Week 2 - Day 2

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 −1
Illustrate limits involving , , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 using table of values.
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
OBJECTIVES
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 −1
 Evaluate limits of trigonometric functions , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim .
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡

WHAT I KNOW
 Evaluate
1. sin(00 ) 3. tan(00 ) 𝜋
5. cos (3 )
2. cos(00 ) 4. sin ( 3 )
𝜋 𝜋
6. tan ( 3 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 −1
Table of values is one of the method of showing the limits of , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim .
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
A. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒚= 𝒚=
𝒙 𝒙
-1 0.841470985 1 0.841470985
-0.5 0.958851077 0.5 0.958851077
-0.25 0.989615837 0.25 0.989615837
-0.1 0.998334166 0.1 0.998334166
-0.01 0.999983333 0.01 0.999983333
-0.001 0.99999833 0.001 0.99999833
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Therefore, lim− =1 Therefore, lim+ =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Since lim− = 1 and lim+ = 1, therefore lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
B. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒚= 𝒚=
𝒙 𝒙
-1 -0.459697694 1 0.459697694
-0.5 -0.244834876 0.5 0.244834876
-0.25 -0.124350313 0.25 0.124350313
-0.1 -0.049958347 0.1 0.049958347
-0.01 -0.004999958 0.01 0.004999958
-0.001 -0.0005 0.001 0.0005
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Therefore, lim− 𝑥 = 0 Therefore, lim+ 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Since lim− = 0 and lim+ = 0, therefore lim =0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −1
C. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝒙 𝑒𝑥 − 1 𝒙 𝑒𝑥 − 1
𝑦= 𝑦=
𝑥 𝑥
-1 0.632120559 1 0.632120559
-0.5 0.786938681 0.5 0.786938681
-0.25 0.884796868 0.25 0.884796868
-0.1 0.951625820 0.1 0.951625820
-0.01 0.995016625 0.01 0.995016625
-0.001 0.999500167 0.001 0.999500167
𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑥 −1
Therefore, lim− =1 Therefore, lim+ =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑥 −1
Since lim− = 1 and lim+ = 1, therefore lim = 1.
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
WHAT’S NEW
sin 3𝑥
1. Evaluate lim .
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 3𝑥 sin 3(0) sin(0) 0
 By direct substitution, lim = (0)
= = 0.
𝑥→0 𝑥 (0)
𝑡
 Let 𝑡 = 3𝑥 so 𝑥 = 3. If x approaches 0, then t = 3x also approaches 0. Thus,
 sin 3𝑥 sin 𝑡
= lim 𝑡 lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑡→0
3
3 sin 𝑡 sin 𝑡
= lim = (lim 3) (lim ) = (3)(1) = 𝟑.
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡→0 𝑡
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥
2. Evaluate lim 6𝑥 .
𝑥→0
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠5(0) 1−cos(0) 1−1 0
 By direct substitution, lim = = = = .
𝑥→0 6𝑥 6(0) 6(0) (0) 0
𝑡
 Let 𝑡 = 5𝑥 so 𝑥 = 5. If x approaches 0, then t = 5x also approaches 0. Thus,
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
lim = lim 𝑡
𝑥→0 6𝑥 𝑡→0 6(5)

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 5 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 5 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 5

= lim 6𝑡 = lim [6 ( )] = (lim 6) (lim ( )) = (6) (0) = 𝟎.
𝑡→0 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡
5 𝑡→0
sin(𝑥−1)
3. Evaluate lim .
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1
sin(𝑥−1) sin(1−1) sin(0) 0
 By direct substitution, lim .= = = 0.
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1 (1)2−1 0
 Let 𝑡 = 𝑥 − 1 so 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 1. If x approaches 1, then t = x-1 approaches 0. Thus,
sin(𝑥 − 1) sin(𝑥 − 1) sin(𝑡)
lim = lim = lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑡→0 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑡→0 ((𝑡 + 1) + 1)𝑡
sin(𝑡) 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 𝟏
= lim = (lim ) (lim )=( ) (1) = .
𝑡→0 (𝑡 + 2)𝑡 𝑡→0 (𝑡 + 2) 𝑡→0 𝑡 0+2 𝟐
1−𝑒 2𝑥
4. Evaluate lim .
𝑥→0 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 +𝑥
1−𝑒 2𝑥 1−𝑒 (2)(0) 0
 By direct substitution, lim 𝑥𝑒𝑥 +𝑥. = 0(𝑒)0 +0 0
== .
𝑥→0
1−𝑒 2𝑥 1−𝑒 2𝑥 (1+𝑒 𝑥 )(1−𝑒 𝑥 ) (1−𝑒 𝑥 ) −(𝑒 𝑥 −1) (𝑒 𝑥 −1)
 lim 𝑥𝑒𝑥 +𝑥 = lim 𝑥(𝑒𝑥 +1) = lim = lim = lim = (lim −1) (lim )
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥(𝑒 𝑥 +1) 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥
 (−1)(1) = −1
WHAT’S MORE
tan(3x)
1. Evaluate lim𝜋 𝜋 .
𝑥→ 𝑥−
3 3
𝜋
tan(3x) tan(3( )) tan π 0
 By direct substitution, lim𝜋 𝜋 = 𝜋 𝜋
3
= = .
𝑥→ 𝑥− − 0 0
3 3 3 3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
 Let = 𝑥 − 3 , so 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 3 . If x approaches 3 , then t approaches 0. Thus,
𝜋
tan(3x) tan[3(𝑡+ )] tan(3t+π)
lim𝜋 𝜋 = lim 3
= lim ( Apply Sum Identities foe Tangent )
𝑥→ 𝑥− 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡
3 3
tan 3𝑡 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛π
tan(3t + π) 1 − (tan 3𝑡)(𝑡𝑎𝑛π) 1 tan 3𝑡 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛π 1 tan 3𝑡 + 0
lim = lim = lim [ ( )] = lim [ ( )]
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡 1 − (tan 3𝑡)(𝑡𝑎𝑛π) 𝑡→0 𝑡 1 − (tan 3𝑡)(0)
1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
lim [ (𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑡)] = lim [ ] = (lim ) (lim ), Note: lim = 1, solve for lim .
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 𝑢
 In lim , let 𝑢 = 3𝑡, so 𝑡 = 3 . If t approaches 0, then u approaches 0.
𝑡→0 𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
 Hence, lim = lim 𝑢 = lim (3 ) = (lim 3) (lim ) = (3)(1) = 3.
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑢→0 𝑢→0 𝑢 𝑢→0 𝑢→0 𝑢
3
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
 Therefore, from (lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡) (lim ) = (1)(3) = 𝟑.
𝑡→0 𝑡→0 𝑡

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
 lim =1 lim =0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

WHAT I CAN DO
Evaluate the following.
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥−1
1. lim 2. lim 3. lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−3 4. lim 5. lim
𝑡→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑥→0 2𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

ANSWER KEY
What I Know What I Can Do
ξ3 1 1 1
1. 0 2. 1 3. 0 4. 5. 2 6. ξ3 1. 0 2. 2 3. − 3 4. 4 5. 0
2