSTOR 4354438 .
3. Furness, Carol A.; Rudall, Paula J.
(March 2004). "Pollen aperture
evolution – a crucial factor for
eudicot success?" . Trends in Plant
Science. 9 (3): 154–158.
doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2004.01.001 .
4. Judd & Olmstead 2004
5. Sporne, Kenneth R. (1972). "Some
Observations on the Evolution of
Pollen Types in Dicotyledons" . New
Phytologist. 71 (1): 181–5.
doi:10.1111/j.1469-
8137.1972.tb04826.x .
6. "Archived copy" . Archived from the
original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved
2009-02-16.
7. Worberg, A; Quandt, D; Barniske, A-M;
Löhne, C; Hilu, KW; Borsch, T (2007).
"Phylogeny of basal eudicots:
insights from non-coding and rapidly
evolving DNA". Organisms, Diversity
 and Evolution. 7 (1): 55–77.
doi:10.1016/j.ode.2006.08.001 .
8. Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.;
Endress, Peter K.; Chase, Mark W.
(2005). Phylogeny and Evolution of
Angiosperms. Sunderland, MA:
Sinauer Associates.
ISBN 9780878938179.
9. Moore, Michael J.; Soltis, Pamela S.;
Bell, Charles D.; Burleigh, J. Gordon &
Soltis, Douglas E. (2010).
"Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid
genes further resolves the early
diversification of eudicots" .
Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. 107 (10):
 4623–8.
Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.4623M .
doi:10.1073/pnas.0907801107 .
PMC 2842043 . PMID 20176954 .
10. Based on:
Stevens, P.F. (2001–2014). "Trees" .
Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.
Retrieved 2014-11-17.
Stevens, P.F. (2001–2016).
"Eudicots" . Angiosperm Phylogeny
Website. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
11. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
(2016). "An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG
 IV" . Botanical Journal of the
Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20.
doi:10.1111/boj.12385 .

Bibliography
Doyle, J.A.; Hotton, C.L. (1991).
"Diversification of early angiosperm pollen
in a cladistic context". In Blackmore, S.;
Barnes, S.H. (eds.). Pollen and Spores.
Patterns of Diversification. Systematics
Association Publications. 44. Clarendon
Press. pp. 169–195. ISBN 9780198577461.
Judd, Walter S.; Olmstead, Richard G.
(2004). "A survey of tricolpate (eudicot)
phylogenetic relationships" . American
Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1627–44.
doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1627 .
PMID 21652313 .
 Eudicots in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards).
Angiosperm Phylogeny Website . Version 7,
May 2006.

External links

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related to Eudicots.

"Eudicots" at the Encyclopedia of Life

Eudicots , Tree of Life Web Project
Dicots Plant Life Forms

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