BASIC ELECTRICITY

What is electricity?
Electricity is the
property of particles to
possess a force field
resulting to flow of
electrons.

Atoms consist of
even smaller
particles called
protons, neutrons
and electrons.
A free electron leaves its orbit, and may be replaced by
another free electron from another atom.

As free electrons move from one atom to another, an

electron flow is produced.
 Electron flow
Electrons can be freed from their orbit by applying an external
force.

Magnetic field Light Heat

Chemical
reaction
Electricity is like water.
Electrons (electricity) travelling along a wire

Electricity flow can be compared to water flow – if

pressure is applied at one end of a pipe (or wire),
water (or electricity) will flow out the other end.

Water flowing through a pipe

Electricity is like water.
Pressure – Voltage measured in volts.
Electricity is like water.
Pipe – Resistance measured in ohms.
 What is electricity?
Electricity is like water.
 What is electricity?
Electricity is like water.
 What is electricity?
Electricity is like water.
 Characteristics of electricity
Current – the flow of free
electrons in the same
direction (measured in
Amperes)

Voltage – the force that is

applied to free an atom
(measured in Volts)

Resistance – opposes
the flow of electrons
(measure in Ohms)
 What is electricity?
Electricity is like water.
 Resistance
Conductors
-materials that easily allow the flow of
electricity
-low resistance
-examples: copper, silver and
gold.
Insulator
-materials that do not allow the
flow of electricity
-they have high resistance
-examples are wood, rubber and plastic
 Power
It is the product of the voltage and the current.
ELECTRIC POWER = VOLTAGE x CURRENT

WATTS= VOLTS x AMPERES

Power consumption
 Power consumption
• Our electricity providers calculate our power
consumption in Kilowatt-hour.

Kilo Watt hour

-means 1000 units -unit of power -unit of time

Electricity rates or prices are expressed in pesos per kilowatt-

hour, which means that it is how much you will pay for every
one thousand watts that you have used for one hour.
Step 1: Determine the power rating of the appliance
Step 2: Determine how many hours in a day it is used.
Step 3: Multiply the power rating to the number of hours used.
Step 4: Convert the value to Kilowatt-hour
Step 5: Multiply the value to the peso price of electricity.

If you charge a 5 Watts of phone for three hours

everyday:
5 watts x 3 hours per day = 15 watt-hour per day
15 watt-hour per day x 30 days = 495 watt-hour
495 watt-hour = 0.495 Kilowatt-hour
0.333 Kilowatt-hour x 10.51php per KWH = 3.5

Try calculating other appliances!

 Current flow
Direct Current
- the voltage forces the
electrons in one direction only
- ideal for short distances only using
batteries or DC generators

Alternating Current
- the voltage forces the electrons in
opposite directions very quickly
-used to transmit electricity to
homes and offices over long distances.
Series Circuit
When electrical elements
are connected end to end,
they are said to be
connected in series. To
connect two wires in series,
one end of the first wire is
connected to one end of the
second wire, creating a
single wire as long as the
two together. This is like
connecting two short pipes
to make one longer pipe.
Note that the resistance of
the resulting long wire (or
pipe) is the sum of the
resistances of the individual
wires (or pipes).
 Parallel Circuit

When electrical components are connected side by side, they

are said to be connected in parallel. To connect two wires in
parallel, one end of each wire is joined together then the
other ends of each wire are joined together. The result is two
wires side by side with their ends connected.
This is like laying two small pipes side by side then joining
them at both ends. When the water is turned on, part of it
flows through one pipe and part through the other. The flow is
split. If one pipe is large and the other is small, more water will
flow through the large pipe than the small one. This is because
the same pressure is present in both pipes but their
resistances are different. The same thing happens in a parallel
electrical circuit: the electrical flow is split among each of the
branches according to the flow resistance of each branch.
Series and Parallel Circuits
in Battery Connections