LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

IRNOZIS
L]/UNRXN v

 LMHV
RMGNRU=HNXGQH 
 LIR WXNVDGK+NZIHGN 
 LNDSL]GNMGVOVRNINGNIMNVDGK+NZIHGN 
 YN[VFXN 

NJM2NLKG\KION 
L]N)N=XN 

49
 izLrkouk
JLT/UGPXLNDSODQV
NNVDGNODG\XJ6IW8JVDH6DXVYN:\LKL<O
SS=GVRNIN=GII
SXIHIX/9O=GN:8ÉV8OHVDL]SNMIGN
)NN$JJHNMKOFOVLJ\KHOKJKOVRGNVDGKHJNO+NN)NKIWOGN
YNNVWXJHXV+NNMUGVF6D[\NVMHVDIGN)NN$EOHJNO+NNGNIRN
)NN ßifo= yksxksa dks fl) cukukAÞ
EXODQV
NNVDGNVF6D[\NVMU)NNODLZN=+NNMUQV
NGVLNOFNXNVDYN6M
HOKJKOVRGNVD GV ON)NFND9XV GKWMUH6DXV HJOZOGK$EOK
PQaQV
OVEXODQV
NNVDGNODG\X@ODLNQXRaHL]GN
NXIGN[N
J6$JHVDIR
RNOJ6IGGE=EOGV`NMN\N+NLND[V$_ILVODQV
N
HT>LOVLNDSL]GNMGKOVRNHVDGN=MUOVRNINGNIMNVDGVI\
J6D@JHVDIR
RNOJ6IGRVIR
RNIONVDGVI\+NKY5DUFJTHZ<IO
JNVD[VYN6MLMHV
RMGKXE=FVQNMKGVL]IUP8JVDWN[]UGMVD[V$
JHLMHV
RMGKEOXE=FVQNMKGVI\U6NMJNVWND@IWOV
IR
R+NMGVIRI+N8XHOKJKY[TRNVDXVAO8UNVDNLIR \NV[NVDGKFVQNMK
GNXNHIQNJ6$LIR \NV[NVDGNYNDQNV\XLJ\VJKYNMD+NJNVSTGN
J6$JHVD U6NMMJXNJ6 YN6MYN[V FXNJ6@Y8)NNJHLK1V MJ
WND[V
LMHV
RMYNLGNVYN
NKNQV
LN/9MYN
NKNMNSZM
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

1
ijes'oj dk orZeku dne
fd mlus viuh bPNk dk Hksn ml lqefr ds vuqlkj gesa crk;k ftls
mlus vius vki esa Bku fy;k Fkk] fd le;ksa ds iwjs gksus dk ,slk
izcU/k gks fd tks dqN LoxZ esa gS] vkSj tks dqN i`Foh ij gS] lc dqN
og elhg esa ,d= djsA mlh esa ftlesa ge Hkh mlh dh eulk ls tks
viuh bPNk ds er ds vuqlkj lc dqN djrk gS] igys ls Bgjk,
tkdj ehjkl cus] rkfd ge ftUgksaus igys ls elhg ij vk’kk j[kh
Fkh] mldh efgek dh Lrqfr ds dkj.k gksa ÑEI4IONVD Ð$

vkSj lc ij ;g ckr izdkf'kr d:a fd ml Hksn dk izcU/k D;k gS] tks

lc ds l`tugkj ijes'oj esa vkfn ls xqIr Fkk] rkfd vc dyhfl;k
ds }kjk] ijes’oj dk ukuk izdkj dk Kku] mu iz/kkuksa vkSj vf/
kdkfj;kas ij] tks LoxhZ; LFkkuksa esa gS izxV fd;k tk,A ml lukru
eulk ds vuqlkj] tks mlus gekjs izHkq elhg ;h'kq esa dh Fkh
ÑEI4IONVD  Ð$

LMHV
RMLC)RKLMGN=GMMJNJ6 YLXVOXNUXPQaQV
NVD
GNVL][9GMMJNJ6YN6MGNN=I8RUGMMJNJ6$RJPXLTNYN6M
I/ NVDGV`NMNYLXVPQaQV
NVDGNVL][9GMUNJ6@WNVPOGKE31N
GNVLZMNGMUVJ6D$
LMHV
RMYNW+NKLC)RKLMGN= GMMJNJ6$POXV YLXK
NVWXNYNVD YN6MPQaQV
NDV GNV L][9GMXNF8QXJKD IGNJ6$RJ
HNXRWNIUGVWKRXHVDGN=GMMJNJ6@RJJHVDRJND\VWNMJNJ6
WJNDLMRJJHVDM>NXNSNJUNJ6@UNIGOHGVLZMVJNVXVLMRJJHVD
YLXKYIUP5UHMSXNGVLHVDEG9a%NGMV$
blfy, eu fQjkvks vkSj ykSV vkvks fd rqEgkjs iki feVk, tk,]
ftlls izHkq ds lUeq[k ls foJkfUr ds fnu vk,aA vkSj og ml elhg
1
 LMHV
RM GN RU=HNX GQH

;h’kq dks Hksts tks rqEgkjs fy, igys gh ls Bgjk;k x;k gSA vo’; gS
fd og LoxZ esa ml le; rd jgs tc rd fd og lc ckrkas dk lq/
kkj u dj ys ftldh ppkZ ijes’oj us vius ifo= Hkfo";}Drkvksa ds
eq[k ls dh gS] tks txr dh mRifÙk ls gksrs vk, gSa ÑLV]GNH Ð$

WFUGOFFNUNVDGNVI4MOVOTNNMX\V@W6OVLMHV
RMSNJUN
J6@UFUGL]+NTK
NTGNV/R[=HDVMJXNJNV[N$
K
NTYFUG\N69XJKDYNNJ6@EOGNHU\FJJ6IGJH
EOOHLMHV
RMGVLTX/)NN=LXGVGN=HVDJ6D$
LMHV
RMOFR/UTYNVDGNVI4MLTX/)NN=ILUGMMJNJ6@W6OVIG
POXVYLXVRSXHDVGJNJ6$
G\KIONLMHV
RMGVLTX/)NN=LXGVGN=GNGV8Q]J6@'NVDIG
LMHV
RMGKJNVWXNJ6IGG\KIONGV`NMNRJYLXKYOKH
FTI`GNVL][9GMV$

dyhfl;k ds bfrgkl ij iqufoZpkj

ifo= vkRek ds iqu%LFkkfir djus okys dk;Z dk flagkoyksdu
¾ lu 400 ls 1400 & Y8NGNM T[NVD GV QN6MNX G\KION
YNI5HGMKIUOVIXF=\JNV[E=$
csnkjh vkSj iquLFkkZiu
HNI9=X\Z)NMXNHG2I'UGV`NMNOXGVQN6MNXNH=OTNNMGV
ON)NFVQNMKYN6MLTX/)NNLXGNGN=YNMD+NJNV[NYN6MJHQV>NUV
J6D IG LMHV
RM P5UMNV5UM G\KION GNV LTX/)NNLX GK IRI+N8X
I/)NIUNVDYN6MLJ\ZYNVDOV\VWNXV\[N$
GT1FVQNIMNVDXVGT1/)NNXNVDGNVL]+NNIRUIGNYN6MI4MRVIH9
[E=D$LMDUTGT1FVQNIMDNYNDQNV\XFX[E=DYN6MYLXVON)NONH)=LZN=
2
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

O5GNLTX/)NNLXYN6MLMHV
RMGVUNW[K+NMVGN=GNL]Q
N=X\V
YNE=@WNVYDUUG\KIONHVDOT"NNMGNV\VYNE=$+N\VJKODLZN=XJKD@
LMDUTG\KIONGKGIR
NN\FJTOD>NEOO5YN6MLMHV
RMGV
GN=OVL]+NNIRUJNV[E=IWOGNEOFVQNMKGVON)NW8HJTYN)NN@
YN6MPOVG\KIONGNGIXI
SUOTNNMGN=FXNIQN$
LMHV
RMXVIWOVYNMD+NIGN@POVHXTXVL])NNHVDFQ\IQN$
RU=HNX OH GV GE= ODL]QNNVD GN W8H LMHV
RM GV RN/UIRG
YNDQNV\XHVDJTYN)NN$LMHV
RMXVWNVYNMD+NIGNJ6@POV2R/)NN
YN6M/RLL]QNXGMXN[\UXJKDJ6@I4M+NKJHVDONRNNXMJXNJ6
IGGJKD JHLTX/)NNILUO5YN6MYN5HNGV GN= GV /)NNXLM
2R/)NNYN6M/RLGNVJKYLXNQVRUNXFXN\VD$IQJH2R/)NN
YN6M/RLYN6ML]
NNOXGNVJKIW8JVDO5YN6MLMHV
RMGVGN=
GNVOD+NN\XVGVI\FXNN[N)NN@HJ5RQVUVJ6D@UNVYDUHVDJH
YUKUGVHCUYR
NVNÑYNI5HGWKRN
HÐFXGMMJWNUVJ6D$JHNMV
LNOHN ION8UFSNMJWNUNJ6IWOHVDXUNVWKRXJNVUNJ6@X
ONH)N=$
LMHV
RMG\KIONGV `NMNP5UMNV5UMO5GNV LTX/)NNILU
GMXNYN6MPOGVYN5HNGKUNWKJRNGNVHT'UGMXNWNMKM>NUN
J6$LTX/)NNILUO5XNO5XJKDJ6$JO5LJ\VOVJKLIR

NN/ HVD)NN@LMDUTPOVQV>NXVGVI\JHXVG+NKL]GN
NXXJKDLNN
YN5HNGKUNWKJRNYNVD GNHU\FVONXJKDJ6IGLIR YN5HNFQ\
MJNJ6$EOGNY)N=HN JJ6IGLMHV
RMYLXVYOKH2I'U5R
GVXVYNNHNVDGNVYXT+NRGMXVGNJHVDYROMQVMJNJ6@IW8JVDJHXV
LJ\VG+NKYXT+NRXJKDIGN)NN$
JND LMGT1HT>YNDQNVD\XNVD@O3SNENVD GKODI^N,ULMV>NN
L]/UTU GK [E= J6 IW8JVD LTX/)NNILU IGN [N )NN YN6M PX
O(L]QNNVD#OD/)NNYNVDGK+NKWNVPOGV4\/RLP5L8XJTE=D

3
 LMHV
RM GN RU=HNX GQH

¾ lu~ 1500 L]NV9V/9D9FVQNMKIR

RNOGV`NMNYXT[]JOVPNM
YN6MO+NKIR
RNIONVDGVNWGLXGNL]G9KGMN\VYNE=$
‹ ywFkju] ,fiLdksisfy;u] izsfLcVsfj;u ,oa
dkWfUxzxs'kuy dyhfl;k,a LFkkfir gqbZaA
¾ lu~ 1600 & I;wfjVu csnkjh GV`NMNW\GVFLIU/HVYN6M
MN7OVG\KIONGNY\[NRYNIQFNUNVDGKOH!L]N,UJTE=$
‹ esuksukbZV~l] cSfIVLV] vkSj vU; ekSfyd dyhfl;k,a
LFkkfir gqbZaA
¾ lu~ 1700 & ifo=rk vkanksyuNFVQNMKGV`NMNG\KION
GVLIR KGMNU)NNG\KIONGVODONMOVY\[JNVXVGVIRN
HVDOH!L]N,UJTE=$
‹ esFkfMLV] ukt+jhu] ppZ vkWQ xkWM] ifo=rk dk
izpkj djus okyh dyhfl;k,a ,oa e.Mfy;ka LFkkfir
gqbZaA
¾ lu~ 1800 & bZ'ojh; paxkbZ dh csnkjh GV `NMN+NN6IUG

NMKMGVI\LMHV
RMGKSD[NE=GKONH)N=GNL]G9KGMNRD
L]GN
NXL]N,UJTYN$
‹ fØf'p;u fe'kujh csnkjh
¾ lu~ 1900 & fiUrsdqLrh; csnkjh LIR YN5HNGNFLIU/HN
YN6MY8Y8+NNNNYNVD HVD FNV\XNEXFNUNVD GNL]GN
NX\V
YNN$
‹ fiUrsdqLrh; csnkjh & 1900&1940
„ vlsECyh vkWQ xkWM] ;wuk;VsM isfUVdkWLVy]
Qksj LDos;j] ppZ vkWQ xkWM bu ØkbZLVA

4
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

‹ dSfjLeSfVd csnkjh & 1950&1970

„ ukWufMukWfeus'kuy ppsZl] Lora= dyhfl;k]
dSfjLeSfVd dyhfl;k] fo'okl vkSj opu
dyhfl;k ¼Qs F k vW . M oMZ ½ ] ls o dks a dh
lgHkkfxrkA
‹ Hkfo";}Drk@izsfjr csnkjh & 1980&1990
„ Hkfo";}Drkoknh dyhfl;k,a ,oa us V odZ ]
izsfjroknh dyhfl;k,a ,oa usVodZ
¾ 2000 IL8UVGT/UKFVQNMKGVFNQG\KIONHVD GE=L]GNMGK
/L9FVQNIMNDYNE=IW8JNVDXVHOKJGKG\KIONGNVLMHV
RM
HVDGcDSV/UMGKYNVMP%NN$LNDSL]GNMGKOVRGNEND
OTOHNSNM L]SNMG ÑOXa  HVDÐ@ LNOFNX ÑOXa  HVDÐ@
I
N^NGÑOXaHVDÐ@+NIR`'UNÑOXaHVDÐ@YN6ML]VIMU
ÑOXaHVDÐ HOKJGKQVJHVD/)NNILUGK[E=D$YFJH
LMHV
RMGV LDSN[HVD PO/)NNXHVD J6D WJND LMO8UNVD Y)NN=Ua
LIR \NV[NVDGNVOVRNGVGN=JVUTU6NMIGNYN6MOVRGNE=GV
I\HT'UIGNWNMJNJ6$
vkSj mlus fdruksa dks izsfjr fu;qDr djds] vkSj fdruksa dks Hkfo";}Drk
fu;qDr djds] vkSj fdruksa dks lqlekpkj lqukusokys fu;qDr djds]
vkSj fdruksa dks j[kokys vkSj mins’kd fu;qDr djds ns fn;k] ftlls
ifo= yksx fl) gks tk,a] vkSj lsok dk dke fd;k tk,] vkSj elhg
dh nsg méfr ik,] tc rd fd ge lc ds lc fo’okl] vkSj ijes’oj
ds iq= dh igpku esa ,d u gks tk,a] vkSj ,d fl) euq"; u cu tk,a
vkSj elhg ds iwjs Mhy MkSy rd u c<+ tk,a ÑEI4IONVD Ð$

LMHV
RMXVLNDSNVD L]GNMGVOVRNLQNVD GNVHOKJGKQVJHVD /)NNILU
IGNJ6$

5
 LMHV
RM GN RU=HNX GQH

LNDSL]GNMGKOVRGNE=GNPQaQV
OVRNGVGN=GVI\LIR
WXNVDGNVIOFXNXNJ6$
JHLMHV
RMGKY[\KFVQNMKGVYNMD+NHVDJ6D
‹ O8UNVDNLIR WXNVDGKFVQNMKNFVQNMK
LIR WXNVDGKFVQNMKHVDJMIR
RNOKLMHV
RMGVRSXOV@YN5HNGK
ONH)N= OV OI7WUJNV[N@YN5HNGV RMQNXNVD HVD OIJNV[N@IS8J@
SH5GNMYN6MYN
S=GHNV=GNVGMV[NYN6MEOL]GNMOVRNGNGN=
GMV[N$
LNDSL]GNMGKOVRGNE=IR
RNIONVDGVI\@IR
RNIONVDGKOVRN
GVI\QK[E=J6@IR
RNIONVDGNVLNDSL]GNMGVOVRNINGNIMNVDGK
OVRNGVI\XJKDIQN[NJ6$YNWJHGE=G\KIONYNVDYN6MOVRN
OD/)NNYNVDHVDQV>NUVJ6DIGJHLNDSL]GNMGKOVRNGMXVRN\VOVRNI
NGNMKEOUMJ2RJNMGMUVJ6D@IR
RNIONVDOVJYLV^NNM>NUVJ6D
IGRVJHNMKWMUNVDGNVLZMNGMXVGVI\J6D@P8JVDJHNMKGN=OZSK
GNVYN6MJHNMVQ
N=XGNVLZMNGMXNJ6LIR WXNVDGKFVQNMKHVDV
FNUVDQZMJNVWND[K$
YF†GNINGNMÊÑRQHPDQDUP\ÐGKFNUXJKDMJV[K$L]+NTGK
OVXN RJ OVXN JNV[K IWOHVD GE= JWNMNVD YN6M \N>NNVD LIR  WX
ÑIR
RNOKÐJNVD[V@WNVOVRNGNGNHGMXVGVI\U6NMIG[J6D$
OVXNLIUYN6MY[TRV UNV JNVD[V@LMDUT GJK†2I'UGNFNV\FN\NÊ
ÑRQHPDQVKRZÐXJKDJNV[N$
WFLIR WXNVDGNVU6NMIGNWN[NYN6MOVRNHVDHT'UIGN
WN[N@UFJHHOKJGVQVJGKP8XIUGNVQV>NVD[V VOKP8XIU
WNVLJ\VG+NKXJKDQV>NK[E=)NK$
UFLMHV
RMJHO+NNVDGNVIR
RNOGKGUNHVDYN6MLMHV
RMGV
LT GV.NXHVD\N[N$JHHOKJGK0K\0N6\HVDFWND[VYNW
6
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

HOKJK IR
R GK YNVM QV>NVD@
NNQ GT1 \NV[ GJVD[V IG O+NK
IR
RNIONVDGNIR
RNOGKGUNHVDYNXNYOD+NRJNV[N$IQJH
LK1VHT0GMY8NGNMT[NVDHVDQV>NUVYN6MPXIQXNVDHDVJGJUVIG
O5I4MOVFJN\IGNWN[N@IGJHLIR YN5HNGVGN=GNV
YXT+NRGMDV[VYNIQ@UNVJYOD+NR\[UN)NN$I4M+NKQV>NVD@JHGJND
J6DL]+NTXV'NIGNJ6QV>NVDEOI\JHVDU6NMMJXNJ6$WNVYNW
YODD+NR\[UNJ6@RJW<QJKRN/UIRGUNFXWN[N
UFHOKJVOKG\KIONGVI\\N69YN[NIWOHVDXUNV
GNVE=QN[JNV[N@YN6MX!TMK=@RJVOKQVJGVI\YN[NWJNDLM
JMOQ/YLXVOJK/)NNXHVDJ6D@GON)NWNV0N[NYN6MJMGNVE=
YLXNGNHGMUNJTYNÑEI4Ð$

i<+us ;ksX; iqLrdas %

Q0VYN:4QOV89aO@0N:IF\J6HX@
YLN:O<O@L]N:4V9aOY:0QGIHD[HZ2JWYN:4[N:0@0N:IF\J6HX@


ifo= yksx ¼fo'oklh½ egRoiw.kZ gaS!

JHVD OH!XNJ6 IGLIR \NV[ÑIR
RNOKÐLMHV
RMGV I\Y5DU
HJ5RLZN= J6D

ijes'oj dh fojklr ifo= yksx gSa

vkSj rqEgkjs eu dh vka[kas T;ksfreZ; gksa] fd rqe tku yks fd mlds
cqykus ls dSlh vk’kk gksrh gS] vkSj ifo= yksxksa esa mldh ehjkl dh
efgek dk /ku dSlk gS ÑEI4Ð$

J G6ON YQa+NTU IRSNM J6 LMHV

RM LIR  \NV[NVD HVD YLXK
AIRMNOU QV>NUNJ6$LIR \NV[POGKFJTHZ<O(LI¿NJ6D
7
 LMHV
RM GN RU=HNX GQH

ijes'oj vius ifo= yksxksa esa efgek ik,xk

;g ml fnu gksxk] tc og vius ifo= yksxksa esa efgek ikus] vkSj lc
fo’okl djusokyksa esa vk’p;Z dk dkj.k gksus dks vk,xk( D;kasfd rqeus
gekjh xokgh dh izrhfr dh ÑI)N/O\Ð$

ifo= yksx vkus okys jkT; esa jkt djsaxs

W<QJK@IXG9+NIRHVD@EOODONMGVMN7L]+NTK
NTHOKJGK
L]+NTUNHVDYND[V$POGVMN7GNYDUXJNV[NÑQNIXÃV\FL]
RN'FÐ$IQ\S/LFNUJJ6IGMN7LIR \NV[NVDGNVIQN
WN[N$IR
RNOKLMHV
RMGVMN7GN
NNOXYN6MYINGNMS\ND[V
LMHV
RMXVYLXV\NV[NVDGVI\VOKHJ5RLZN=+NZIHGNU6NMGKJ6
ijUrq ijeiz/kku ds ifo= yksx jkT; dks ik,axs] vkSj ;qxku;qx mlds
vf/kdkjh cus jgsaxsA rc jkT; vkSj izHkqrk vkSj /kjrh ij ds jkT; dh
efgek] ijeiz/kku gh dh iztk vFkkZr~ mlds ifo= yksxksa dks nh
tk,xh] mldk jkT; lnk dk jkT; gS] vkSj lc izHkqrk djusokys mlds
v/khu gksaxs vkSj mldh vkKk ekusaxs ÑQNIXÃV\@Ð$

D;k rqe ugha tkurs fd ifo= yksx txr dk U;k; djsaxs\ blfy, tc
rqEgsa txr dk U;k; djuk gS] rks D;k rqe NksVs ls NksVs >xM+ksa dk
Hkh fu.kZ; djus ds ;ksX; ugha\ ÑGTIMÐ$

ifo= yksx egRoiw.kZ gaS!

LNDS L]GNM GK OVRNYNVD HVD OVRNMU OVRNINGNMK JNVXV GV XNUV@ JHVD
LMHV
RMGV\NV[NVD GVI\LMHV
RMGKHXONWNX\VXV GKYNR
GUN
J6@Y)NN=ULIR \NV[NVDGVI\$JHVDLMHV
RMGV\NV[NVDGNVPOKUMJ
FJTHZ<OH!XNJ6@W6OVLMHV
RMP8JVDFJTHZ<OH!UNJ6$LMHV
RM
GKORNV=3SNVWXNGNVLIMLZN=GMXVJVUTJHVDLIR \NV[NVDGNVPLNV[
GMXV@ O
N'U FXNXV YN6M U6NM GMXV GK YNR
GUN J6$ JHVD
8
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

LMHV
RMGV\NV[NVDGVI\FNV!YN6M[JMNLV]HJNVXNSNIJ RJK
LV]HWNVLMHV
RMGVHXHVDPOGV\NV[NVDGVI\J6$LMHV
RMGNLV]H
YXTISULV]HXJKDJ6 WNVLNLGNVXWMY8QNWGMUNJ6@WNVIXF=\UN
GNVQZMXJKDGMUN@YNIQ$FI<GLMHV
RMGNLV]H†HWFZULV]HÊJ6@
VONLV]HWNVFXNMJUNJ6@RJLV]HIWOGKGNVE=OKHNXJKDJ6@ILUN
GNLV]HWNVXN
NXGMUVJTUN0XNQVUNJ6ÑEF]NIXNVD Ð$J
VONLV]HJ6WNVNKMWRDU@QN\TJ6@OFFNUNVD LM+NMNVONGMUNJ6@YN6M
I4M+NKLNLHVDYNXDIQUXJKDJNVUNÑGTIM Ð$WFJHLIR
WXNVD GKOVRNGMUV J6D@UNV JKLV]HJHVD LV]IMUGMXV LNÑGTIM
 Ð$
†LIR \NV[NDVGNVIOFXNXVÊGVIRNLMJHNMKSSN=WNMK
M>NUVJT@JHVDLIR \NV[NVDGKFVQNMKHVDLIR WXNVDGKYN6MLNDS
L]GNMGVOVRNINGNIMNVDGK+NZIHGNGNVOH!XNJNV[N$LNDSL]GNMGK
OVRNHVDGN=MUOVRNINGNMKLMHV
RMGKXE=FVQNMKHVDG6OVYN[VF
OGUVJ6D?LIR \NV[NDVGKFVQNMKIGOL]GNM
NJM2NLKG\KION
GNVYN6M
NJMGVLIMRU=XGNVL]+NNIRUGMOGUKJ6?EXGT1FNUNVD
LMJHYNXVRN\VYNNVDHVDYLXNNXGVI8Q]UGMVD[V$

9
 LIR WXNVD GK +NZIHGN

2
ifo=tuksa dh Hkwfedk
LMHV
RM GK RU=HNX FVQNMK HVD YN6M LIR  WXNVD ÑIR
RNIONVDÐ GK
OVRGNE=HVDJHVDLIR WXNVDGK+NZIHGNOH!XVGKYNR
GUNJ6$

gj fo'oklh lsod gS
ijarq geesa ls gj ,d dks elhg ds nku ds ifjek.k ls vuqxzg feyk
gSA vkSj mlus fdruksa dks izsfjr fu;qDr djds] vkSj fdruksa dks
Hkfo";}Drk fu;qDr djds] vkSj fdruksa dks lqlekpkj lqukusokys
fu;qDr djds] vkSj fdruksa dks j[kokys vkSj mins’kd fu;qDr djds
ns fn;k] ftlls ifo= yksx fl) gks tk,a] vkSj lsok dk dke fd;k
tk,] vkSj elhg dh nsg méfr ik, ÑEI4IONVD@@Ð$

JMGIR
RNOKGNVYXT[]JYN6MGT1RMQNXIQ[J6DWNV
L]+NTXVPXGVWKRXNVDHVDM>NVJ6D$LNDSL]GNMGKOVRNGMXVRN\VOVRGNVD
GNVU6NMGMXVGKIW(HVQNMKON6DLK[E=J6@UNIGLIR \NV[OVRNGN
GN= GMOGVD$
WJNDUGFNEF\GKFNUJ6@JMGIR
RNOKOVRGJ6YN6MPOV
OVRNGNGNHGMXNJ6$OVRGNE=GVR\LNDSL]GNMGVOVRGNVDGVI\
XJKD J6$
D;ksafd tSls gekjh ,d nsg esa cgqr ls vax gaS] vkSj lc vaxksa dk ,d
gh lk dke ugha] oSlk gh ge tks cgqr gSa] elhg esa ,d nsg gksdj
vkil esa ,d nwljs ds vax gSaA vkSj tcfd ml vuqxzg ds vuqlkj tks
gesa fn;k x;k gS] gesa fHké&fHké ojnku feys gSa] rks ftldks Hkfo";}k.kh
dk nku feyk gks] og fo’okl ds ifjek.k ds vuqlkj Hkfo";}k.kh djs
ÑMNVIHNDV Ð$

10
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

JOSJ6IGO+NKIR
RNIONDVGVlekuGU2=XJKDJ6D@LMDUT
J/L9J6IGO+NKIR
RNIONVDGNVHOKJGKQVJHDVdqN GN=ON6DLV
[J6D$JHHVDOVJMGGNVRMQNXIQ[J6D@WNVLMHV
RM`NMN
JHVDIQ[YXT[]JGVYXTONMYN6MWNVIRI
N9GU2=JHVDHOKJ
GKQVJHDVLZMVGMXVJ6D@PXGVYXTONMJ6D$
JMGIR
RNOKGNVEOO3SNE=GVL]IUWN[CUMJXNJ6IG
PXGVLNOGOVRGNE=J6$LMHV
RMXVLJ\VOVRMQNXNVD@YXT[]JGV
QNXNVDGNVP8JVDIQNJ6YN6MJMGIR
RNOKGNVGNQNVGN=ON6DLV
J6D$

fo'okfl;ksa dks LFkkuh; dyhfl;k esa lsodkbZ ds volj

fn, tkus pkfg,
ftldks tks ojnku feyk gS] og mls ijes’oj ds ukuk izdkj ds
vuqxzg ds Hkys Hk.Mkfj;ksa ds leku ,d nwljs dh lsok esa yxk,A ;fn
dksbZ cksys] rks ,slk cksys] ekuks ijes’oj dk opu gS( ;fn dksbZ lsok
djs] rks ml 'kfDr ls djs tks ijes’oj nsrk gS( ftlls lc ckrksa esa
;h’kq elhg ds }kjk] ijes’oj dh efgek izxV gksA efgek vkSj lejkT;
;qxkuq;qx mlh dh gSA vkehu ÑLUMO@Ð$

LMHV
RMYLXVLIR \NV[NVDGNVRMQNXRDYXT[]JGVQNXQVUN
J6@JEOI\UNIGVRMQNXGQZOMVGKOVRNGVI\PLNV[
IGWNOGVD$EOI\IR
RNIONVDGNV/)NNXKG\KIONHVDIRI+N8X
/UMNVD LMYLXV YLXV RMQNXNVD GNPLNV[GMXV GNYROML]QNX
IGNWNXNSNIJ$JOSJ6IGJEOUMJIGNWNXNSNIJ
IWOOV ON)NJKON)NPXHVD HOKJSIM GNIRGNOJNV YN6MP8JVD
LIML'RUNL]N,UJNV@UNIGRVYINGNIMNVDGKPISUYNKXUNHVDMJDV
YN6M/)NNXKG\KIONGVQ
N=XYN6MIXQV=
NXGVYXTONMS\VD$LMDUT
H6DXVJQV>NNJ6IGJHNMKYINGUMG\KIONDVOV\NV[NDVOV+NMK
J6DIW8JVDPXGVRMQNXNDVGNVZDIXGN\XVYN6MPXGNPLNV[GMXV
11
 LIR WXNVD GK +NZIHGN

JVUTP5ONIJUXJKDIGN[NJ6NVOV\NV[NDVOVVG\KIOND+NMK
J6DWNVYLXVRMQNXYN6MYXT[]JGVQNXNVDGNVWNXUVJ6D@LMDUTYROM
GVY+NNRHVDPXGNPLNV[XJKDGMLNUVJ6D$ONHN8UN6MLM@FJTU
GHJ6DWNV†L]I
N^NNLNMJVJ6DÊNSIM IRGNO@LIML'RUN@YN6MY
NKXUNW6OV IRNNVD GNV \VGMGV JTJ6D@YN6MFJTOD>VOV J6D WNV
IXIJ6DYN6MIGOKL]GNMGNGNHXJKDGMMJVJ6D$
EOV FQ\XV GK WMU J6$ /)NNXK G\KION GVR\ POK
YXTLNUHVDOSHTSGN=GMMJKJ6ÑNOIJ6ÐIWUXNL]IU
NU
POG\KIONHVD OIJ6 YN6MYLXKOVRGNENVD HVD GN=MUJ6$
IWOON6\NV[NVDGKG\KIONHVDGVR\FKO\NV[YLXVRMQNXNVDGNV
YN6MGU=2GV/)NNXGNVOH!LNJ6DYN6MOILOVOVRNGM
MJVJ6D@RJ/)NNXKG\KIONFKOL]IU
NUGN=GMMJKJ6YN6MPO
G\KIONHVDY/OKL]IU
NUGU=2MIJU@YGH=YN6MIX\NV[
JD6$
ftlls lkjh nsg gj ,d tksM+ dh lgk;rk ls ,d lkFk feydj] vkSj
,d lkFk xBdj ml izHkko ds vuqlkj tks gj ,d Hkkx ds ifjek.k
ls mlesa gksrk gS] vius vki dks c<+krh gS] fd og izse esa méfr djrh
tk, ÑEI4IONVÐ$

WFJMG+NN[YLXVIJ/OVGNGNHLZMNGMV[N@UFQVJGK
P8XIUJNV[KYN6MRJHOKJGVOHNXLIML'RUNHVD@LV]HHDVP8XIU
GMV[KHOKJGKQVJGV JMIR
RNOKGV OIJNVXV YN6MYLXK
OVRGNE=HVDGN=L]RNJNVXVGVI\JGNMNLN=,UJ6$
dqN fo'okfl;ksa dks cktkjksa esa lsok ¼lqlekpkj lqukus
ds fy,½ ds fy, cqyk;k x;k gS
GT1 IR
RNIONDV GV I\@ PXGK OVRGNE= GN HDS /)NNXK
G\KIONGNLT\IL9XJKD@LMDUTI[MWN"NMGVFNJMGN2NLNM^NV

12
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

J6 GNMNVFNM@OMGNMKGNN=\@I
N^NN@HXNVMDWX@G\N@ODSNMHN
H@>NV\GZQYNIQ$
JHVDOH!XNJ6IGOVRGNE=RJNDJNVUKJ6WJND\NV[JNVUVJ6D
/)NNXKG\KIONHDV YN6MFNJM+NK$GE= IR
RNIONVD GNV /)NNXK
G\KIONGVFNJMYLXKOVRGNE=GMXVJVUTRMQNXYN6MYXT[]JIQ
WND[$V EOGNY)N=JXJKDJ6IGPXGKOVRGNE=/)NNXKG\KION
OV WT0KJTE= XJKD J6$/)NNXKG\KIONRJ/)NNXJNV[NWJND LM
P8JDV U6NM IGN WNUN J6 YN6M OH)N= FXNN WNUN J6$ /)NNXK
G\KION RJ /)NNX JNV[N WJND LM VOV IR
RNIONVD GNV LNVNN@
UNW[K@LMNH
N=@YI+NIQ
NNYNIQL]N,UJNDV[V$LMDUTPXGKOVRGNE=GN
L]N)NIHG^NV /)NNXKG\KIONGVFNJMJNV[N FNJMGKQTIXN
HDV@FNWNMHVD$
RV2NRONIG@2NLNIMG@MNWXKIU.@YN6MI
N^NNIRQaJNVOGUV
J6D$RV FNWNMNVD HVD G\KIOND@L]N)N=XNOHZJ@YN6MOTOHNSNMO+NND
S\NOGUVJ6D$

N\VHGVIR
RNOKWNVOUNRGVGNMNIUUM IFUMJNV[
)NV@P8JNDVXVFNJMWNGMVOV^NV NVDHDVHOKJGNL]SNMIGNWJNDLM
LV]IMUYN6MY[TRVYFUGXJKD[)NVÑLV]GNH@Ð$X[NDRNVDYN6M

NJMNVD HVD OTOHNSNML]SNMIGN[NYN6MONHN8IR

RNIONVD XV
G\KIOND/)NNILUGK+NZIHU6NMJNVWNXVGVFNQ@
N\VHGV
LV]IMUNVDXVPOGN=GNVHWFZUFXNXVJVUT\NV[NVDGNV+NVWN$
JYNW+NKJNVOGUNJ6$LIR \NV[NDVGKFVQNMKHVD@IR
RNIONVD
GNVLMHV
RMYLXVMN7GVL]SNMYN6ML]ONMGVI\VOV/)NNXNVDHVD
PLNV[GMV[NWJND LM†LZN=GN\KXOVRGNE=ÊHVD OVRNMUOVRG+NK
L]5^NL]RV
NXJKDLNOGUV$LMDUT@EOGNY)N=JJNV[NIGJHGN=
GKYLXKOH!GNVYN6MFNWNMHVDJHNMKHOKJK+NZIHGNGNVFQ\

13
 LIR WXNVD GK +NZIHGN

QVD$EOIRNLMYINGWNXGNMKGVI\LVD†GNHGVL]IUFNEF\
YNNNIMUMR6NÊ@YN:\LKL<OSS=GNIRXNHZ<L]GN
NX$

fo'oklh ifo= vkRek dh vykSfdd lkeFkZ esa pyus yxsaxs

vkSj ml lkeFkZ dks izxV djsaxs
LNDSL]GNMGKOVRNHVD GN=MUOVRNINGNIMYNVD GV OHNX@IR
RNOK
LIR YN5HNGKONH)N= HDV S\XV \[VD[V@YN6MY\N6IGGONH)N= GNV
L][9GMVD[VYN6MLIR YN5HNGVRMQNXNVDHVDGN=GMDV[V@YNIQ$
eSa rqels lp lp dgrk gwa fd tks eq> ij fo’okl j[krk gS] ;s dke
tks eSa djrk gwa og Hkh djsxk] oju~ buls Hkh cM+s dke djsxk] D;ksafd
eSa firk ds ikl tkrk gwa ÑZJ8XNÐ$

K
NTGKJE31N)NKIGO+NKT[NDVGVIR
RNOKPXIS8JNVDYN6M
SH5GNMNVDYN6MYN
S=GHNVD=GNVGMVDWNVPOXVJNDLC)RKLMMJUVJT
IG$K
NT XV G+NKJXJKD GJNIGIS8J@SH5GNMYN
S=GH=
GVR\L]NMI(+NGG\KIONUGOKIHU)NV$O+NKIR
RNIONVDGVI\
POGKJLZN=E31N)NKIGRVILUNGVGNHNVDGNVGMDVYN6MWKRXNVD
GNV1Z\DV@LMHV
RMGVLV]HGNVL]QI
N=UGMDVYN6MPOGKHIJHNGMVD$
YN5HNGVXN6RMQNXÑGTIM ÐGVR\LNDSL]GNMGV
OVRNLQNVDHVDGN=MUOVRGNVDGVI\JKXJKD@LMDUTO+NKIR
RNIONVDGV
I\PL\&NJD6$
LIR WXNVDGKFVQNMKHVD@JHQV>NVD[VIGIR
RNOKF0VL6HNXNVDLM
LMHV
RMILUNGV GNHNDV GNV GMMJV J6D YN6MIS8J@SH5GNMYN6M
YN
S=GH= GV `NMN YN5HN GV RMQNXNVD GNV L][9 GMVD[V J G
IR
RNOKGNHNXGJNV[N$

14
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

WNVIR
RNOKILUNGVGNHNVDGNVGMVD[VYN6MYN5HNGVRMQNXNVDGNV
L][9GMVD[V@RVYWKFXJKDJNVD[V$YWKFRVJNVD[VWNVIS8J@SH5GNM
YN6MYN
S=GHNV=DGNVL][9XJKDGMUV
dqN fo'oklh bl ßlalkjÞ ds in vkSj dk;Z dks lEHkkyrs
gq, Hkh ikap izdkj ds lsokdk;ksZa dks dj ldrs gSa
EOGVI\U6NMJNVWNLIR 
NN/ HVDGJKDJXJKDFUNN[N
J6IGIWOVLNDSL]GNMGVOVRNGN=GVI\FT\NN[NJ6ÑY)NN=U@
LV]IMU@ +NIR`'UN@ LNOFNX@ I
N^NG N OTOHNSNM L]SNMGÐ RJ
†LZN=GN\KXOVRGNE=HVDÊMJV$
LN6\TOLV]IMU)NN@I4M+NKRJU(FZFXNXVGVGNMNVFNMHVD\[N
JTYN)NN@GHOVGHYLXVWKRXGVGT1OHGVI\$EOOVRJ
YLXKLNDSL]GNMGKOVRNFT\NJ9GVI\YNV;IOXJKDJTYN$
LIR WXNVDGKFVQNMKHDVJHLV]IMUNVD@+NIR`'UNYNVDGVPQGNV
QV>NVDV[VYN6MPX\NV[NDVGV+NKWNVLNDSL]GNMGVOVRNGN=HVD GN=MU
MJUVJT+NKFNWNMGV/)NNXHVD2NLNM@MNWXKIU@G\N@HXNVMDWX@
I
N^NNYNIQ^NV HVDGN=MUJ6D$

O;fDrxr fo'okfl;ksa ds ek/;e ls ijes'oj tks eqDr

djrk gS mleas fyax vkSj mez dh ck/kk ugha gS
fd ijes’oj dgrk gS] fd vUr ds fnuksa eas ,slk gksxk] fd eSa viuk
vkRek lc euq";ksa ij maMsywaxk vkSj rqEgkjs csVs vkSj rqEgkjh csfV;ka
Hkfo";}k.kh djsaxh vkSj rqEgkjs toku n’kZu ns[ksaxs] vkSj rqEgkjs
iqjfu, LoIu ns[ksaxsA oju~ eSa vius nklksa vkSj viuh nkfl;ksa ij Hkh
mu fnuksa esa vius vkRek esa ls maMsywaxk] vkSj os Hkfo";}k.kh djsaxs
ÑLV]GNH@Ð$

15
 LIR WXNVD GK +NZIHGN

LIR YN5HNGNP0V\NWNXNIFXNPH]+NVQYN6MI\D[+NVQGV
OF\NV[NVDGVI\J6$LIR WXNVDGKFVQNMKHDVJHEOVF0VL6HNXVLM
JNVUVJTQV>NVD[V$WRNX\NV[@WNVXRTRNYR/)NNHVDJD6@RV+NKL]SNM
YN6M+NIR`NNKGMVD[V@HOKJOQC
SIM GNV L][9GMVD[V YN6M
YN
S=GH=@IS8JYN6MSH5GNMGMVD[V$JGYNH"N9XNJNV[K$
IWXFNUNVDGNVOK>NXVHVDLTMNXKLKKGNVON\NVD\[[@P8JVDTRN
LKKUTMDUOK>N\V[K$V IL1\KLKINVD GKFTIXNQLMIXHN=N
GMVD[V$WRNXYN6MFZV@/ KYN6MLTNF0VP5ONJ@FTIHNXKYN6M
WTXZXGVON)NYLXVWKRXNVDHDVLMHV
RMGKFT\NJ9GNVLZMNGMDV[V$

16
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

3
ik¡p izdkj ds lsokf/kdkfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk
LIR WXNVDGKFVQNMKGVPQOVLNDSL]GNMGVOVRNINGNIMNVDGK
+NZIHGNHVD LIMRU=XJNV[N$LNDSL]GNMGKOVRNHVD GN=MUOVRNI
NGNIMNVDGVXNUVJHLIML'RUNGV/)NNXLM\NWND[VYN6MYLXV
HZ\GN=LMYLXNNXGVI8Q]UGMXVJVUT/RUD IGWND[V
OVRNGV GN= GV I\LIR \NV[NVD GNV U6NMIGNWN[NUNIG
HOKJGKQVJGKP8XIUJNV$

ikap izdkj ds lsokf/kdkjh gksus ds ukrs gekjh Hkwfedk

JHVD J OH!XN J6 IG LNDS L]GNM GV OVRNINGNIMNVD GN GN=
IR
RNIONVDGVI\IX(XI\I>NUFNUNVDGNL]FDNGMXNJ6

fo'okfl;ksa dks ifjiDork ds LFkku esa & elhg dh lekurk

esa ykuk
OVRGNE=HVDJHNMN\^\NV[NVDGNHN HXNVMDWXGMXNNP8JVDI
N^NN
QVXNXJKDJ6LMDUTLIML'RUNGV/)NNXHVD HOKJGKOHNXUNHVD
\NXNJ6 SIM HVDYN6MOVRGNE=HVD+NK$
LMHV
RMGNPQaQV
JJ6IGJHPOGVLT K
NTHOKJGV
/RLHVDFQ\WNDÑMNVIHNVDÐ$JHVDHOKJGKOHNXUNGVLZN=
0K\0N6\ UG FXN J6  ONMK FNUNVD HVD POGV OHNX FXXN J6
ÑEI4IONVD@Ð$
LV]IMULN6\TOGNIH
NXG)NXEOL]GNM)NN†POGNL]SNM
GMGVJHJMGHXTGNVWUNQVUVJ6D@YN6MONMV.NXOVJMG
HXTGNV IO>NNUV J6D IGJHJM2I'UGNV HOKJHVD IOGMGV
PLI/)NUGMVD$YN6MEOKGVI\H6DPOGKPO
NI'UGVYXTONMWNV
17
 LN–SL]GNMGV OVRNINGNIMNVD GK+NZIHGN

HT!HVDONH)N=GVON)NL]+NNR0N\UKJ6UXHX\[NGMLIM-H+NK
GMUNJZDÊÑGT\T@Ð$OVRGNE=HVDJHNMNGN=EOKGVYXTONM
JNVXNSNIJ@WNVJ6\NV[NVDGNVHOKJHVDLIML'RFXNGML]/UTUGMXN

fo'okfl;ksa dks ijes'oj ds opu eas rS;kj djuk & orZeku

lR;] iquLFkkZfir lR;
EI4OTOGVL]NSKXNVDGNVYDIUHFNUGJUVJT@LN6\TOXVGJN†YN6M
YFH6DUT(JVDLMHV¦RMGNV@YN6MPOGVYXT[]JGVRSXGNVON6DLQVUN
JZD@WNVUT(JNMKPpIUGMOGUNJ6@YN6MOFLIR NVDHVVDON!KGMGV
HKMNOQV OGUNJ6ÊÑLV]GNHÐ$LMHV
RMGNRSX\NV[NVD GK
P8XIUGMXVJVUTOH)N=J6$LMHV
RMGNRSXFN\GNVDGNVLIML'R
FXNGMP8JVDFV9VYN6MFVI9NDFXNUNJ6IW8JDVIHMNOON6DLKWNOGUK
J6$ LNDS L]GNM GV OVRNINGNMK JNVXV GV XNUV@ JHVD IR
RNIONVD GNV
LMHV
RMGV RSXHVD QC FXNGMP8JVD IHMNOÑIRMNOUÐGKYNVM
\NXNJ6 POONMVO5HVDWNVHOKJGKQVJGNV\N69NN[NJ6$
WNV L]GN
NX JHXV /RD 2I'U[U MKIU OV LNN J6@ POGV
Y\NRNYN6ML]GN
NXJHQZOMNVDGNVXJKDQVOGUV$IWOO5GNV
JHXV YXT+NRXJKD IGNJ6@POV JHXJKD QV OGUV$EOI\LNDS
OVRNINGNIMNVDGVOH^NJSTXN6UKJ6IGJHRU=HNXO5GN.NX
M>NVD$Y8NNY8NVGNVHN[=XJKDIQ>NNOGUNÑ\ZGNÐ$IQJH
UNWNL]GN
NXYN6M.NXXJKDLNUV@YN6MLMHV
RMLC)RKLMWNVGT1
GMMJNJ6POGVL]IUY.NXMJUVJ6D@UNVJHLMHV
RMGV\NV[NVDGNV
LMHV
RMGKRU=HNXFVQNMKHDVY[TRNE=XJKDGMLND[V$

fo'okfl;ksa dks elhg dh nsg esa mudh cqykgV] LFkku vkSj

drZO; dh le> ds fudV ykukA ;g izdk'ku nsa fd gj
fo'oklh lsod gS

18
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

JOSJ6IGO+NKYD[NVDGVOHNXGU=2XJKDJD6@I4M+NKJY5DU
YNR
GJ6 IGJHEOFNUGNV OH!VD IGO+NKIR
RNIONVD GNV
HOKJGKQVJHVD GT1OHNXGU=2LZMV GMXNJ6 ÑMNVIHNDV Ð$
IR
RNIONVDGNVPXGVOQ/5RGVGN=GNV>NNVWIXGN\XVJVUTYN6M
LZMNGMXV JVUT OIFXNNWNXNSNIJ$LNDSL]GNMGV OVRNI
NGNIMNVD GV XNUV@JHNMKIW(HVQNMKJMIR
RNOKGNV QVJHVD POGK
OVRGNE=>NNVWXVYN6MLZMKGMXVJVUTL]NV5ONIJUGMXNJ6$

fo'okfl;ksa dks vykSfdd ckrksa esa fl) cukuk] rkfd os

ijes'oj dh lkeFkZ dks izxV dj ldas] firk ds dk;ksZa dks
dj ldsa
L]+NTK
NTO+NKIR
RNIONVDGVI\JSNJUNJ6IGRVLMHV
RMGK
ONH)N= GNV L][9GMVD YN6MILUNGV GNHNVD GNV GMDV YN
S=GH=@
SD[NEND@IS8JYN6MSH5GNMÑZJ8XNHMGTO@Ð$
YNNTIXGG\KIONXVIS8JYN6MSH5GNMNVDYN6MONH)N=GVGNHNVD
GVHJ5RGNVJ9NGMM>NIQNJ6YN6MFTIRNQ@IR
NN\OD/)NNYN6M
Y8GE=FNUNVDGNVHJ5RIQNJ6@IW8JVD/RN+NNIRGHXT`NMNLZMN
IGNWNOGUNJ6$
JHVDPOYNQV
NGKYNVM\N69XNJ6WNVK
NTXVG\KIONGNV
IQN PXGNHNVDGNVGMXNWNVPOXVIGYN6MPOOV+NKF0VF0V
GNH$
ILUNGVGNHNVDGNVGMXVGVHJ5RGNVOH!VD$ÑYN
S=GH=@IS8J
YN6MSH5GNMÐ
¾ K
NT XV GJN IG ILUN GV GNH LTMNXV IXH GV HJNXUH
+NIR`'UNYNVDGK[RNJKOVF0V[RNJJ6DÑZJ8XNÐ$

19
 LN–SL]GNMGV OVRNINGNIMNVD GK+NZIHGN

¾ ILUNGVGNHPOO8QV
NOVYINGHJ5RLZN=)NVIWXGNK
NT
XV L]SNMIGN@EXGNHNVD XV POGV HOKJJNVXV GNV L]HNINU
IGN$R/UTU@POXVGJNIGIQRJYN
S=GH=XJKDGMUN@
UNV JHVD JIR
RNOGMXV GKWMUXJKD J6 IGPOXV 'N
GJNÑZJ8XN@@@Ð$
¾ I4I\,LTOGV I\K
NT XV I4MGFNMPXGNHNVD GKYNVM
ODGVUIGNIW8JVDRJGMMJN)NN@JL]HNINUGMXVGVI\
IGRJOSHTSILUNGKYNVMOV)NNÑZJ8XN Ð$
¾ WFZJ8XNFLIU/HNGMXV RN\V XV K
NT GV IRNHVD O8QVJ
IGN@UFL]+NTXVI4MGFNMPXYN
S=GHNV=DGKYNVMODGVU
IGNIW8JDVRJEOFNUGVL]HNNGVLHVDGMMJN)NNIG
RJOSHTSHOKJJ6 ÑH¿NK Ð$
LNDSL]GNMGVOVRNINGNMKJNVXV GVXNUV@JHVD /RDY\N6IGGFNUNVD
GNVL][9GMXVJVUT YN[VFXNJ6$JHVD LIR \NV[NDV GNV+NKYN
S=GHNV@D=
IS8JYN6MS5HGNMNVDGNVL][9GMXVJVUTU6NMGMXVGKWMUJ6$

dyhfl;kvksa dks f'k'kq dsUnzksa ¼ulZjht+½ ls cnydj ifo=

yksxksa dks rS;kj djus okys vkSj dk;Z lkSaius okys dsUnz
cuuk gS
JQT>NGKFNUJ6@LMDUTO5J6IGJHNMKGE=G\KIOND
MIRRNMGKOTFJGN=MUI
N
NTGV8Q]FXGMMJ[E=J6DWJNDLMJH
IR
RNIONVDGNVQT\NMUVJ6D@P8JVDYN5HNHVDU6NMXJKDGMUVYN6MXJK
JHP8JDVZOGVF\RNXIOLNJKFXNUVJ6DYFOHYN[NJ6IG
JHNMK/)NNXKG\KIONDVOV/)NNXNVDHVDLIMRIU=UGMIQNWND
WJNDIR
RNIONVDGNVG\KIONHVDYN6MODONMHVDPXGKLMHV
RM`NMN
IXT'UOVRGNENVDGVI\U6NMIGNWNYN6MHT'UIGNWN$
/)NNXKG\KIONYNVDGVLNOIR
RNIONVDGNVU6NMGMXVRN\K
L]NNI\NDYN6ML]INDJNVXKSNIJ$
20
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

fo'okfl;ksa dks vkRek ds u, vk;keksa eas ys pysa

L]+NTK
NTWFEOLC)RKLM)NN@UFPOGVLNOFVLIMHNNYN5HN)NN
ÑZJ8XNÐ$
YFUGJHXVWNVYXT+NRIGNJ6POOVYINGLIR YN5HN
GVF0VL6HNXVJ6D$
WJNDYNWJHJ6DPOGKUT\XNHVD@JHVDYN5HNHVDYN6M[JMNE=HVD
YN6MYN[VWNXVGKWMUJ6$
LIR YN5HNGKONH)N= OV LMHV
RMGNMNWLC)RKLMYN[V
FUNJ6ÑWG=NJH¿NKÐ$
YN5HNGVYI+NNVGYN6MYNNHJ6DIWXGKIR
RNIONVDGNVFNWNMNVD
HVDYN6MODONMHVDPXGKFT\NJ9GVI\YNR
GUNJ6 JHLNDS
L]GNMGV OVRNINGNIMNVD GNV EOGV I\PXGKOJNUNGMXV GK
WMUJ6 Ñ
NNNJ@Ð$

lapjuk vkSj iz'kklu iznku djuk

LIR \NV[NDVGKFVQNMKHVD@LNDSL]GNMGVOVRNINGNIMNVDGNVRN/URHVD
HJ5RLZN=GN=GMXVJVUTHT'UIGNWN[N@Y)NN=U@LIR \NV[NVDGNV
OVRNGVGN=GVI\IOFXNXNNU6NMGMXN$P8JVDVP¿NHMKIU
OVYLXVGN=GNVWNMKM>NXNJ6$LNDSL]GNMGVOVRNGNNV=DGVI\
YN6M\NV[NVDGKYNR
GUNJNV[K$LV]IMUNVDGKY[TRNE=YN6MQV>NMV>N@
+NIR`'UNGKYDUQ=CI9YN6MIXQV=
N@LNOFNXGKQV>N+NN\YN6MOT
NNM@I
N^NGNVD GNLZN= I
N^NNL]QNXGMXNYN6MHWFZUFXNXN@YN6M
OTOHNSNML]SNMGNVDGN\NV[NVDGNVEG9a%NGMLV]IMUGMXNYNIQFNUNVD
GKYNR
GUNJNV[K$

21
 LN–SL]GNMGV OVRNINGNIMNVD GK+NZIHGN

iszfjr
LV]IMUNVDGNVIWOGN=GNVGMXVGVI\FT\NN[NJ6 XKDR0N\XV@
NDSNU6NMGMXVYN6M/R[K=XHZXVGVYXTONMMSXNU6NMGMXV
POGN= GNV GMXV JVUT /R[= OV X'
NNL]N,UGMXNJNV[N$LV]IMU
IRI
N9 OVRGNE= GV I\ LMHV
RM `NMN IQN [N X'
NN L]/UTU
GMVD[V$ GT1 VOV LV]IMU JNVD[V IWXGV LNO OTOHNSNM LJTDSNXV JVUT
OHNWN+NN6[NVI\G/)NNXNVDGVIRI
N9^NV NVDGNV>NNV\XVGKGTDIWND
ÑNVWXNDÐJNV[K$GT1VOVLV]IMUJNVD[VIWXGVLNOPXGV
NJMNVDN
L]N8UNVDHVDLIMRU=X\NXVJVUTQ
N=XYN6MLMHV
RMGKYI+NIQ
NNJNV[K$

Hkfo";}Drk
VOV+NIR`'UNYNVDGNPQJNV[NWNVYLXKYLXK+NIR`NINNVDGV
`NMNHCUQ
N=XNVDGNVLTXWK=IRUGMVD[V@LMHV
RMGKYNVMOVAEOOH
GVI\RSXL]N,UGMVD[V@LV]IMUNVD`NMNL]/UTUIG[Q
N=XNVDYN6M
NVWXNYNDVGNVYH\HVD\NXVJVUTF\L]QNXGMVD[VÑW]N@Ð$

f'k{kd
JHVDHWFZUYI+NIN'UI
N^NGNVDGKY>NI0UOVRGNE=GKYNR
GUN
JNV[KWNV LIR \NV[NDV GNV O(LZN= I
N^NNL]QNXGMVD[V@P8JVD P8XIU
L]QNXGMVD[V@LIML'RYN6MIOFXND[V$

iklcku
JH VOV LNOFNXNDVD GNV QV>NVD[V WNV LMHV
RM GV HX GV \NG JD6
ÑIH=NJÐ$WNVLMHV
RMGVILUC5RGK[JMKOH!GVON)NYN6M
LMHV
RMGVLIMRNMGVI\FNV!GVON)NLMHV
RMGV+NRXHVDLIR
\NV[NVDGNLN\XLNVNNGMVD[VYN6MP8JVDHWFZUFXND[V$

22
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

lqlekpkj izpkjd
YI+NIN'UOTOHNSNML]SNMGNVDGNPQJNV[NWNV4O\GNVEG9a%N
GMVD[VYN6MEOGN=GNVGMXVJVUTIR
RNIONVDGNVU6NMGMVD[V$
/)NNXKG\KIONIXI
SU/)NNXHVD LMHV
RMGN+NRXFXK
MJV[KÑUKHTÐ$JMIR
RNOKYF+NK/)NNXKG\KIONGN
OHIL=URDIW(HVQNMOQ/JNV[N$RVYF+NKHOKJGKYNI5HGQVJ
HVD/)NNXKH0\KGNHJ5RLZN=+NN[FXGMYLXKOQ/UNGNV
LZMNGMDV[V$RV/)NNXKG\KIONHVDYF+NKYLXVQORND
NYN6MQNX
QVD[V$LMHV
RMGV\NV[NVDGVHYF+NKHU)NN2R/)NNJNV[KÑ
GTIM@Ð$LIR \NV[†YXT
NNOXJKXN2R/)NNMIJUÊXJKD
FXVD[V@YLXKQCI9HVDWNVPISU\[UNJ6POVJKXJKDGMVD[V YLXV
JKQ
N=XNVDYN6M/R,XNVDGVYXTONMXJKDS\VD[VÑ8NINVDÐ$
NV\GKLT/UGHVDIWOOVXNGVIRNHVDI\>NN[NJ6POGV
OHNX@LIR \NV[NVDGNVYLXKLDI'UHVDYI+NNXGMXNOK>NXNJNV[N@
YLXKLDI'UGNV1NV0GMXS\XN@GQZOMVGNVN'GNXQVXN@YN6M
YLXKJKMV>NNHVDS\XNJNV[NÑNV\ Ð$

vko';d lq/kkj ykuk

LIR \NV[NVDGKFVQNMKGKU6NMKGMUVOHLNDSL]GNMGVOVRNI
NGNIMNVDGNVGT1FNUNVDHVDOTNNM\NXNJNV[N$

nsg esa fo'okfl;ksa ds dk;Z vkSj LFkku ds fo"k; esa gekjh

le> esa cnyko
JHVD JONVSXNFDQGMXNJNV[NIGGVR\LNDSL]GNMGV OVRNI
NGNIMNVDGNVJKOVRNGNGN=GMXNJ6YN6MJMIR
RNOKGNVOVRG
GVLHVDQV>NXNYNM(+NGMXNJNV[N

23
 LN–SL]GNMGV OVRNINGNIMNVD GK+NZIHGN

fo'okfl;ksa ds izfr gekjs joS;s esa lq/kkj

JHVD YOTMI^NUUN@JKXUNLMHV
RMGV \NV[NVD LMIXD NYN6ML]+NTUN
GMXVGKE31NGNV5N[XNJNV[N$JHVDHWFZUY[TRNVDGVLHVDOKXN
UNXGM>N0VMJXNJNV[NWNV/RDGVPQNJMNOVY[TRNE=GMDV[V$

gekjs lkFk lsok djus gsrq fo'okfl;ksa ds fy, txg vkSj

volj rS;kj djuk
JHVDIR
RNIONVDGNVJHNMVON)NYNXVGKYN6MJHNMVON)NOVRNGMXV
GKYXTHIUQVXNJNV[N@IWOL]GNMLN6\TOXVTRNUKHTI)NTOGNVYLXV
ON)NI\NYN6MOTOHNSNMGVGN=HVDLN6\TOGVON)NOVRNGMXVGK
YXTHIUQKÑI4I\I,LNVD Ð$

gekjh LFkkuh; dyhfl;kvksa esa Vhe lsodkbZ LFkkfir djuk

†GJK2I'UOFGT1GMUNJ6ÊEOXVUC5R
N6\KOV J9GMJHVD
YLXK/)NNXKG\KIONYNVDHVDONHTIJGOVRGNE= 9KHIHIX/9‘KGNV
FNRNQVXVGKWMUJ6$EXOVRN9KHNVD HVD LNDSL]GNMGVOVRNINGNMK
JNVD[VWNVLZN=GN\KXOVRGNE=HVDJNVOGUVJ6D@POKUMJLNDSL]GNM
GVOVRNINGNMKWNVFNWNMNVDHVDHT>+NZIHGNIX+NND[V$

cqf)ekuh vkSj foosd ds lkFk ekxZn'kZu djsa] j{kk djsa vkSj

iz'kklu djsa
WFJHIR
RNIONVDGNVOVRGNE=GVI\P5ONIJUGMUVJ6D@U6NM
YN6MHT'UGMUVJ6D@UFJHVDLMHV
RMGV`NMNIXT'UY[TRNVDGVL
HVDYLXKIW(HVQNIMNVDGNV5N[XNXJKDJ6$JHVDFTIHNXKRDIRRVG
GVON)NHN[=Q
N=XGMXNJ6@M^NNGMXNJ6YN6ML]
NNOXGMXNJ6$JHVD
EO L]GNM Y[TRNE= GMXN J6 IWOOV OVRN GMXN OK>NUV OH
IR
RNIONVDGVWKRXNVDHVDLIML'RUNYN6MI/)NMUNYN[K$

24
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

lsodkbZ ds u, rjhdksa ds vuqdwy cuuk

IRI+N8XL]GNMGKOVRGNENDYN6MIRI+N8XL]GNMGK[IUIRINNDJ6D
VOV UMKGV J6D IWOHVD LMHV
RMYLXV \NV[NVD GV `NMNYLXV GN= GNV
L]RNIJUGMV[NÑGTIM@Ð$LMHV
RMIWOUMJYLXVGN=GNV
IXLNQXGMXNSNJUNJ6@POHVDJHLMHV
RMGNVOKIHUXJKDGM
OGUV$LMHV
RMYLXVLIR \NV[NDV`NMNUNW[K+NMVYN6MOVRNGMXV
GVXHN[NV=DGNVHT'UGMV[N@XE=G<LXNYNDVGNVLV]IMUGMV[N@>NNV
JTYNVDGNVOTOHNSNMOTXNXVGVXHN[NV=DGNVU6NMGMV[N$VHN[=PX
HN[NV=DOVIRI+N8XJNVOGUVJ6DIWXGVJHY+/UJ6D$JHVDYNXDQGV
ON)NEXGN/RN[UGMXNOK>NXNJ6 YN6MWNV GT1LMHV
RMYLXV
LIR \NV[NVDGV`NMNYNMD+NGMUNJ6@POHVDJHVDGNR9XJKDFXXN
J6$

25
 YN[V FXN

4
vkxs c<+uk
LIR \NV[NVDGKFVQNMK OVRNGNGN=GMXVJVUTLMHV
RMGV\NV[NDV
GNV IOJNVUV JTQV>NXV JVUT LMHV
RM`NMNFNN[NGQH
IXG9J6LNDSL]GNMGVOVRNINGNMKJNVXVGVXNUV@JHVDLMHV
RMGK
EO FVQNMK GK YNVM YN[V FXN J6$ JH LMDLMNYNVD GNV N JHNMK
YOTM^NNGK+NNRXNYNVDGNVLMHV
RMGVPQaQV
NDVYN6MEOLC)RKLM
POGVRU=HNXGN=GKYNVMYN[VFXVGVHN[=HVDFNNNXJKDFXXVQV
OGUV$LNDSL]GNMGVOVRNINGNMKWNVYN[VXJKDFXNSNJDV[V@RVLK1V
MJWND[V@WFIGLMHV
RMGKPLI/)NIUGNAFNQ\YN6MYN[ GN
>N(+NNYN[VFWN[N$

fucZy dj nsus okyh ijaijkvksa dks R;kx nsa

K
NTXV4MKIONVDYN6M
NNI/ NVDGVON)NIW8JNDVXVYLXKLMDLMNYNVDGNV
LG0GMM>NN)NNYN6MLMHV
RMGKYN.NGNP<\D"NXGMUV)NV@LV]H
OVFNUXJKDGKÑH¿NK Ð$R/UTU@RVHXTNVD`NMNFXNE=[E=
LMLDMNYNVDHVDEOUMJQCJNVSTGV)NVIGRVL]+NTGVRSXGVFWNEX
LMDLMNYNDVGNVIO>NNUV)NV$

ge mu ijaijkvksa dks R;kx nsa ftUgksaus gesa fucZy cuk;k gSA

¾ JHHVDOVGT1\NV[NVDGVI\JHNMKNNIH=GLMDLMNYNVDHVDRU=HNX
OHGVLV]IMUNVDYN6M+NIR`'UNYNVDGN/)NNXXJKDJ6ÑJHGVR\
OTOHNSNML]SNMGNVD@LNOFNXNVD YN6MI
N^NGNVD GNV /RKGNMGMUV
J6DÐ$EOFNUGNVOH!VDIGLMHV
RMXVLV]IMUYN6M+NIR`'UN
GKOVRNYNVD GNV I4M/)NNILUIGNJ6$LIR \NV[NVD GNV IO
FXNXVJVUTEXGKYNR
GUNJ6$

26
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

¾ JHHVDOVGT1\NV[LTMNXVLNQMKYN6MONHN8IR
RNOK \VH6X
GKHNXIOGUNM>NUVJ6D$JHVDOH!XNJ6IGJMGIR
RNOK
OVRGJ6$
¾ JHHVDOVGT1YNW+NKAYNI5HG YN6MAODONIMG HVD4G=QV>NUV
J6D$LMHV
RM`NMNIXT'UJM[IUIRINOVRGNE= J6@SNJV RJ
I[MWN"NMGKEHNMUHVDJNVNODONMHVDÑIX[HGNN=\@I
N^NN
OD/)NNX@>NV\GZQGNH6QNX@E5NQKÐ$
¾ JHHVD OV GT1\NV[YLXKH
NGNVD GNV JHNMKG\KIONN
OVRGNE=GKMSXNYN6MH FQ\XVGVI\U6NMXJKDJ6D$
XNQN>NMOXE=H
NGNVDHVDJKM>NNWN[NÑH¿NKÐ$
¾ RU=HNXOHHVDLIR YN5HNGVP0V\VWNXVÑXNQN>NMOÐGV
I\XE= G\KIONE= ODMSXNYN6ML]
NNOXÑXE= H
NGNVDÐGK
YNR
GUNJ6$JHNMKG\KIONNOVRGNE=GKMSXNHVDLNDS
L]GNMGV OVRNGNNV=D GV I\ LV]IMU@+NIR`'UN@LNOFNX@
I
N^NG@OTOHNSNML]SNMG /)NNXXJKDJ6$JHNMKG\KIONE=
ODMSXNGV`NMN@JHXVPXOVRNGNNV=DGNVIH9NIQNJ6IW8JVD
HOKJXVG\KIONHVDYNMD+NIGN YN6MEOGNMNIXI
SU
LOVOVRNGVGN=GVI\LIR \NV[NDVGNVU6NMGMXVGN
GNVE= HN[= JHNMV LNOXJKD J6$JHYLXKG\KIONE= ODMSXN
YN6MHGNVFQ\QDV@Y8)NNJHVOKH
NGVDFXWND[VIWXHVD
LIR YN5HNGNQN>NMOXJKDJNV[N$
¾ JHHVDOVGT1IXI
SUIRINNVDYN6ML]NNI\NVDOVI\L9VJTJ6D$
JH VOK L]NNI\NVD YN6M NVWXNYNDV GN PLNV[ GMUV J6D WNV
RN/UIRG)NKD@LMHV
RM`NMNQK[E=)NKD@LMDUTGT1IXI
SUOH
GVI\)NKD$LMHV
RMWNVGT1GMMJNJ6POGVON)NJHYN[V
XJKDFVJ6D$WNVG\GVI\PLNV[K)NN@WMKXJKDJ6IG
POUMJLMHV
RMYNW+NKGN==GMXNSNJV$LMHV
RMGVON)N
GQHFND$

27
 YN[V FXN

mnkgj.k %
‹ LKU\GNONDLÑI[XUK@MNWNÐ$
‹ HZONYN6MS9a9NXHVDOVLNXKÑIX[=HXI[XUK
Ð$
‹ ZJ8XNFLIU/HNGMXVRN\NÑZJ8XN Ð$
‹ YLT<\NVOÑLV]GNH Ð$
‹ EI4OTOHVDZJ8XNFLIU/HNGMXVRN\VGVYXTNK
ÑLV]GNH Ð$
vlqj{kk dh Hkkoukvksa ls eqDr gksa
JHYOTM^NNGK+NNRXNYNVDGNONHXNGMVDYN6MPXOV1T9GNMNLND$
LMHV
RMGV\NV[NVDGVAILUN YN6MAHNUN FXXVJVUTJHVD>N0VJNVXV
GKYNR
GUNJ6$
LN6\TOGVOHNXJHVDAUKHTI)NTO GNLIMLNVNNGMXVGVNV;
FXXVYN6MP8JVDVOV/)NNXHVD\NXVGKWMUJ6WJNDLMRVJHNMV
OJGHK= FXVD[V ÑMNVIHNVD ÐYN6MOVRNGV GN= GNV GMXV NV;
FXVD[V@W6OVJHGMUVJ6DÑGTIMÐ$

iszfjr vkSj Hkfo";}Drk dh lsodkbZ ds fy, vius ân;

dks [kksy ns
JHVDO3SKLV]IMUYN6M+NIR`'UNGKOVRGNENVDGVL]IUYLXVMR6V
GNVFQ\XNJ6$2I'U[U/UMLMYN6MJHNMKG\KIONGVOVRGNE=
GV/UMLMJHVDLNDSL]GNMGKOVRGNENVDGVI\YLXVkQNVDGNV
>NNV\QVXNJ6IW8JVDLMHV
RMXVG\KIONHVDM>NNJ6$

28
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

LMHV
RMXVLV]IMUNVDYN6M+NIR`'UNYNVDGNVG\KIONHVDM>NNJ6
ÑGTIMÐ$LMHV
RMXVG\KIONHVDWNVM>NNJ6POVJ9NXN
JHNMNGNHXJKD J6$
WNV\NV[JHNMVLJ\VJNVGM[YN6MIW8JNDVXVLIR YN5HNGV
L]GN
NXYN6MY8FNUNVDGVX^NV NVDHVDL]RV
NIGN@PXOVJHDVOK>NXN
J6$VI
N^NNDYN6MYXT+NRI\I>NURSXNDVGVIRMNVNHVDXJKDJ6D$FI<G
RVPXFNUNVDGNVLTX/)NN=ILUGMUVJ6DYN6MQCGMUVJ6DIWXGKNVWXN
LMHV
RMXVLJ\VJKYLXV\NV[NDVGVI\U6NMGKJ6$
JHVDLV]IMUYN6M+NIR`'UNYNVDGV`NMNL]GN
NXRDRMQNXNVDGNV
L]N,UGMXNJ6$
JOSJ6IGWFJHYLXVWKRXNDV GNVLVI] MUNVD YN6M+NIR`'UNYNVD
GVI\>NNV\QVD[V@UFJHHVDOVGT1\NV[NDVGVI\JF0NGN=
JNV[N$LMHV
RMHVDYN6MPOGVYN5HNHVDWJNDJHLJ\VG+NKXJKD[
J6DPOOVYN[VWNXVJVUTJHVDSTXN6UKL]N,UJNV[K$WNV[ZFNUVDYFUG
LMHV
RMGVRSXHVDI1LKJTE=)NKD@IW8JDVJHNMKYNI5HGYND>NNVDXVXJKD
QV>NN J6@ JHNMV I\ YSNXG OWKR JNV P%VD[K ÑEI4IONVD Ð$
YNI5HG MJ/NVD GV I\ YLXK YND>NNVD GNV >NNV\ QVXN LV]IMU YN6M
+NIR`'UNYNDVGKOVRGNE=GNIR
NVN[TNJ6$
GYN6M^NV HVDJHVDUFSTXN6UKL]N,UJNV[KWFJHLV]IMUYN6M
+NIR`'UNGKOVRGNE=GVI\YLXVkQGNV>NNV\QVD[V@RJJ6JH
HVDOVGE=\NV[NDVGVI\@JHNMKXKDRVDI4M0N\KWND[K$JHXVVONVSN
JNV[NIGJHNMVLNOOVRGNE=GVI\E=
RMIR.NXGKOJKFTIXNQ
J6@/)NNXKG\KIONGV IRNHVD OJK.NXJ6@YNIQ$LMDUT JH
WNXDV[VIGEOHVDOVFJTUGT1HXT`NMNFXNNJTYN)NN HN
GN%N"NNON4ZO$LV]IMUYN6M+NIR`'UNGT1^NV NVDHDVJHNMV
I\I4MXKDRGNV0N\VD[VWNVOSHTSL]+NTGKYNVMOVJD6YN6MPOGV
RSXGVYXTONMJ6ÑGTIMEI4@Ð@UNIGJHPOLM
29
 YN[V FXN

IXHN=NGMOGV$LIMNNH/RL@JHNMVWKRXYN6MOVRGNENVDGNV
XNL UNW[K+NMNLL]QNXJNV[N WNVOSHTSJHNMVL]+NTYN6M
MNWNGNVISI UGMUNYN6MQ
NN=UNJ6@FWNEOGVIGHXTGNV$
ifo= yksxkas dks fl) cukus dh O;ogkfjd dqaft;ka
fo'okfl;ksa dks Bksl vkgkj nsa
IQJHYLXVLT\IL9OVLIR \NV[NVDGNVGVR\QZNIL\NUVJ6DN
Y8GNVE=UM\NIXF=\O8QV
NOTXNUVJ6D@UNVJHJYLV^NNXJKD
GMOGUVIGLIR \NV[OVRNGVGN=GVI\IOFXVD$LMHV
RM
GKLZR=HXONJKIR
RNIONVDGNVJM+N\VGN=GVI\LZN=LOV
IOFXN[KÑUKHTÐ$
H6D EOFNUGNV OH!UNJZD IGI
N
NTYNDV GNV RSXGV QZNGK
YNR
GUNJ6ÑLUMOÐ$LMDUTJHVDI
N
NTYNVDGNVW<QKF0NJNVXV
GVI\P5ONIJUGMXNJ6@UNIGRVRSXGN%NVO+NNVWX[]JNGM
LNDÑEF]NIXNDV Ð$
JHVDLMHV
RMGKLZN=HXONGNV"NNVINUGMXNJ6@IR
RNIONVDGNV
YN5HNGKFNUNVDHVDL]I
NI^NUGMXNJ6@POIRNHVDP8JVDIO>NNXNJ6@
LIR YN5HNGVRMQNXNVDGNV@IS8J@SH5GNMNVDYN6MONH)N=GVGNHNVDGNV
OIFXNXNJ6$JHVDHOKJ OQC
NSIM YN6MLIML'RUNGVIRGNO
GNVHJ5RQVXNJ6$

fo'okfl;ksa dks mudh cqykgV igpkuus eas lgk;rk djsa

JHVD IR
RNIONVD GNV PXGKFT\NJ9GNV LJSNXXV@HOKJGKQVJHVD
PXGV/)NNXYN6MGU=2GNVLJSNXXVHVDPXGKOJNUNGMXNJ6$
JHVDP8JDVJ+NKIQ>NNXNJ6IG/)NNXKG\KIONHVDYN6MODONMGV
ODQ+N=HDVYLXKFT\NJ9GNVG6OVIWD$

30
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

JHNMK G\KIONYNVD HVD GE= IR

RNOK IXG(HV L0V J6D IWXGK
^NHUNGVR\EOI\FFN=QJNVMJKJ6'NVDIGP8JDVPXGN/)NNXYN6M
GU=2WNXXVYN6M>NNVWXVHVD PXGKFT\NJ9LJSNXXVHDVOJNUN
XJKDGK[E=$
LNDSL]GNMGVOVRNINGNIMNVDGNVEOQCI9OVGN=GMXNJ6IG
JMIR
RNOKOVRGJ6$/)NNXKG\KIONGVJM2I'UGNVYLXK
FT\NJ9LJSNXXNJ6@POV LZMNGMXV GV I\U6NMJNVXNJ6@YN6M
YLXKFT\NJ9HVDGN=GMXV\[XNJ6

vkRek esa dk;Zjr gksus ds fy, fo'okfl;ksa dks leFkZ cukuk

IR
RNIONVDGNVIO>NNNWNXNSNIJIGIGOL]GNMYLXVWKRXNVD
GNVWKXVGVI\YN6MLC)RKLMYLXKOVRGNENVDGNVLZMNGMXVGV
I\RVLIR YN5HNHVDGN=GMVD$

lsodkbZ vkSj is'ks dks ,d lkFk tksM+us gsrq fo'okfl;ksa dks

izksRlkfgr djuk
/)NNXKG\KIONGNVPX\NV[NVDGNVU6NMGMXNYNMD+NGMXN
J6IW8JVDFNWDNMNVDHVDOTOHNSNMOTXNXVJVUTFT\NN[NJ6$
FNWNMNVDHVDLNDSL]GNMGVOVRGNVDGKOVRNGVPQGNVL]NV5ONJX
QVD$
LIR \NV[NVDGNVFNWNMNVDHVDOVRNGMXVGVI\FNWNMNVDHVDOVRNMU
LNDSL]GNMGVOVRNINGNMKJKP5UHMKIUOVU6NMGMOGUVJ6D$
FNWNMNVD HVD OVRNMUIR
RNIONVD GNV IXN=\VXV JVUT@OVRNGMXV
YN6M[RNJKQVXVJVUTLMHV
RMGKYNRNWOTXXVGVI\U6NMGMXV
GKWMUJ6$FNWNMNVD HVD OVRNMUIR
RNIONVD GNV WJND RV J6D@RJND

31
 YN[V FXN

LIR YN5HNGVRMQNXNVDHVDGN=GMXVYN6MY\N6IGGFNUNVDGNVL][9
GMXVJVUTIO>NNXVGKYNR
GUNJ6$
FNWNMNVDHVDOVRNMUIR
RNIONVDGNVJIO>NNXVGKYNR
GUN
J6IGRVYLXVGNHNVDHVDFNEF\GVION8UNVDGNVG6OV\N[ZGMVDYN6M
EOLMHV
RMGVL]GNMMN7GVL]+NNRGNVG6OV/)NNILUGMVD$
FNWNMNVDHVDOVRNMUIR
RNIONVDGNVJIO>NNXVGKYNR
GUN
J6 IGFNWNMNVD HVD LMHV
RMGV MN7GV XNGNVD GNV ÑSN6GK@OD[IU@
I[MWN"NMÐ/)NNILUGMG6OVLMHV
RMGVMN7GKFN6UMKGNGNMN
FXVD$G6OVPXXKIUNVDGNVL]+NNIRUGMXVDIWOOVMN7YN[VFOGV
YN6MG6OV NXGNV LMHV
RMGV MN7GV GNHNVD GV I\/)NNXNDUIMU
IGNWN$

ekxZn'kZd ¼esUVj½ cusa vkSj ekxZn'kZd laLÑfr dk fuekZ.k

djsa
LNDSL]GNMGKOVRNHVD GN=MUOVRNINGNIMNVD GVXNUV@JHVD LIR \NV[NVD
GVHN[=Q
N=GÑHNUNNILUNÐFXXVGKYNR
GUNJ6$
JOSJ6IGG2I'UFJTOD>\NV[NVDGNHN[=Q
N=X@PXGK
QV>N+NN\XJKD GMOGUN$LMDUT JHGT1\NV[NVD GNV HN[=Q
N=XGM
OGUVJ6DYN6MJHNMKG\KIONYNVDHVDYN6MOVRNOD/)NNYNVDHVDHN[=Q
N=G
ÑHV89MÐOD/fIUGNIXHN=NGMOGUV J6D@WJND LMLIML'RLIR
WXNVD GNV IR
RNO HVD Y8 \NV[NVD GV ILUN YN6M HNUN FXXV JVUT
L]NV5ONIJUIGNWNOGV$

lsodkbZ dh ft+Eesnkjh nwljksa dks lkSaisa

IR
RNONV;RDOTNV;IR
RNIONVDGVI\OVRNGVYROMU6NM
GMVD YN6MP8JVD OVRGNE=GKIW(HVQNIMNDON6LD $DV OVRGNE=GKIW(HVQNIMNVD
GNVQZOMNVDGNVON6DLXVGNPQNJMNJHHZONGVOHHVDQV>NUVJ6D@WJND
32
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

LMPOGVOOZME)N]NVXVPOVVONGMXVGVIXQV=
NIQ)NVÑIX[=HX
Ð$

lsodkbZ dh Vhe rS;kj djsa vkSj Vhe laLÑfr dk fuekZ.k

djsa
W6ONIGLJ\VFUNN[NJ6@JHVDQZOMNVDGNVOVRGNE=9KHGVLHVD
JHNMV ON)NJNVGMGN= GMXV GKYXTHIUQVXNSNIJ$VOK9KH
OD/fIUU6NMGMVDWJNDLMJNV0XJNV@LMDUT[JMVOJNV[GK+NNRXN
JNV@WJNDLM9KHGVO+NKLIR \NV[NVDGNVU6NMGMXVYN6ML]+NTK
NT
HOKJGNVHIJHNL]QNXGMXVGVOHNX\^LMGN=IGNWNUN
JNV$

;q) uhfrd cusa

JHVD MNXKIU GK QCI9 OV ONVSXN YN6M GN= GMXN J6 YN6M WF
LMHV
RMODONMHVDYLXV\NV[NVDGNVXHGYN6M7NVIUGVLHVD>N0N
GMUNJ6@UFJHVDLMHV
RMGVON)NON)NS\XVGKYNR
GUNJ6$
PQNJMNGVI\@WFIR
RNOKGNVYLXVLV
NVGKRWJOVG/)NNX
OVQZOMV/)NNXHVD WNXNL0UNJ6@UFJXE=G\KION/)NNILUGMXV
GN@ N JNVH [T]L YNMD+N GMXV GN YROM JNV OGUN J6$ IQ
IR
RNIONVDGNVU6NMIGNWN@UNVIXI
SULOVJGQC
OD+NNRXNJNV[K$

ijes'oj ds jkT; dh ekufldrk j[kus okys cusa

LNDSL]GNMGKOVRNGMXVRN\VJH\NV[NVD GVI\JY5DUHJ5RLZN=
J6IGJHLMHV
RMGVMN7GKHNXIOGUNM>NXVRN\VFXVD YN6MLIR
\NV[NVDGNV+NKMN7GKHNXIOGUNM>NXVRN\VFXXNIO>NND$MN7
GKHNXIOGUNM>NXVRN\VFXXVGNHU\FJ6LMHV
RMGVMN7GV
PQaQV
GNVYN6MMNWNGKHIJHNGNVYLXK2I'U[UGN=OZISOV@
I4MGNVDYN6MOVRGNENVDOVYINGHJ5RQVXN$
33
 YN[V FXN

fuEufyf[kr iqLrdksa dks i<+us dh flQkfj'k dh tkrh gS

†IGD[0HIF<0O=Ê YN:\LKL<OSS=Y:0YNc9MKW@F6D[\NVMGN
HT…UL]GN
NXJ6$EOLT/UGHDVEX2RJNIMGGTDIWNVDHDVOVGENVD
GNIRRMNIQN[NJ6$EOLT/UGGNSN6)NNYNJFUNUN
J6IGYN5HNHVD\NV[NVDGKG6OVP8XIUGMVD$ONURNDYNY[\K
LKKGNVFNRNQVXVGVIRNHVDFUNUNJ6@EOYNHVDHV89MKD[N
HN[=Q
N=XLMIR
NVNWNVMIQN[NJ6$

;fn ge vkxs u c<+s rks D;k gksxk

LNDSL]GNMGVOVRNGMXVRN\VOVRNINGNIMNVDGVXNUV@LMHV
RMGK
RU=HNXFVQNMKHVD@LIR \NV[NVDGVFVQNMKHVDIQJHYN[VXFLN@
UNVPOGV[D+NKMLIMNNHJNVD[V$

çHkko [kks cSaBsxs

IQ JH LMHV
RM GK RU=HNX FVQNMK HVD YN[V X F LN@ UNV
IR
RNIONVDGVWKRXNVDLMJHNMNL]+NNRGHJNVWN[N$WNVIR
RNOK
YNI5HGP8XIU@LIML'RUNYN6MLMHV
RMGVMN7GVI\PLNVI[UN
GKRN/UIRGE31NM>NUV J6D@RV YN[V FGMVOKG\KIONYN6M
OVRGNENVDOVWT0WND[VWNVLIR \NV[NDVGNVIOFXNXVGVGN=HVD
\[VJTJ6D$

ijes'oj ds dk;Z esa vlQy gksus dk n.M

LNDSL]GNMGVOVRNINGNIMNVDGVI\LMHV
RMGNGN=JJ6IGJH
OVRNGVGN=GVI\LIR \NV[NVDGNVIOFXND$LNDSL]GNMGV
OVRNINGNIMNVDGVXNUV@IQJHVONGMXVOVSTG[@UNVLMHV
RM
`NMNIQ[GN=HVDJHYO4\MJWND[V$WFJHL]+NTGVO(HT>N
>N0VJNVGMJNDLC)RKJHNMVWKRXNVDGNIJONFQVD[V@UNVJHGHLND
WND[VÑGTIM@Ð$
34
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

5
'kgj O;kih dyhfl;k
'kgj O;kih dyhfl;k esa u, ifjorZu
WF
NJM2NLKG\KIONU6NMJNVWN[KYN6MOVRNGVI\HT'U
GKWN[K@UF
NJMGN'NJNV[NÑNIGOK+NK+NN6[NVI\G^NV GN
X[M@[NDRÐ?
G\KIONIXIHULOVYLXKMIRRNMGK/)NNXKO+NNYNVDHVD
EG9a%NJNVXVGVFWN@L]NFNWNMNVDHVDEG9a%NJTYNGMV[K$IRI+N8X
/)NNXKG\KIONYNVD GV LIR \NV[O,UNJGV LNDSN1IQX
FNWNMNVDHVDIH\VD[V@YN6M/)NNXKG\KIONYNVDHVDO,UNJHVDGNQNV
FNMEG9a%NJNVD[V$VO+NKLIR \NV[FNWNMNVDHVDLMHV
RMGNVL][9
GMXVJVUTU6NMIGWND[V$PXGKYNHLJSNXJNV[KHOKJGK
L]+NTUN$/)NNXKG\KIONYNVD GVXNH@I4MGVNOVRGNE=GKOD\;XUND
O+NKIH9WND[KYN6MPXGNHJ5RXJNV[N$LMHV
RM`NMNIXT'U
Y[TRNVDGNG\KIONHVDYN6MFNWNMNVDHVDPQJNV[NYN6MRVGON)N
IH\GMODLZN=ODONMHVDLMHV
RMGKHIJHNGNGNMNFXVD[V$
LIMNNH/RL@
NJMLML]+NNR0N\XVJVUT/)NNXKG\KIONYNVD
HVDPLT'UODONNXNVDGVON)NJHODT'UGN=RNJKQV>NVD[V$
NJMHVD
OVRGNE=GMXVRN\KHN GJK/)NNXKG\KIONXJKDJNV[K$
'NYNLQV>NOGUVJ6DIGWFPLT'UODONNXNVDGVON)N
NJM
2NLKGN=RNJKJNV[K@YN6MLMHV
RM`NMNIXT'UL]VIMUY[TRV JM
GN=RNJKHVDHN[=Q
N=XGMVD[V@UFJH
NJMLMG6ONL]+NNR0N\VD[V?
PXYNMNNXN9KHNV@D WRNXNVD GKOTOHNSNMOVRNYNV@D O0GNVD LMOTOHNSNM
OTXNXVRN\VOTOHNSNML]SNMGNVD@H/)NUNGMXVRN\VL]N)N=XNOHZJNVD@
FNWNMNVDHVDY8HJ5RLZN=OTOHNSNMOVRND@ONHNIWGGN= O0GNVD

35

NJM 2NLK G\KION

LMWKRXIFUNXVRN\V@[MKF@FV"NMYNIQ\NV[NDVGKHQQGMXN
YNIQFNUNVD GKG<LXNGMVD IWXGNODSN\XRV LIR \NV[GMVD[V
IW8JVD EX IRI
N9 OVRGNENVD GV I\ FNV! J6$ UF
NJM 2NLK
G\KIONOHNWHVDcDSKYNRNWFXV[KYN6M
NJMGVFQ\NRGN
GNMNFXV[K$tc 'kgj O;kih dyhfl;k cny tk,xh] rc
'kgj cny tk,xk!
ijes'oj ds jkT; dh ekufldrk dk fodkl djuk
PXIR
RNIONVDOV@WNVG\KIONHVDOVRNGVGN=GVI\U6NMIG
[J6D YN6MHT'UIG[J6D@LIMLZN==
NJM2NLKG\KIONGN
IXHN=NGMXVJVUTJHG6OVGON)NLIM-HGMUVJ6D?
W6ONIGLJ\VGJN[NJ6@IRI+N8XG\KIONYNVDOVYNXVRN\V
IR
RNOKG/)NNXHVD GNHGV/)NNXHVDEG9a%NJNVUVJ6D$†HVMKJK
G\KIONOFOV Y31KJ6ÊJON(L]QNIGUNRNQKMR6NM>NXV GV
FWN@YLXVGNHGV/)NNXNVDLML]+NNR0N\XVGVPQaQV
OV9KHGV
LHDV GN= GMXV JVUT P8JDV L]NV5ONIJUIGNWNXNSNIJ$
NJM
2NLKG\KIONHVD E=
RMK2R/)NNGNP<\D"NXIGF[6M@IQ
IR
RNIONVD GNV Y8/)NNXKG\KIONYNVD GV IR
RNIONVD GV ON)N
dke ds LFkku ij lsok esa ,d lkFk ifjJe djus gsrq
fl[kk;k vkSj izf'kf{kr fd;k ugha tkrk] rks ijes'oj ds
jkT; dk mn~ns'; iwjk ugha gksxkA
LV]IMUGKFT\NJ9M>NXV RN\V Y[TRNVD GNV ODONNXNVD GNV Ñ\NV[@
OHYN6MNXÐEG9a%NGMXVRN\V
NJM2NLKGN=RNJKGNXVUC5R
GMXVJVUTU6NMMJXNJNV[N@
NJMHVDLMHV
RMGVMN7GK/)NNLXN
JNVUV JTQV>NXV GV I\P8JDV /)NNXKG\KIONGKGNR9NVD GNV
\ND"NXNJNV[N$fdlh ,d O;fDr dks] lsodkbZ dks ;k LFkkuh;
dyhfl;k dks c<+kok u nsrs gq, mUgsa ,slk djuk gksxkA
WFEXOJNV[KL]NONVD GV HNHOV YN5HND FSNE= WND[K
36
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

YN6MWKRXLIMRU=XJNVD[V@UFEXXIR
RNIONVDGNVL]NV5ONJXIQN
WNIGRVFNEF\LMIR
RNOGMXVRN\KY31K/)NNXKG\KION
GNIJ/ONFXVDWNVPXGVI\Y5DUPISUJ6@WJNDLMP8JVDI
N
FXNNWN[NYN6MOVRNGVI\U6NMIGNWN[N$J/)NNXK
G\KIONIWOGVON)NRVWT0WNUVJ6D@PXGVI\YINGHJ5RLZN=
XJNV'NVDIGJH\NV[NVDGVIQ\NVDYN6MWKRXNVDHVDPOGVMN7GNVFNXV
GNL]NOGMMJV J6D$O+NK/)NNXKG\KIONYNVD GKP8XIUYN6M
IR/UNMG/RN+NNIRGLIMNNHJNV[N$

ifo= yksxkas dh csnkjh vkSj 'kgj esa cnyko

/UV4XTOYN6MI4I\,LTOW6OVONHN8IR
RNIONVD`NMN
N\VHYN6M
ONHIMNL]+NNIRUJTYN$V\NV[LIR YN5HN@IR
RNO@ONH)N=OVYN6M
IS8J YN6M SH5GNM GMXV GK ONH)N= OV LIMLZN= )NV ÑLV]GNH 
 Ð$
POKUMJ@I4IXI
NN@GTL]OYN6MY8UNIGNYNIQX[MNVDHVD+NK
PXIR
RNIONVD `NMNOTOHNSNML]SNMIGN[NWNV 
N\VHOV
FNJMS\V[)NVÑLV]GNH Ð$RVHN ONHN8IR
RNOK)NVWNV
IS8JYN6MSH5GNMNVD GV ON)NOTOHNSNMGNL]SNMGMXV GV `NMN
G\KIONYNVDGKYN6MLMHV
RMGVMN7GKH0I\NVDGK/)NNLXN
GMMJV)NV$
POKUMJWFJHIR
RNIONVD GNVIS8J@SH5GNMYN6MYN
S=GHNV=D
GNV L][9GMXV JVUT U6NMIGNWN[N@UFJH
NJMHVD YNHZ\
LIMRU=XQV>NVD][V$

NJMLIMRU=XGVJHNMVYINGUML]NOY[TRNVDYN6MOVRGNVDGNV
EG9a%NGMXVLMGVI8Q]UJNVUVJ6D$JHJ5RLZN=YN6MYNR
GJ6$
LMDUTLIR \NV[NDVGKFVQNMKGNLIMNNHHZ\/UMOV
NJMLIMRU=X
HVD JNV[N$

37

NJM 2NLK G\KION

JHLIR \NV[NDV GKGVOK[THXNHYN6MY.NULKKGNV

QV>NVD[VWNV
NJMLML]+NNR0N\V[K$

'kgj ds iszfjrksa vkSj Hkfo";}Drkvksa dks igpkuuk

NJMHVDMJXVRN\VLV]IMU
NJMLIMRU=XGKHJ5RLZN=GTDWKJD6$LV]IMUNVD
NLV]IMUNE=GKOVRGNENVDGNYNXNWNXNGN4KXJKDJ6$JHVD
NJM
HVDMJXVRN\VYN6M
NJMGVL]IUOHIL=ULV]IMUNVDGKWMUJ6WNV
NJM
LIMRU=XGVI\LV]IMUNE=GNQ
N=X@NVWXNYN6MY[TRNE=L]QNXGMV[ D V$

NJM HVD LV]IMUNVD YN6M +NIR`'UNYNVD GN PQ
NJM 2NLK
G\KIONGNVP+NMUVJTYN6M
NJMHVDGF\FXUVJTQV>NXVGV
I\YNR
GJ6$
HOKJ GK H0\K GNV
NJM HVD MJXV RN\V O3SV LV]IMUNVD YN6M
+NIR`'UNYNVD GNV LJSNXXN YNM(+N GMXN J6  V SNJV OVRN
OD/)NNYNVDHVDGN=MUJNVDNFNWNMNVDHVD$JHVDG\KIONHVDOVRNMUYN6M
FNWNMNVDHDVGN=MULV]IMUNVDYN6M+NIR`'UNYNVDGNVLJSNXXNJ6$
F6D[\NVMW6OV F0V
NJMHDV GE= O3SV LV]IMUYN6M+NIR`'UN
JNVD[V$VY[TRVIW8JDVLMHV
RM>N0NGMV[N@
NJMGVIRI
N9IJ/OVHDV
LMHV
RMGVMN7GK/)NNLXNGMXVJVUT
NJM2NLKQ
N=XYN6MX'
NN
L]QNXGMVD[V$EX^NV NVDHVDIRI+N8XG\KIONYNVDGVIR
RNOK
NNIH\
JNVD[V$ X[M GV PO ^NV #IR+NN[#IJ/OV N OHNW HVD OTOHNSNM
`NMNYNHNGMXVJVUTVLV]IMUY[TRNE=L]QNXGMVD[V$JHVOVGE=
LV]IMUY[TRNVDGNVP+NMUVJTQV>NVD[VIWXGVODT'UL]NONVDOV
NJMHVD
FQ\NRYN[N$
YNHOH/NJJ6 IG
NJMGV LV]IMUY[TRV YXRMU
NJM
2NLKOTOHNSNMKGN=RNJKGKIW(HVQNMKP%NXVGVI\U6NMXJKD
J6D@WNVOHNWGVIRI
N9^NV HVD2N,UJNVWN[K$EOGVFWNJHDV
I[MWN"NMNVDHVDYN6MYLXKOD/)NNYNDVHVDGNHGMXN7NQNYNMNHQNG
38
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

\[UNJ6$NUNV JHYLXV IRSNMNVD HVD ODGKN=UNM>NUV J6D YN6MJHVD

LMHV
RMGVMN7GKHNXIOGUNM>NXVGKWMUJ6@NJHVD0MJ6
IGJHNMVON)NKOVRG[\UOH!VD[VYN6MEOI\JHY[TRNE=GMXV
JVUTGQHFNXVGVI\YIX31TGJD6$JOSJ6IGGOJNV[K

NJM2NLKL]NOHVDY[TRNE=GMXNYNONXXJKDJNV[N$STXN6IUNDYI
NGJD6$EOGVI\JHNMK/)NNXKG\KIONYNVDYN6MOVRGNENVDGV
Y\NRNJHVD YINGOHYN6ML]NOGKYNR
GUNL0V[K$LMDUT
JHVD46O\NGMXVGKWMUJ6IGGN6XOKFNUYINGHJ5RLZN=J6
YLXK/)NNXKG\KIONYNVDYN6MOVRGNENVDGNIXHN=NGMXNN
JHNMV ODLZN=
NJMHVD LMHV
RMGV MN7GNV YNUV JTQV>NXN@UNIG
\N>NNVD\NV[PNMLNOGVD

NJM2NLKG\KIONGNVLMHV
RMGVMN7GKHNXIOGUNGN
IRGNOGMXNSNIJYN6MO3SVLVI] MUYN6M+NIR`'UNYNVD GNVLJSNXXN@
P8JVD /RKGNM GMXN YN6M P8JVD EG9a%N GMXN YNMD+N GMVD IW8JDV
LMHV
RM
NJMHVD YLXV GN= GV I\>N0NGMUNJ6$LV]IMUYN6M
+NIR`'UNGKOVRGNE=GMXVRN\VY[TRNVDGNV
NJM2NLKG\KION
GNVU6NMGMXVJVUT YN6M
NJMLIMRU=XGKIRI+N8XONHTIJGGN=RNIJNVD
GNHN[=U6NMGMXVJVUTGON)NIH\GMGONHTIJGMNXKIU
U6NMGMXNJ6$
NJMGKG\KIONGNVYN[VYN5HNGKGUNHVD
FGMGN=H#GN8ÉV8OVO#O+NND \VXNJNV[N$YN5HNGKGUN
GN=H#GN8ÉV8OVO#O+NNYNVDGNYNNVWXGMXVLMIX+N=MXJKDJ6$
JkQYN6MHXGNLIMRU=XJ6$JPOGUNGV/)NNXHVDMJXN
J6 WNV
NJMLIMRU=XGKYNVMYNR
GGQHFNXV GV I\JHVD
U6NMGMV[N$
IQ
NJM2NLKG\KIONYN5HNGKGUNHVDWKRX2UKU
GMV[KYN6MGN= GMV[K@YN6MLIR \NV[NDV GKFVQNMK`NMNP5L8X
IR
RNIONVDGKOVXNGVON)NWT0WN[K@WNVOVRNGNGN=GMXVGV
I\U6NMGK[E=J6@UNVJHYLXV
NJMGNVL]+NTK
NTHOKJGV`NMN
ONH)NK=LOVL]+NNIRUQV>NDV[V$
39

NJM 2NLK G\KION

lEHkouh; dfBukb;ksa dks ns[kuk

JHGN6XOVO(+NRXK>NUMNVDYN6MGNR9NVDGNVQV>NOGUVJ6DYN6M
PXHVDOVG6OVFSIXG\UVJ6D?

vifjiDo fo'oklh
¾ MN7 GK HNXIOGUN M>NXV GV FWN@ †HVMK OVRGNE=Ê
RN\KHNXIOGUNM>NXVRN\VY[TRV$
¾ NNIH=GLMDLMNYNVDGVON)NS\XVRN\VYN6MEXLMDLMNYNVD
GV ON)N\NV[NDV LMNN6DOWHNXV GKGNVI
N
NGMXV RN\V
Y[TRV$
¾ HN8UN@HIJHNYN6M>NTQGKP8XIUGKSNJM>NXVRN\V
Y[TTRV$
¾ JHNMV L]+NT HOKJK
NT LMNX\[NXV GV FWNLV]IMU
Y[TRNVD LMNX\[NXVYN6MP8JDVFNRNQVXVJVUT\NV[NVD GNV
P5ONIJU GMXV RN\V$ J QNRN GMXV RN\V IG \NV[
GVR\GHN LV]IMUY[TRVLMYLXNNXGVI8Q]UGMVD@
EOL]GNMY8OVRGNVDOVYN
NKNLNXVGVHN[=HVDGNR9
FXXN$
¾
NJM 2NLK LIMRU=X GK IW(HVQNMK YN6M Y[TRVLX GN
>NUMNHNV\\VXVGVI\YIX31TGY[TRV$
¾ †LMHV
RMGVMN7GKHNXIOGUNÊGVJNVXVGVXNHLM
Y8Y[TRNVDGVON)NIM
UNXM>NXVRN\V@LMDUTRN/URHVD
YLXV /RN)N=LZN= GN=HNVD GNV FNRNQVUV J6D$JL]N
IXI
SUJ6 IGGT1\NV[Y8Y[TRNVD GKONQ[KGN
[\U\N+NP%NUVJ6DYN6MYLXVJKIJUGNVFNRNQVUVJ6D$
LMDUT@ LIML'R Y[TRV EO FNU GNV LJSNX \VD[V YN6M
FTIHNXKYN6MIRRVGGVON)NEXL]NONVDGNVQZMGMVD[V@
40
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

YN6MYLXV kQNVD GNV EOL]GNMGV YLMNNNVD OV FSND

M>NVD[V$
vxqos gksus ds ukrs [kqn ds fy, ejus dh rS;kjh] vkSj cgqr
le> vkSj ijes'oj ds jkT; dh c<+ksrjh dh bPNk dh gesa
vko';drk gksxh] ctk, blds fd ge viuh dyhfl;k vkSj
lsodkbZ dks c<+kok nsaA

vifjiDo fo'oklh
¾ WNVIR
RNOKYLXVYNLHVDIXHFXN\VUVJ6DYN6M
NJM2NLK
G\KION HVD E=
RMK 2R/)NN GN P<\D"NX GMUV J6D$ JHVD
OJNV[GK+NNRXNYN6MMN7GKHNXIOGUNGNVL]NV5ONJXQVXN
J6@LMDUTEOGNHU\FJXJKDIGJHIR
RNIONVDGNVYNI5HG
Y[TRNVD YN6MG\KIONE=L]
NNOXGVL]IUFNEF\YNNNIMUIW(HVQNMK
GNP<\D"NXGMXVGKYXTHIUQDV$
¾ LMHV
RM`NMNIXT'UY[TRNVD GVL]IUIRQ]NJV KFXXVRN\VIR
RNOK@
W6OVIGJNXXVHZONGVIRMNVNHVDIRQ]NVJIGNNYF
NN\NVH
XVQNcQGVIRMNVNHVDIRQ]NVJIGN$JHDVVOVIR
RNOKSNIJWNV
JNV
NZGVOHNXHZONGVL]IUNQNcQGVOHNX
NNc\GV
L]IUR4NQNMKM>NUVJ6D$
¾ YLXV P5ONJGKRWJOV IFXNFTIHNXKYN6MLIML'RUNOV
GNHGMXVRN\VIR
RNOKGKYXTISUUMKGNVDOVY8\NV[O5
GNE8GNMGMQVUVJ6D$
fo'okfl;ksa dks ijes'oj ds opu esa vkSj vkRek ds dk;Z ds
izdk'ku esa n`<+ cqfu;kn dh vko';drk gksxhA

fuEufyf[kr iqLrd ds okpu dh flQkfj'k dh tkrh gS %

†IGD[0HIF<0O=Ê YN:\LKL<OSS=Y:0YNc9MKW@F6D[\NVMGN
HT…UL]GN
NXJ6$
41

NJM 2NLK G\KION

izkFkZuk
ifo= yksxksa ds mn; ds fy, izkFkZuk
IL]ILUN@JHK
NTGVXNHOVJHNMV
NJMGKHOKJKH0\KGVI\
L]N)N=XNGMUVJ6D$JHL]N)N=XNGMUVJ6DIGIR
RNOKP%>N0VJNDVWNVJM
+N\VGN=GVI\LZN=LOVU6NMIG[J6D$JHJHNMV
NJMGV
IR
RNIONVDGVI\L]N)N=XNGMUVJ6DIGRVOFFNUNDVHVDK
NTGVOHNX
FXXVJVUT>N0VJNVD$JHL]N)N=XNGMUVJ6DIGIR
RNOKJM/)NNXNVDHVD
LN%
NN\NYNVD@GN:\VWNDV@OMGNMKQ…UMNVD@O0GNVDLM@IX[HGNN=\NVD
YN6M>NV\GZQGVH6QNXNVDHVDIS8J@SH5GNMNVDYN6MYN
S=GHNV=DGNVL][9
GMVD UNIG\NV[WNX\VDIGK
NTO3SNJ6YN6MRVPOLMIR
RNO
GMXV \[VD[V$
'kgj O;kih dyhfl;k dh ,drk vkSj mn; ds fy,
izkFkZuk
ILUN@JHJHNMV
NJMHVD@
NJM2NLKG\KIONHVDYN5HNGKGUN
GV I\L]N)N=XNGMUV J6D$JHL]N)N=XNGMUV J6D IGJHNMV
NJMGV
HOKJKY[TRVYN5HNHVDHWFZUGUNGV/)NNXLMYND$JHL]N)N=XN
GMUV J6D IGJGUNJHNMV
NJMGV O+NKIR
RNIONVD HDV LJTDSXV
LN$JHL]N)N=XNGMUVJ6DIGJHNMV
NJMGKHOKJKH0\KHWFZU
JNV@LIR YN5HNGKONH)N=HVD>N0KJNVYN6MJHNMV
NJMHVDK
NTHOKJ
GVOTOHNSNMGVON)NL]RV
NGMV$
'kgj esa iszfjrksa vkSj Hkfo";}Drkvksa ds mn; ds fy,
izkFkZuk
L]+NT@JHL]N)N=XNGMUVJ6D IGJHNMV
NJMHVD O3SVLVI] MUYN6M+NIR`'UN
PQJNDV$JHL]N)N=XNGMUVJ6DIGYNLVOVLV]IMUYN6M+NIR`'UNYNVD
GNV>N0NGMVDIWXGVLNOEO
NJMHVDYNLGKG\KIONGVI\
42
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

kQYN6M
NJMGVFQ\NRGKE31NJNV$JHL]N)N=XNGMUVJ6DIGRV
XH]UNYN6MON6(UNGKO3SKYN5HNGVON)NS\VD$JHL]N)N=XNGMUV
J6D IG RV G\KION YN6M I0XN:IHXV
N8O GK OKHNYNVD OV LMV G
PQaQV
GV ON)NIR
RNIONVD GV ONHTIJGL]NONVD GNV XVUC5RL]QNX
GMXVGKIW(HVQNMK/RKGNMGMDV EOGNPQaQV
JJ6IGYNLGN
MN7
NJMHVDYNYN6MYNLGKE31NLZMKJNV$
JHVOVGE=LV]IMUNVDYN6M+NIR`'UNYNVDGVI\L]N)N=XNGMUVJ6DWNV
JHNMV
NJM GK IRI+N8X [IUIRINNVD HVD OJ+NN[K JNVD UNIG ODLZN=
G\KIONHVDLIMRU=XYN$JHL]N)N=XNGMUVJ6DIGYNLP8JVDYNLGV
\NV[NVDGVI\ILUNGNO3SNkQL]QNXGMVD[V$

'kgj ds ifjorZu ds fy, izkFkZuk

L]+NT@JHL]N)N=XNGMUVJ6DIGJHNMV
NJMGNPNMJNV$JHNMKE31N
J6IGJHNMV
NJMGV\N>NNVD\NV[L]+NTK
NTHOKJHVDPNMQNG
IR
RNO\ND$JHNMN
NJMJMMKIUOVFQ\WN YNI5HG@X6IUG@
YN6MWKRXGVJMLJ\THVD$
JHK
NTGVXNHOVJL]N)N=XNGMUVJ6D$
YNHKX

43
 vkWy ihiYl ppZ ds izfrHkkxh
/)NNXKG\KIONGVLHVDODLZN=+NNMUQV
NHVD@IR
NVNGMP¿NM+NNMUHVD
OTOHNSNML]SNMGMXVGV`NMNYN:\LKL<OSS=YLXKOKHNYNVDGVLNMOVRN
GMUNJ6POGNHT>\^ÑYÐY[TRNVDGNVQCGMXN@ÑFÐWRNXNVDGNVOVRN
GVI\OTOI7WUGMXNYN6MÑGÐHOKJGKQVJGKP8XIUGMXNJ6$ODLZ N=
RN=+NMWRNXNVD@YN6MLNOFNXNVD U)NNOVRGNVD GV I\GE= L]I
N^NNGN=HNVD
YN6MLNOFNXNVD GKHJNO+NNYNVD GNYNNVWXIGNWNUNJ6$EOGV Y\NRN@
RSXHVD YN6MYN5HNHVD IR
RNIONVD GKP8XIUGMXVGVPQaQV
OVYD[V]WKU)NN
Y8GE=+NNMUK+NNNNYNVD HVD LT/UGNVD GKGE=JWNMNVD L]IUNDIRXNHZ<IRUMKU
GKWNUKJ6$D
IWXFNUNVD GKYNVMLMHV
RMJHNMKY[TRNE= GMMJNJ6 POGV I\GN4K
L6ONVD GKWMUJNVUKJ6$JHYNLGNVIXHDI UGMUVJ6D IGGOHGK
+NVD9NHNIOGHQQ+NVWGMYNI)N=GLOVJHNMVON)N+NN[KQNMFXVD$QV
N
+NMHVDJHNMVEOGN=HVDJHNMKOJNUNGMXVJVUTYNLGV`NMN+NVWK[E=GNVE=
+NKMGHOMNJXKJNV[K$
YNLYLXK+NV9D †YN:\LKL<OSS=@F6[ D \NVMÊGVXNHOVSVG#F6GD 0‘N…9GV
WIMJHNMVYN:I4OGVLUVLM+NVWOGUVJ6$D Y8)NNYNLYLXNNV[QNX
OKNVJHNMVF6DG>NNUVGKWNXGNMK\VGMOKNVF6DGHDVWHNGMOGUVJ6D$
ÑfLNEOFNUGNVNXHVD M>NVD YN:\LKL<OSS=GVLNO4OKYNM
LMHK9XJKDJ6@YUJHGVR\+NNMUKXN[IMGNVD OVF6GD NV[QNXLNOGUV
J6$D IQYNLSNJUVJ6@D UNVQNX+NVWUVOH@YNL/L9LOVJI\>N
OGUVJ6D IGLKOKGKIGOOVRGNE=GVI\YNLYLXVQNX+NVWXNSNJUV
J6D$Ð
F6G
D >NNUVGNXNHYN:\LKL<OSS=
>NNUN HNDG  
YN4OOKHNDG CITI
F6G
D  Citibank N.A., 506-507, Level 5, Prestige Meridian 2, # 30, M.G. Road,
Bangalore - 560 001
POKUMJ@fLNWF+NKJNV OGV@JHVD YN6MJHNMKOVRGNE= GNV L]N)N=XNHVD
/HMNM>NVD$/kU;okn vkSj ijes'oj vkidks vk'kh"k nsA
44
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

vkWy ihiYl ppZ ds izdk'ku

FQ\NR LIM
NGMXVRN\VGKYN[
YLXKFT\NJ9OVOH!N6UNXGMVD 2I'U[UYN6MLKINVDGVF8XNVD
YN
NNX1NV0VD GNVUNV0XN
LMHV
RMGVPtV
NVDGNVW8HQVXN YNLGVWKRXGVI\LMHV
RMGV
PQaQV
GNVLJSNXXN
LMHV
RMG+N\NLMHV
RMJ6
MN7GNIXHN=NGMXVRN\V
LMHV
RMGNRSX
>NT\NJTYN/R[=
O3SNE=
JHHOKJHDVGN6XJ6D
JHNMN1T9GNMN
E=
RMKfLN
OHL=NGKONH)N=
LMHV
RMGNMN7
JHI+N8XJ6D

NJM2NLKG\KIONHVDE=
RMK
GN=/)N\LMHIJ\ND 2R/)NN
WN[CIUHVDG\KION HXGKWKU
L]5VGGNHGNGOH W0LMGT<JN0KM>NXN
YNI5HGHXOVLIMLZN=YN6MLC)RK LMHV
RMGKPLI/)NIU
LMFTIHNX GNHGVL]IUFNEF\GNMR6N
LIR N\NV[NVDGNVIOFXNXN .NX@L]GN
NYN6MONH)N=GN
YLXVLN/9MGKG6OVOJNUNGMVVD YN5HN
G\JMIJUWKRXWKXN Y8Y8+NNNNYNVDHVDFNV\XVGV
GRN/UIRG/)NNXWNV/R[= YQ+NTU\N+N
GJ\NUNJ6 L]NSKXIS8J

PL=T'UO+NKLT/UGNVDGVLK0K4OD/GMNIX
NT<G0NcX\NV0GVI\JHNMVSS=RVFONE=9
LMPL\&NJ6D$EXHVDOVGE=LT/UGVDY8+NNNNYNVDHVD+NKPL\&NJ6D$EXLT/UGNVDGKIX
NT<G
L]IUNDL]N,UGMXVJVUTfLNJHOVE= HV\N0NG`NMNODLG=GMVD$
MIRRNMGVODQV
NGVHLKYN:I0NVIMGNI0=D[@U)NNGN:8É8OYN6MJHNMV[N:09K2JKGN=H
AI\IRD[/9‘ND[ GVIRI0NVIMGNI0=D[GNVOTXXVNQV>NXVGVI\JHNMVRVFONE=9GNV+NVD9QVD$

45
 ckbcy dkWyst
IR
ROXKRDNV;/ KYN6MLTNNVDGNVOTOI7WUGMXV@L]I
NI^NUGMXVYN6M+NNMU
U)NNY8QV
NNVDHVDOVRNJVUT+NVWXVGVPQaQV
OVYN:[/9HVDYN:\LKL<OSS=
FNEF\GN:\VWRDIHIX/9‘K9‘VIXD[OV89MÑAPC - BC& MTCÐGK/)NNLXNGK
[E=@UNIG[NDRNVD@X[MNDVYN6M
NJMNVDGNVK
NTHOKJGVI\L]+NNIRUIGNWNOGV$
APC - BC& MTC nks dk;ZØe iznku djrk gS %
➢ QNVON\GNckbcy dkWystGN=HLZN=GN\KXIR_NI)N=NVDGVI\J6YN6M
P5f9I
N^NNGVON)NYNI5HGYN6M2RJNIMGOVRNL]I
N^NNL]QNXGMUNJ6$
QNVRNK=GN=HLZMNGMXVGVFNQIR_NI)N=NVDGNVfMIyksek bu fFk;ksykWth
vW.M fØf'p;u fefuLVªh ÑDip. Th.& CMÐL]QNXGKWN[K$
➢ L]VI'9G\IHIX/9‘K9‘VIXD[FNEF\GN:\VWGVPXLQaRKNMNVDGVI\J6WNV
2RJNIMGL]I
N^NNLNXNSNJUV J6D$GNQNV ON\LZMNGMXV RN\NVD GNV
lfVZfQdsV bu izsfDVdy fefuLVªh L]QNXIGNWN[NWNVPXGVL]I
N^NN
GN\GNVQ
NN=UNJ6$
G^NNDYD[]VWKHVDJNVUKJD6$JHNMVLNOL]I
NI^NUU)NNYI+NN'UI
N^NGJ6D$
EOGVYIUIM'U@OXHVD@SN(LNII
SXJN:I/L9\GKOJ+NNI[UNOVJHXV
SN(LN@15UKO[HVDYLXVL])NHY<LGN\KXÑHJKXVÐGN=HGNODSN\X
IGN$JHXVEOGN:\VWOVIR_I)N=NVDGNVL]I
NI^NUIGN$

46
LIR \NV[NVD GNV IOFXNXN

D;k vki ml ijes'oj dks tkurs gaS

tks vkidks I;kj djrk gS\
yxHkx 2000 o"kZ igys ijes'oj bl lalkj esa ,d euq"; cudj vk,A mudk uke
;h'kq gSA mUgksaus iw.kZ ikijfgr thou th;kA pw¡fd ;h'kq ekuo :i esa ijes'oj Fks] mUgksaus
tks dqN dgk vkSj fd;k mlds }kjk gekjs le{k ijes'oj dks izdV fd;kA mUgksaus tks
opu dgs os ijes'oj ds gh opu FksA tks dk;Z mUgksaus fd;s os ijes'oj ds dk;Z FksA
;h'kq us cgqr ls peRdkj bl i`Foh ij fd;sA mUgksaus chekjksa vkSj ihfM+rksa dks paxk fd;kA
vaèkksa dks vka[ksa nha] cfgjksa ds dku [kksys] yaxM+ksa dks pyk;k vkSj gj izdkj dh chekjh
vkSj jksx dks paxk fd;kA mUgksaus peRdkj djds dqN jksfV;ksa ls cgqrksa dks [kkuk f[kyk;k
FkkA rwiQku dks 'kkUr fd;k vkSj vU; cgqr ls vn~Hkqr dke fd,A
;s lHkh dk;Z gekjs le{k ;g izdV djrs gSa fd ijes'oj ,d Hkyk ijes'oj
gS tks ;g pkgrk fd euq"; Bhd] LoLFk vkSj izlUu jgsaA ijes'oj euq";ksa dh
lHkh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djuk pkgrk gSA
ijes'oj us ekuo cudj bl i`Foh ij vkus dk fu'p; D;ksa fd;k\ ;h'kq bl lalkj
esa D;ksa vk,\
ge lcus iki fd;k gS vkSj ,sls dke fd, gSa tks ijes'oj ds le{k xzg.k ;ksX; ugha
gaS ftlus gesa cuk;k gSA iki ds ifj.kke gksrs gSaA iki ,d cM+h nhokj dh rjg ijes'oj
vkSj gekjs chp esa [kM+h gSA iki gesa ijes'oj ls vyx djrk gSA og geas mls tkuus
vkSj mlls vFkZiw.kZ lEcUèk LFkkfir djus ls jksdrk gS ftlus gesa cuk;k gSA vr% geesa
ls cgqr ls yksx bl [kkyhiu dks vU; oLrqvkas ls Hkjuk pkgrs gSaA
gekjs ikiksa dk ,d vkSj ifj.kke ;g gS fd ge ijes'oj ls lnk ds fy, nwj jgrs
gSaA ijes'oj ds U;k;ky; esa iki dk n.M e`R;q gSA e`R;q ijes'oj ls lnk ds fy, vyxko
gS tks gesa udZ esa fcrkuk iM+sxkA
ijUrq 'kqHk lekpkj ;g gS fd ge iki ls eqDr gksdj ijes'oj ls lEcUèk j[k ldrs
gSaA ckbcy dgrh gS] ^^iki dh etnwjh (Hkqxrku) rks e`R;q gS] ijUrq ijes'oj
dk ojnku gekjs izHkq elhg ;h'kq esa vuUr thou gS** (jksfe;kas 6%23)A ;h'kq us
lkjs lalkj ds ikiksa ds fy, ewY; pqdk;k tc mlus Øwl ij vius izk.k fn;sA rc rhljs
fnu og thfor gks x,] cgqrksa dks mUgksaus vius vkidks thfor fn[kk;k vkSj rc og
okil LoxZ pys x,A
ijes'oj izse vkSj n;k dk ijes'oj gSA og ugha pkgrk fd dksbZ Hkh udZ esa uk'k gksA
blfy, og vk;k rkfd lkjh ekuo tkfr dks iki ls NqVdkjs vkSj mlds vuUr ifj.kkeksa
47
ls cpk ldsA og ikfi;ksa dks cpkusμ vki vkSj eq> tSls yksxksa dks iki vkSj vuUr
e`R;q ls cpkus vk;k FkkA
iki dh fu'kqYd {kek izkIr djus ds fy, ckbcy gesa crkrh gS fd gesa dsoy ,d
dke djuk gSμtks dqN mlus Øwl ij fd;k mls Lohdkj djuk vkSj ml ij iw.kZ ân;
ls fo'okl djuk gSA
tks dksbZ ml ij fo'okl djsxk] mldks mlds uke ds }kjk ikiksa dh {kek feysxh
(izsfjrksa ds dke 10%43)A
;fn rw vius eqag ls ;h'kq dks izHkq tkudj vaxhdkj djs vkSj vius eu ls fo'okl
djs] fd ijes'oj us mls ejs gqvksa esa ls ftyk;k] rks rw fu'p; m¼kj ik,xk
(jksfe;kas 10%9)A
vki Hkh vius ikiksa dh {kek vkSj muls NqVdkjk ik ldrs gSa ;fn vki izHkq elhg
ij fo'okl djsaA
fuEufyf[kr ,d lkèkj.k izkFkZuk gS rkfd blls vkidks ;g iQSlyk djus esa vkSj izHkq
;h'kq elhg ds }kjk vkids fy, fd, Øwl ds dk;Z ij fo'okl djus esa lgk;rk dj
ldsA ;g izkFkZuk vkidh lgk;rk djsxh fd vki ;h'kq ds dk;Z dks Lohdkj djds vius
ikiksa dh {kek vkSj muls NqVdkjk ik ldsaA ;g izkFkZuk ek=k ,d ekxZnf'kZdk gSA vki
vius 'kCnksa esa Hkh izkFkZuk dj ldrs gSa %
fiz; izHkq ;h'kq] vkt eSaus le>k gS fd vkius esjs fy, Øwl ij D;k fd;k FkkA vki
esjs fy, ekjs x,! vkius viuk cgqewY; jDr cgk;k vkSj esjs ikiksa dh dher pqdkbZ
rkfd eq>s ikiksa dh {kek feysA ckbcy eq>s crkrh gS fd tks dksbZ vki esa fo'okl
djrk gS mls mldks ikiksa dh {kek feyrh gSA
vkt eSa vkiesa fo'okl djus vkSj tks dqN vkius esjs fy, fd;k gS] mldks Lohdkj
djus dk iQSlyk djrk gw¡] fd vki Øwl ij ekjs x, vkSj fiQj thfor gks x,A eSa
tkurk gw¡ fd eSa vius vkidks vPNs dkeksa ds }kjk ugha cpk ldrk gw¡A eSa vius ikiksa
dh {kek dek ugha ldrk gw¡A
vkt eSa vius ân; esa fo'okl djrk gw¡ vkSj eq¡g ls dgrk gw¡ fd vki esjs fy, ekjs
x,A vkius esjs ikiksa dk n.M pqdk;kA vki e`rdksa esa ls thfor gks x, vkSj vkiesa
fo'okl djus ds }kjk eSa vius ikiksa dh {kek vkSj iki ls NqVdkjk izkIr djrk gw¡A
izHkq ;h'kq èkU;oknA esjh lgk;rk djsa fd eSa vkidks izse dj ldw¡A vkidks vkSj vfèkd
tku ldw¡ vkSj vkids izfr fo'okl;ksX; jg ldw¡A vkehu!

48