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Numerical simulation and investigation on performance characteristics of

NACA 0024 twisted wing

Article · September 2015

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 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 10, Number 16 (2015) pp 37970-37973
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Numerical Simulation and Investigation on Performance Characteristics of

NACA 0024 Twisted Wing
R.Santhanakrishnan1, S.Karthick Ram2, S.Sam Vimal Kumar3, S.Z.Syed Afsar3, S.Merrysha Sweety Gracia 3
1
Assistant Professor (SG), Department of Aeronautical Engineering, SNS College of Technology(Autonomous),
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India - 641 035(Corresponding Author), sanskrish@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, SNS College of Technology(Autonomous),
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India - 641 035
3
Undergradute Students, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, SNS College of Technology(Autonomous),
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India - 641 035

Abstract: Design and analysis of the twisted wing to enhance the section at each location along the wingspan has an airfoil
performance characteristics of the wing. This is achieved by shape that is geometrically similar to that of the root cross
reducing the induced drag and increase the aspect ratio of the section. However, the outboard airfoil sections are rotated
lifting surface. According to the Lifting line theory, Elliptic lift relative to the root section.
distribution creates minimum induced drag. So, the wing twisting
is employed in a rectangular wing with some degree of twist at Design and specification
both tip and root of wing to analyse it. Design specifications for ordinary wing:
Airfoil : NACA 0024
Keywords: Twisted Wing, NACA 0024, Mesh, Velocity
distribution, pressure distribution Wing : Rectangular wing
Twist : No
Introduction
The vortices shed from the lifting wing of an aircraft in flight Design specifications for twisted wing:
have a profound effect on the lift and drag produced on the wing. Airfoil : NACA 0024
The pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of
Wing : Rectangular wing
the wing is reduced near the wingtips, because air from the high-
pressure region below the wing spills outward, around the Twist : At root 5.8 0 At tip 1.2 0
wingtip, and back inward toward the low-pressure region above
the wing. Thus, as air flows over a wing, the air below the wing Modeling procedure
moves outward toward the wingtip, and the air above the wing The 3D modeling of the rectangular wing and
moves inward toward the root. Where the flows near the upper twisted rectangular wing are done by the CATIA V5 by the
and lower surfaces recombine at the trailing edge, the difference following steps.
in span wise velocity generates a trailing vortex wake. The vortex First import the coordinates of a symmetric airfoil
wake generated on each semi span of the wing rolls up about an NACA 0024 from excel, an airfoil will be imported in
axis trailing slightly inboard from each wingtip to form two large
CATIA.
vortices, one trailing aft of each wingtip. These are commonly
referred to as wingtip vortices, and the downward velocity
induced between the wingtip vortices is called downwash. This
downwash reduces the lift developed by the wing and creates a
component of drag that is commonly known as induced drag.
The classical lifting-line theory developed by Ludwig
Prandtl and published in 1918 was the first analytical method to
satisfactorily predict the performance of a lifting wing. It provides
greater insight into how wing design parameters affect wing
performance. The first closed-form solution to be obtained from
lifting-line theory showed that induced drag could be minimized
by using an untwisted wing of elliptic planform. While an
untwisted elliptic wing produces minimum possible induced drag,
it is much more expensive to manufacture than a simple
rectangular wing. A new closed-form solution that includes span
wise variation in wing twist is developed, that shows an unswept
wing of any planform shape can be designed with proper twist
implementation to produce less induced drag than any tapered Fig 1: Importing Airfoil
wing with no twist. The method, we used is called geometric
twist. When pure geometric twist is employed, the wing cross Draw the rectangular wing with extrude option in
the solid section check box in the right control panel.

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 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 10, Number 16 (2015) pp 37970-37973
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Analysis of rectangular wing

The Cosmos Results has been carried out for
Pressure, Velocity and Temperature contours and the graphs
corresponding to the parameters.
Pressure distribution
The pressure distribution is the contour which shows
the distribution of pressure in and around the object to clearly
visualize the performance prediction.

Fig 2: Extruded Rectangular wing

Design the twisted wing with the cut section check box
and extrude section check box.

Fig 5: Pressure Distribution for Rectangular Wing

Velocity distribution
Velocity Distribution diagram shows the distribution
of velocity along the interior and exterior parts of the object
which is in flow field.
Fig 3: Twisted airfoil design

Fig 4: Extruded twisted wing Fig 5: Velocity Distribution for Rectangular Wing
Analysis Temperature distribution
Boundary conditions Temperature Distribution shows the effective
Temperature changes in the object. Temperature Distribution
The boundary conditions given for analysis were
is the main consideration in regards with the calculation of
maintained and the input values were given. These values are
thrust for effective performance prediction.
given in the table below.
Rectangular Twisted
Variables
wing wing
Velocity (m/s) 100 100
Pressure(Po) in
1.013 x 105 1.013 x 105
Pascal
Density (ρ) in
1.225 1.225
kg/m3
Temperature in K 288 288 Fig 6: Temperature Distribution for Rectangular Wing
Table 1: Boundary conditions for Rectangular and Twisted Wing

37971
 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 10, Number 16 (2015) pp 37970-37973
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Mesh file
This shows the drawing of micro air vehicle which is
drawn in COSMOS. In this software key points has to be created
and the lines are drawn then line has been created. Then for
analyzing purpose the lines has to be faced.

Fig 9: Velocity Distribution for Twisted wing

Temperature distribution
Temperature Distribution shows the effective
Temperature changes in the object. Temperature Distribution
is the main consideration in regards with the calculation of
thrust for effective performance prediction.
Fig 7: Mesh File for Rectangular Wing
The triangular mesh has been the mesh has created in
minute manner for better accuracy carried out for this purpose of
analysis and the accuracy will depend on the type of meshing and
the smoothness of the mesh.
Analysis of a twisted wing
The Cosmos Results has been carried out for Pressure,
Velocity and Temperature contours and the graphs corresponding
to the parameters.
Pressure distribution
The pressure distribution is the contour which shows the
distribution of pressure in and around the object to clearly
visualize the performance prediction.

Fig 10: Temperature Distribution for Twisted Wing

Mesh file
This shows the drawing of micro air vehicle which
is drawn in COSMOS. In this software key points has to be
created and the lines are drawn then line has been created.
Then for analyzing purpose the lines has to be faced.

Fig 8: Pressure Distribution for Twisted Wing

Velocity distribution
Velocity Distribution diagram is a diagram which shows
the distribution of velocity along the interior and exterior parts of
the object which is in flow field. Fig 11: Mesh File for Twisted Wing

37972
 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 10, Number 16 (2015) pp 37970-37973
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

The triangular mesh has been the mesh has created in [6] Katz, J., and Plotkin, A., Low-Speed Aerodynamics”,
minute manner for better accuracy carried out for this purpose of 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, New York City,
analysis and the accuracy will depend on the type of meshing and NY, 2001.
the smoothness of the mesh.
[7] Clancy, L.J., “Aerodynamics” Shroff, 2006.
Results
[8] Anderson, J. D., “Fundamental of Aerodynamics”,
Comparison of results McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, 5th edition,
Coefficient July 2010.
Coefficient Coefficient
Wing Type of Induced
of Lift of Drag
Drag
Rectangular
0.407 0.012 0.0092
Wing

Twisted
0.407 0.011 0.008
Wing

Table 2 : Comparison of Results

Conclusion
Proper twist implementation can reduce the induced drag
acting on a lifting wing by as much as 15%, we have obtained
10% reduction. However, if fixed twist alone is implemented, the
wing can be optimized for only one design operating condition.
This means that, if the airplane is to operate over a wide range of
airspeed, altitude, and/or gross weight, the implemented fixed
twist must be a compromise for the range of operating conditions
that will be encountered during different mission phases.
However, the amount of wing twist required to minimize
induced drag is a strong function of gross weight, altitude,
airspeed, and normal acceleration. With proper twist
implementation, a wing of any planform shape can be designed to
produce the same minimum induced drag as an elliptic wing of
the same aspect ratio, operating at the same conditions. Such
twist-optimized wings are much simpler and less costly to
manufacture than an elliptic wing.

References
[1] Phillips, W. F., “Lifting-Line Analysis for Twisted Wings
and Washout-Optimized Wings,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 41, No.
1, pp. 128–136. 2004.

[2] Phillips, W. F., Alley, N. R., and Goodrich, W. D., “Lifting-

Line Analysis of Roll Control and Variable Twist,” Journal of
Aircraft, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 1169–1176 , 2004

[3] Phillips, W. F., Fugal, S. R. and Spall, R. E., “Minimizing

Induced Drag with Wing Twist, Computational-Fluid Dynamics
Validation,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 437–
444,2006.

[4] Prandtl, L., “Applications of Modern Hydrodynamics to

Aeronautics,” NACA TR-116, June 1921.

[5] Anderson, J. D., “Aircraft Performance and Design”, Mc

Graw-Hill International Edition, Singapore, 1999.

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