Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies 1st- Year Phonology and Morphology

Analysis of inflectional suffixes in the selected

poems of Luis G. Dato: A Phonology and
Morphology Study

Lowie Jade Alojado, Lady Jane Viralio, Angelica Stacy Flores, Irah
Dilangalin, Cadariya Michael (Authors)
Mindanao State University, General Santos City, Philippines, 9500
Phonology and Morphology

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 Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies 1st- Year Phonology and Morphology

Abstract 3

Introduction 3

Review of Related Literature 4

Methodology 5

Result 5
(Chart I) 5

Noun Inflectional Morpheme 6

Plural Marker –s 6
Possessive marker ‘s 6

Verbs Inflectional Morphemes 7

The third person presents singular marker —s 7
Past tense marker —ed 7
Possessive marker —ing 7
Past participle —en 8

Adjective inflectional morphemes 8

Comparative marker —er 8
Superlative marker —est 9

Discussion 9
The use of Plural marker –s and –es in the selected poem by Luis G. Dato 9
Comparative marker –er 10
Possessive marker ‘s 10
Past tense marker –ed 10
Possessive marker –ing 10

Conclusion 11
(Chart II) 11
(Chart III) 12
(Chart IV) 12
(Chart V) 13
(Chart VI) 13
(Chart VII) 14
(Chart VIII) 14
(Chart IX) 15
(Chart X) 15
(Chart XI) 16
(Chart XII) 16

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 Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies 1st- Year Phonology and Morphology

Abstract

The derivational morphology in learners' English narrative compositions was the main focus of
this research. This research aims to unravel the different inflectional suffixes used in the
selected poems of Luis G. Dato driven from the website luisgdato.com, the main reason why the
researchers made this study is to widen the scope of how to properly use the suffixes by itself.
The methods used in this research is qualitative research for the reason that to examine the
inflectional suffixes used in the poems worked by Luis G. Dato. The researchers found out that
there are 329 inflectional suffixes used on the ten selected poems of Luis G. Dato. And it found
out that the 329 inflectional suffixes used on the 10 poems the highest suffixes used is the suffix
–s garnering the average of 41% out of 100% and the lowest or often used is the suffix –less,
–ment, –ter garnering an average of 0% out of 100%. On the other hand, this suffix is important
for the reason that it indicates the specific word(s) used in the situation of the sentence.

Introduction

Many Filipino poets continue to promote the intellectual influence initiated by Rizal. With the
artistic and linguistic material exhibited in the poet's craft, he can shape the rich variety of
meanings of the work. (Ganir, 1990)

Poetry uses language that can represent history; it is not content with registering emotions. It
represents time. People must not be alienated from the sources in which aspirations and ideals
are rooted, for poetry can be a representation of the reality of history, but still functions
aesthetically. (Hila, 2003).

Every language learner tends to look for specific word shifts or forms that are important. The
meaning and purpose of a word change when one or a few letters are added to it. The addition
of letters to the beginning or end of a word causes it to alter. The affix at the start of the word is
known as a prefix, while the affix at the end is known as a suffix. The suffixes are a crucial part
of language observed in the giving up of many words. Suffixes may be the important thing in
identifying the means of a complicated word. One issue a suffix can do is suggest a phrase is a
part of speech. The problem that needs to be addressed in this research are the suffixes in the
inflectional poems in the selected poems of Mr. Luis G. Dato.

The researchers look for the top five suffixes that mostly appear in the poems. The purpose of
this research is to identify the most commonly used inflectional suffixes in Luis G. Dato poems.
According to the findings, Luis G. Dato’s poems use all of the inflectional suffixes. In his poetry,
there are lots of suffixes that can be seen. It shows that Luis G. Dato prefers using those
suffixes in order to give the meaning a concise and astonishing definition to the reader's
vocabulary. This is an essential guide to the researcher’s thinking. Knowledge of facts
concerning the conditions desired to investigate and to gain knowledge gained from studies. It is
concerned with conditions of relationships that exist, practices that prevail, beliefs and
processes, effects that are being felt, or trends that have developed and are developing. The

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 Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies 1st- Year Phonology and Morphology

description is also fact-finding with adequate interpretation and more and beyond just
data-gathering.

Review of Related Literature

Vocabulary, a set of words or combinations of symbols, signs, or letters that have evolved to
identify things and ideas, is one of the most significant components of language. It is an
essential component of language and language development since a person's capacity to
comprehend and communicate effectively is hampered if they lack it. (Juanillo, 2022)

During visual word recognition, morphologically complex words are processed through their
constituent morphemes. Whereas the stem priming paradigm has effectively established this,
the role of shared affixes is more contentious. Furthermore, the majority of evidence for affix
priming comes from derivation, whereas inflectional priming is often ignored. (Marjanovic &
Crepaldi, 2020)

Literary analysis is a type of review or criticism of a piece of writing. It can be done in a variety of
ways, but the most common format is an article or essay. The purpose of the reader of the
literary work may also influence the manner of review and critique.Doing literary analysis is
always a given variable in literature classrooms. This is because literary pieces are designed to
be analyzed. "We analyze in order to get beyond the surface, to understand the complexities
literature alludes to in many facets of mankind," says one blogger. (Samson, 2017)

The derivational morphology in learners' English narrative compositions was the main focus of
this research. Morphology is the study of morphemes which are the smallest significant units of
grammar. There are two types of morphology: derivational and inflectional morphology.
Derivational morphology is related to affixes such as suffixes, infixes, prefixes, ablaut, and
reduplication, meanwhile inflectional morphology is related to plural, possessive, past time,
progressive, comparative, and superlative. (Kusumawardhani, 2018)

Inflectional affixes expressing the same grammatical category. The researchers hypothesize that this
cross-linguistic tendency to “category clustering” is at least in part the result of a learning bias that
facilitates transmission of morphology from one generation to the next when each inflecting category
has a consistent morphological position. (Culbertson et al., 2022)

This study will determine the suffixes used in the selected poems of Mr. Luis G. Dato and how
the word changes to its specific style. The usage of suffixes in the words may encounter
different changes and how to understand the context given. The researchers gathered all the
suffixes from the selected poem of Luis G. Dato and categorized them which garnered the most
suffixes used on the entire poem extracted. There are fourteen inflectional morphemes used; all
are suffixes (Quirk,1985).

Keywords: Inflectional Suffixes, Phonology, Morphemes, Luis G. Dato.

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 Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies 1st- Year Phonology and Morphology

Methodology

This research uses qualitative research to examine the inflectional suffixes used in the work of
Luis G. Dato. Qualitative research is not quantifiable, so the data cannot be counted as it is
numeric. This research method is generally unstructured, suggesting that it is not logically
ordered or classified. Researchers will be able to transform qualitative data into structured
quantitative data through analysis strategies such as coding. Most often, qualitative information
is collected from a smaller sample size than quantitative data in general. This research is not
looking for details or a specific set of data. The researchers obtained data from selected poems
by Luis G. Dato. The poems are written in English and have been collected on a website called
luisgdato.com. The website claims that it is used by anyone, anywhere. The data includes 329
inflectional suffixes composed of 10 poems found in selected poems by Luis G. Dato.

Result

The details can be seen in the table below.

(Chart I)

The researchers' research on 10 poems by Luis G. Dato found that his

work uses all fourteen kinds of inflectional suffix, namely the suffix –s, –es, 's, –ed,
–ing, –en, –er, –est, –ly, –ful, –less, –est, –ment, and –ter. Somehow, the researchers only get
the highest five suffixes used.

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Noun Inflectional Morpheme

Plural Marker –s

This inflectional suffix is mostly found in the selected poems of Luis G. Dato. Let's have this
sentence as an example, "That set aflame the eastern skies" from the poem 'Among the hills'.
The plural marker —es is being added to the noun sky so it becomes skies, the plural form of it.
Another example can be seen in the word "flowers" from the sentence "Auroral flowers that
surprise'' derived from the poem 'Art'. In that sentence the inflectional suffix —s is being added
to the word flower and becomes flowers as its plural form.

Possessive marker ‘s

A possessive marker is the same thing referred to as the noun's genitive phrase. It implies
ownership or control. If the noun ends within the letter s, the possessive marker will be
demonstrated without —s, however most effective as an apostrophe (–') because of the
phonological explanation. This inflectional suffix is somehow found in the selected poems of
Luis G. Dato. For example, the sentence "All are the answer to the country's cry" is derived from
'Mi Ultimo Pensamiento' which is one of the poems of Luis G. Dato that is selected for this study.
The possessive marker in the noun country means its possession of something. Another
example of the use of a possessive marker is found in the sentence "Once more shall send me
flying on Zapote's arch" from the poem 'Sentry of Zapote'. In the sentence, the genitive of the
noun phrase means the Zapote's ownership of the arch. There are some possessive markers
that can be found in the selected poems of Luis G. Dato.

Verbs Inflectional Morphemes

1. The third person presents singular marker —s

This inflectional suffix is used to indicate that the subject of present tense sentences is singular.
An example of this inflectional marker —s can be seen in the following sentences "She stands
upon the threshold of her house", "She looks far down to where her husband plows", "She holds
no joys beyond the day's tomorrow", "She finds no worlds beyond his arm's embrace" from the
poem of Luis G. Dato entitled 'The Spouse'. The verb stands, looks, holds, and finds in the
above sentences are added by the suffix —s in simple present, clearly indicating that the
sentence's subject is singular.

2. Past tense marker —ed

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This inflectional suffix conjugates a regular verb to signify the beyond time frame. The past form
of a verb is generated by which includes —ed to the root word. This suffix is commonly
encountered in Luis G. Dato's poems. For example, in the sentence derived from 'Ode of Rizal',
"When in exile you visioned in your dreaming". The root word of the verb visioned is a vision
which is also a verb. Another example of the past tense marker —ed in the selected poems of
Luis G. Dato can be found in the sentence "Her eyes surveyed the waves" derived from the
poem 'To a lost one'. The verb surveyed has a root word survey which is also a verb. Also, in the
sentence "For many days, she waited" still from the poem 'To a lost one' the past tense marker
—ed is observed in the word waited. The root word of the verb waited is wait which is obviously
a verb.

3. Possessive marker —ing

This morpheme denotes the presence of a non-prevent temporal frame of a verb. For example,
in the sentence "Bunches of duhat growing by the hill" from the poem 'Day on the Farm' by Luis
G. Dato. The root word of the growing is growing which is classified as a verb. The use of the
morpheme —ing in the sentence tells that the event is happening in the present times. Another
example is the verb beseeming that is found in the sentence "Above, up the old convent, a
wonder beseeming" derived from the poem 'The streets of Intramuros' (Translated from Joaquin
Pellicer y Camacho) whereas the verb beseeming has the root word beseem which is obviously
a verb and it is written in the form verb —ing since the event is happening along with the
utterance of the sentence. However, due to phonological reasons, if a verb ends in the letter e,
the current form requires the verb to omit the e in order to connect the inflectional morpheme
—ing. For instance, the sentence "Who having eyes that see and hearts that love" from one of
the selected poems of Luis G. Dato, 'The Crown'. The root word of having ended with the letter
e, which is have. The phonological reason makes us have to drop the letter e, so the verb —ing
for the word have is having.

4. Past participle —en

Past participle marker —en is an inflectional suffix used to describe an activity that has taken
place, has already been completed, or has not yet been completed; it signifies completion. In
most cases, this inflectional suffix is used with having or passive be in the present perfect tense,
perfect tenses, and past perfect tenses.

Although Luis G. Dato doesn't use this kind of inflectional suffix too much in the selected ten
(10) poems used in this study, the researchers still manage to find it in a few sentences. For
instance, in the sentence derived from the poem 'Ode of Rizal' by Luis G. Dato, "Who has not
felt his sorrow quite forgotten". The past participle marker —en added to the verb forget, which
means unremembered or fail to remember and has taken place. Another example still from the
poem 'Ode of Rizal' can be found in the sentence "With poring o'er the book by you begotten".
The past participle marker —en was added to the verb beget so it becomes begotten which
means a man and a woman bring a child into existence by the process of reproduction which

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already happened.

Adjective inflectional morphemes

1. Comparative marker —er

A comparative is a word that denotes a greater or lesser degree of something or someone, or

that one object or person is of higher quality than another. In this case, a short adverb or
adjective is defined as an adjective or adverb with one or fewer syllables. This means that
root+er could be the comparison form of a large number of short adjectives or adverbs. For
instance, as the researchers found in the sentence that is derived from the poem 'On the
Crown', "That fairer green elsewhere we may not find". The root word of the word fairer is the
adjective fair, whereas the word fairer is the comparative adjective. In that sentence, the word
fairer compares a thing to another thing. Another comparative marker —er can be seen in the
sentence "But with you sprang to newer, lustier birth" from the poem 'Ode of Rizal'. In that
sentence the comparative marker —er is being added in the adjective new so it becomes newer,
which is the comparative adjective of the new. Also, in the same sentence the word "lustier"
there is also an example of comparative marker —er but in this case, if an adjective or adverb
word ends with the letter y, the comparative marker will present as —ier that is the case of the
adjective lusty that became lustier because it ends with the letter y so the comparative marker
—ier is being added to it. Moreover, if a one-syllable adjective or adverb ends in the letter e, the
comparative form just needs to be added with the —r.

2. Superlative marker —est

The word "superlative" means "highest" stage. As previously noted, if an adjective or an adverb
with two or fewer words. In most circumstances, the superlative shape for syllables is root+est.
When a one-syllable adjective or adverb ends in the letter e, the superlative form only wishes to
use the suffix –st. Furthermore, if it finishes with the letter y, the superlative marker suffix —iest
will be used. The only superlative marker that the researchers found in the selected poems of
Luis G. Dato is the word 'sweetest' in the sentence "I've found you fruits of sweetest taste and
found you" from the poem 'Day on the Farm'. The word sweetest is the superlative form of the
word sweet which signifies the highest stage.

Note that the 'The third person present singular marker —s', 'Past tense marker —ed',
'Possessive marker —ing', and the 'Past participle marker —en' are the verb's inflectional
suffixes; and the 'Comparative marker —er' and 'Superlative marker —est' are the adjective
inflectional suffixes.

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Discussion

1. The use of Plural marker –s and –es in the selected poem by Luis G. Dato

Suffix Word

- es heroes

- s pages
Based on the table above, the researchers found the use of plural marker –s. The plural maker
–s located in the word pages. The word pages found the sentence “your pages are
rebellious as none other." In the sentence, the root word of 'pages' is 'page', a noun
meaning one side of a sheet of paper. The word ‘heroes’ gets the plural makes –es. The word
'heroes' is found in the sentence ‘‘to heroes courage, and to cowards, fear.” In the sentence, the
word 'heroes' has a root word 'hero', a noun meaning a person who is admired or
idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities.

2. Comparative marker –er

A comparative is a form that indicates the additional or lesser degree or describes that one thing
or person has more quality than another. A short adverb or adjective in this situation is generally
considered to be an adjective or adverb composed of or fewer syllables. That is, the
comparative form of a maximum of the short adjectives or adverbs could be root+er. For
example, as the researchers found in the sentence "And if your dawn a deeper hue would own."
The root of the word deeper is an adjective deep. In this sentence, the word deeper compares
one thing to another. If a monosyllabic adjective or adverb ends in the letter e, the comparative
form only has to be added with the -r. For example, in the sentence "She was opening the door
wider" is comparative, meaning she opened the door wider or wider than before. Wider has a
root that is also an adjective, wide.

3. Possessive marker ‘s

A possessive marker is also called the genitive of the noun phrase. It indicates possession of a
noun word. If the noun ends within the letter (s), the possessive marker does not have an –s,
but is more effective as an apostrophe (') for phonological reasons. Some possessive markers
are found in the selected poem by Luis G. Dato. For example in the sentence "She finds no
words beyond his arm's embrace." Possessive signs on the noun arm mean that something
physically held at arm's length remains at arm's length from you.

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4. Past tense marker –ed

This inflectional morpheme conjugates regular verbs to show the time frame beyond. The past
tense of a verb is created by adding –ed to the stem of the word. The use of this suffix is ​quite
common in the selected poems by Luis G. Dato. For example, in the phrase "and when my
grave by none remembered more." The root word of the verb 'remembered' is 'remember',
which is also a verb 'to remember' or to recall the consciousness of someone or something
seen, known or experienced in the past (Merriam Dictionary).

5. Possessive marker –ing

This morpheme indicates the existing non-preventive tense cof a verb. For example, in the
phrase "Where painting thoroughfares," The verb-root painting is a paint also classified as a
verb meaning the practice of applying pigment, color, or some other medium to a surface. The
use of the possessive marker –ing in the sentence indicates that the event takes place together
with the utterance of the sentence. Another example is the flaming verb in the phrase "Of saints
and flaming torches," It is written as an -ing verb, since the event occurs at the moment of
speaking.

Conclusion

It is known that the most frequently used inflectional suffix in the selected poem by Luis G. Dato
is the suffix -s or -es, 's, -ed, -ing, -en, -er, -est, -ly, -ful is , -less, -est, -ment and -ter. The
researchers discovered that there are a total of 329 across the analyzed poems. On the
contrary, the superlative marker –est, –ter, –ful, –ment, –less. has the least used inflectional
suffix in Luis G. Dato.

Out of 100% of the data collected, the suffix -est, -ter, -ful, -ment, -less only accounts for 0%.
Although the inflectional morpheme essentially only needs to be added to the word root, there
are some cases where this rule does not apply. There are certain phonological reasons that
make removing or adding safe for the word to be added to the inflectional suffix. It happened in
the researchers' results, specifically in the comparison marker –er. From these findings it can
also be said that an inflectional suffix is ​an affix that is added to the end of the stem of the word
with the aim of changing the form of the word without changing the grammatical category.

The chart below shows the highest five used suffixes under the selected poems of Luis G. Dato.

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Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies 1st- Year Phonology and Morphology

(Chart II)

The chart below shows the respective poems that have been drawn by the researchers to
gather all the 329 suffixes under the poem of Luis G. Dato.

(Chart III)

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Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies 1st- Year Phonology and Morphology

(Chart IV)

(Chart V)

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Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies 1st- Year Phonology and Morphology

(Chart VI)

(Chart VII)

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Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies 1st- Year Phonology and Morphology

(Chart VIII)

(Chart IX)

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Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies 1st- Year Phonology and Morphology

(Chart X)

(Chart XI)

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(Chart XII)

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