AUTOMATIC SOLAR IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Submitted towards the partial fulfilment

Of the requirement for the award of degree
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF:

DR. KULDEEP CHOUDHARY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

PROJECT COORDINATOR:
DR. VIVEK SRIVASTAVA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

SUBMITTED BY:
ADITI GOPAL SHIVANI RAWAT SIMRAN ANEJA
(170103011) (170103050) (170103054)
B.TECH-ECE B.TECH-ECE B.TECH-ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS AND COMM.

ENGINEERING

DIT UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly indebted to my project supervisor, Dr. KULDEEP CHOUDHARY (Assistant

Professor) for his kind support and guidance without which this thesis would not been
possible. His untiring encouragement has always been endless source of motivation for me.

I would like to take this opportunity to pay my sincere thanks to Dr. Sonika Singh (Head,
Department of EECE) who allowed me to carry out this project and provided me with her
valuable guidance and suggestion.

I would like to give my sincere thanks and regards to Dr. Vivek Kumar Srivastava (B.Tech
ECE Final Year Project Coordinator) who has always provided me the moral support for
completing this wok.

I would like to dedicate this work to my parents and my all friends who has always supported
me in motivational way towards understanding the life and the importance of work.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank friends whose toilsome efforts, constant
inspiration and affection helped me to complete this work.

Signature:
ADITI GOPAL SHIVANI RAWAT SIMRAN ANEJA
Roll No. 170103011 Roll No. 170103050 Roll No. 170103054
B.Tech (ECE) B.Tech (ECE) B.Tech (ECE)

ii
 DIT UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the project report entitled
“AUTOMATIC SOLAR IRRIGATION SYSTEM” partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, is an authentic evidence of my own
work under the supervision of DR. KULDEEP CHOUDHARY, Assistant Professor, Department
of Electrical and Electronics and Communication Engineering, DIT University, Dehradun.

(ADITI GOPAL) (SHIVANI RAWAT) (SIMRAN ANEJA)

Roll No. 170103011 Roll No. 170103024 Roll No. 170106072

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the
best of our knowledge

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No
Acknowledgement i
Candidate’s Declaration ii
List of Figures iii
List of Tables iv
List of Abbreviations v
Abstract vi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-3

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objective
1.3 Problem Statement
CHAPTER 2: SOLAR TRACLER 4-20
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Solar tracking system
2.3 Circuit Diagram
2.4 Components Required
2.4.1 Wires
2.4.2 Soldering Set
2.4.3 Battery
2.4.4 Arduino Uno
2.4.4.1 Understanding Arduino Uno
2.4.4.2 Features Of Arduino Board
2.4.4.3 pin Description
2.4.4.4 Applications
2.4.5 Servo Motor
2.4.5.1 Working of Servo Motor
2.4.6 LDR or Photo Detector
2.4.7 Bread Board
2.4.7.1 Breadboarding Tips
2.4.8 Solar Panel
2.4.8.1 How do Solar Panel work
2.4.9 Resistor
2.4.10 Working Of Solar Tracker

CHATER 3: AUTO IRRIGATION SYSTEM 21-29

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Circuit diagram
3.3 Components required
3.3.1 Soil Moisture Senor Module

iv
 3.3.2 4 Channel Relay Board
3.3.2.1 Features
3.3.2.2 Relay Load
3.3.2.3 Connection
3.3.3 Screw Driver
3.3.4 Solar Panel
3.3.5 Wires
3.3.6 Arduino Uno
3.3.6.1 General Pin Functions
3.3.7 Sensitivity Module
3.3.8 Cooler Motor
3.4 Working of circuit
3.5 Applications
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 30
4.1 Conclusion
4.2 future scope
References 31

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Page No

Fig 1.1 Solar Panel used for Irrigation Purpose 3

Fig 2.1 Circuit diagram of Solar Tracker 5
Fig 2.2 Jumper Wires 6
Fig 2.3 Soldering Machine 6
Fig 2.4 Battery 7
Fig 2.5 Arduino Uno 8
Fig 2.6 Microcontroller 11
Fig 2.7 Servo Motor 13
Fig 2.8 LDR or Photo Diode 14
Fig 2.9 Bread Board 14
Fig 2.10 Internal Structure of Bread Board 15
Fig 2.11 Solar Panel 16
Fig 2.12 Working Of Solar Panel 17
Fig 2.13 100K Resistor 18
Fig 2.14 Model Of Solar Tracker 20
Fig 3.1 Irrigation Using Soil Sensor 22
Fig 3.2 Circuit Diagram Of Automatic Irrigation Using Soil Sensor 22
Fig 3.3 Soil Sensor Module 23
Fig 3.4 Circuit of Soil Moisture Sensor 23
Fig 3.5 4 Channel Relay Connection 24
Fig 3.6 Screw Driver 25
Fig 3.7 9V Solar Panel 26
Fig 3.8 Jumper Wires 26
Fig 3.9 Arduino Uno 25
Fig 3.10 Sensitivity Module 27
Fig 3.11 Cooler Motor 27
Fig 3.12 Working Model of Automatic Irrigation Using Soil Sensor 29

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 ABSTRACT

Rural areas do now no longer have the direct utility grids or assessing the grid may not be
feasible. Direct access to an electric powered powered electricity will now now no longer be
feasible. In this type of situation the accessibility of rich solar irradiance indicates the most
capability solar electricity. For the use of solar electricity, Photovoltaic (PV) off-grid solar
machine will be the feasible solution for the irrigation machine.
The important aim of the art work is to enlarge an automatic irrigation machine with the
resource of the usage of the use of photovoltaic panels.   Humidity and temperature sensors
are carried out to check the soil and air, respectively, it really is required to carry out the
water pump an amazing manner to preserve the proper irrigation conditions. The pump can
be operated with the resource of the usage of the photovoltaic machine.
A microcontroller machine will song the location of the sun and is carried out to preserve the
perpendicular a few of the sun and the photovoltaic panels. The experimental studies has
been achieved to study the general overall performance of the tracking machine.   The very
last outcomes of the experimentation validates the manage of the irrigation machine. This
undertaking introduces an Automatic Smart Solar Irrigation System (ASSIS) that avoids the
dangers and limitations of modern-day traditional irrigation systems, especially nonuniform
distribution of water to all vegetation and ingesting unnecessary portions of water and
electricity. The undertaking is designed to be every water and electricity efficient, while
being powered with the resource of the usage of solar panels to make it eco-friendly.  
 In addition, it may be carried out each on huge or small scales. A dispensed network of
sensors is used to find out the moisture content material fabric of the soil. These sensors are
connected, wirelessly, to a manage unit that is responsible for every controlling and
monitoring the whole irrigation process, while acting distinct alarming and data
display/logging practical functions. Depending on weather conditions, a desire will be made
regarding the need to irrigate the soil..

vii
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Farmers have constantly performed a good sized position in our society as they offer the
international’s populace with meals. However, one can also additionally neglect about that,
now no longer simplest do they offer meals however additionally they offer power, which
nowadays, is of paramount importance, particularly as in mild of renewable energies. Indeed,
farmers can produce power from the wind, the solar or the biomass and they could use it for
his or her personal farm, or, in the event that they have a surplus, resell it to companies.
 
One of the regions in agriculture that advantages the maximum from sun power is irrigation,
particularly in arid regions. The essential cause is that the use of the solar for irrigation
represents a virtuous circle: while the solar shines, it feeds the irrigation device, properly, we
recognize that vegetation desires greater water while the solar shines a lot. Therefore, a
massive amount of power is to be had while it's miles in reality needed.
 
Solar power is probably one of the simplest methods for farmers to provide power. Indeed,
farmers generally have numerous massive homes whose roofs are at once below the solar,
with out being hindered via way of means of the shadows of the trees, turning them into a
super region to settle a photovoltaic device. Therefore, the usage of sun power in agriculture
is turning into an increasing number of famous and the power created from this renewable
supply may be used both at the farm or withinside the nearby energy grid, offering the farmer
with an extra income. 
 
Recently, speedy developing tendencies in eating power and water, in numerous places, had
been witnessed. Among them are the rural irrigation processes, wherein good sized quantities
of water and power are wasted. Economical irrigation structures were evolved withinside the
past, however they both ended in pricey budgets, or surely used traditional, non-renewable,
reassets of power. Irrigating big-length farms calls for large efforts to preserve all vegetation
properly maintained, in assessment to antique irrigation structures that don’t uniformly
distribute water to all vegetation. Another trouble is the want to robotically test the irrigated
vicinity to carry out required protection and to record desires for fertilization.
 
Since the lifestyles of humans relies upon at the agriculture. There are distinctive forms of a
irrigation device however there are a few issues get up or can be uneconomical. The right
approach is find for to keep away from wastage of water and wherein loss of water is to be
had. Now days there are much less availability of water because of extracting the water from
the earth. Modern era withinside the agriculture will store water which critical in nowadays.
There is likewise load shading issues arises withinside the villages so if once in a while
there's water is to be had however at that point there's no power i.e. load shading. There is
boom in call for of power each day and because of this discount in renewable power reassets.

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For a majority of these issues we've got the great answer of ‘Solar powered irrigation device’.
Solar panel collects the sun radiation from the solar and converts into power to power. From
sun monitoring exquisite performance may be increased. While being maintains waft of water
and transportable sufficient to carry with, into any location (which includes hydroponics
device /inexperienced housing device etc.).We can surest water via way of means of the use
of the sensor and the Ardunio.   
Once the soil has reached the preferred moisture stage, the sensors ship a sign to the
microcontroller to show off the relays, which manage the valves. Drip irrigation proved very
efficient, as it will increase yields and reduces each water necessities and labour cost.
Another device that conserves power, via way of means of decreasing using grid energy, and
conserves water, via way of means of decreasing water losses, become proposed in [2]. This
device makes use of sun power to mechanically pump water from a bore properly at once
right into a floor stage garage tank, relying at the depth of sunlight. A soil moisture sensor is
used to preserve the water via way of means of warding off overflooding of vegetation. This
proposed sun-primarily based totally device consisted of modules for pumping and automated
irrigation.
 
In current days, agriculture area farmers are going through many issues in watering their
plant life to preserve their vegetation inexperienced in summer time season season. It’s due to
the fact they don’t have accurate concept approximately the provision of the energy. Even if
the energy is to be had, they should wait till the pitch is well watered. Thus this system
restricts them to forestall doing different deeds. But, there's a answer, i.e., automated sun
submersible pump manage panel for irrigation. In the trial of sun primarily based totally plant
irrigation the use of submersible pumps, PV cells are used to generate power, that is saved in
rechargeable batteries. These batteries produce energy for the device operation. A
submersible pump controller is used to pump a water from a boor properly to a garage water
tank. Then, the water is drawn via way of means of a submersible pump on the slope’s toe,
wherein the set up sprinklers water the vegetation or plant life.
 
For the irrigation device atomization could be very a great deal critical due to the lack of
water in soil and absence of rain. Automatic irrigation device with sun monitoring is the
opportunity answer for this kind of situation. Agricultural device in international is constantly
in want and relies upon at the presence of water withinside the soil. The non-stop pulling out
of soil water will lessen the moisture stage of the soil. To triumph over this problem meant
irrigation device needs to be followed. The higher usage of the to be had water will lessen the
quantity of wastage of water significantly. For this cause, automated irrigation device is to be
designed so that it will use the sun power.

Distributing the water to the specified place is can be described as irrigation machine. The
kind of machine is used can have a power at the performance of the irrigation. Since
historical times, the existence on the earth is relies upon at the agriculture. The kind of
irrigation machine used can be the device that makes higher agriculture. In the world, many
varieties of irrigation structures are in exercise, in a single or the alternative manner every
irrigation structures have encountering many problems. Actually, there are few

2
contemporary-day irrigation machine which can be in exercise will ordinarily fail in a single
or the alternative manner. The automation withinside the vicinity of irrigation will play a
important job; consequently, engineers warfare to show out with consolidated computerized
gadgets with the give up aim to make complicated structures that help human beings in its
sporting activities so the machine have to procedures itself robotically without a human
mediation.

Fig 1.1 : Solar Panels used for irrigation purpose

1.2 Objective
To make an Automatic Solar Irrigation System that irrigates the soil automatically when it is
dry and the solar panel tracks the sun as well. Using solar panel we are tracking the sunlight
for the irrigation purpose and the soil sensor along with the 4 channel relay is heling for
detecting the moisture in the fields so that there is no wastage of water and timely proving
water in the fields and making the system based on non-renewable resource.

1.3 Problem Statement

 India’s agricultural zone is accountable for the intake of over 18% of general
countrywide energy usage. However, its contribution to the GDP in only over 5%.

 While electric pumps witness overwhelming subsidies, their use is incredibly limited
due to unreliable strength supply. On the opposite hand, the adoption of diesel pumps
has placed undue financial stress on farmers and additionally has an destructive
ecological impact.

3
 Chapter 2
Solar Tracker
2.1 Introduction
The automatic irrigation with solar tracking system receives sun light through photo-voltaic
cells. Therefore this system is not dependent on electric power. This automatic irrigation with
solar tracking system uses solar energy to power the irrigation pump and the circuit
comprises of sensors which will sense the soil for its dry or wet condition. Programmable
logic microcontroller is utilized to control the automatic irrigation system. The sensor
available in the system will detect the level of moisture in soil and provide the signal to the
microcontroller unit connected to the pump. The signal from the sensor received from the
comparator and it is processed by the microcontroller by the use of program stored. The
pump remains off in wet condition of the soil and on in the dry condition.
It is clear that much work has been carried out on the development of automatic irrigation
system. All the automatic irrigation systems consist of the temperature and humidity sensors
which sense the condition of soil and acts accordingly. The signal send by the sensors will be
processed by the microcontrollers. Thus the irrigation system is controlled by the
microcontrollers. The whole system will use the electric power to operate the motor or pump
to maintain the suitable conditions of soil. Irrigation to growing plants will take lot of time
and resources.
The resources may include water, power, human resources etc. Technology advances reduces
the man power but some of the energy is still wasted. One more drawback of the available
automated irrigation system is the use of electric power. In the rural areas there is a lack of
availability of the electric power. With this constraint the use of automated irrigation system
will not be possible in the rural areas. Technology is probably a solution to reduction of costs
and prevents loss of resources. In this background, it intended to use the effective utilization
of the available resources such as sunlight i.e., solar energy. In this work an attempt has been
made to develop the solar tracker to operate the motor/pump. Solar tracker is the system
which tracks the sunlight for solar panels.

2.2 SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

 It seems you cannot walk down the street these days without going for walks over a daylight
primarily based totally board. You can find out them illuminating crosswalk signs,
transportable electricity for development, and moreover simple little walkway direction
lights. Sun primarily based totally is something however clean to utilize, directly accessible,
and inexpensive. So for what cause are not we using it to manipulate our homes? indicates

4
the precept of sun stacking. Generally our ordinary continuously solar orientated cells hold
going for walks at an effectiveness of 18-20%, this means that they convert 18-20% of the
normal get into electricity. While that is a lot higher than the 3-6 fectiveness that maximum
inexperienced plant life land up with, it would not precisely meet our potential needs. To
collect ok electricity we both want to beautify the skill ability of our forums or find out
strategies for purchasing greater from our contemporary solar primarily based totally forums.
Each board you locate on your regular lifestyles is in a settled position, in all possibility
confronting south at a forty five diploma point. While this system is extremely simple and
addresses the problems of maximum little applications, it isn't always turning in as a lot
energy as it may be. The unmarried maximum sincere approach for acquiring greater energy
out of a solar primarily based totally board is to have it song the solar. In truth sun orientated
forums that song the solar make round 30% greater energy each day than a set board. With
that kind of depth increment you would Figure all and sundry might do it, but there are a few
legitimate justifications why it is now no longer excessively normal: (a) setup calls for the
better preliminary price due to many shifting parts, (b) non-stop upkeep because of uncovered
to out of doors environmental situations for the duration of the year, and (c) this gadget calls
for electricity to operate. There are exclusive classifications of cutting-edge sun monitoring
strategies are incorporate, energetic and passive sun monitoring, Chronological sun
monitoring, and Single and Dual axis trackers.  
2.3 Circuit Diagram

Fig 2.1 : Circuit Diagram of solar tracker

The circuit design of solar tracker is simple but setting up the system must be done carefully.

Four LDRs and Four 100KΩ resistors are connected in a voltage divider fashion and the
output is given to 4 Analog input pins of Arduino.

The PWM inputs of two servos are given from digital pins 9 and 10 of Arduino.

5
2.4 Components Required

● Arduino UNO 
● Servo Motor 
● Bread Board
● LDR
● Resistors
● Cardboard
● Solar Panel
● Soldering machine
● Jumper Wires

2.4.1 Wires:

For various connections with different parts of sub system we have used jumper
wires.

Fig 2.2 : Jumper Wires

2.4.2 Soldering Set :

For soldering the jumper wires with the microcontroller and other components
soldering machine is used.

Fig 2.3: Soldering Machine

2.4.3. BATTERY

A battery is a tool consisting of 1 or more electrochemical cells with outside connections

furnished to strength electric gadgets such as flashlights, cell phones, and electric powered
cars. When a battery is supplying electric powered strength, its fantastic terminal is

6
the cathode and its terrible terminal is the anode. The terminal marked terrible is the supply
of electrons in order to waft thru an outside electric powered circuit to the fantastic terminal.
When a battery is attached to an outside electric powered load, a redox response converts
high-strength reactants to lower-strength products, and the free-strength distinction is
introduced to the outside circuit as electric strength.[3] Historically the term "battery" specially
noted a tool composed of more than one cells, but the utilization has developed to consist of
gadgets composed of a unmarried cell.

Fig 2.4 : Battery

2.4.4. Arduino Uno :

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -
incorporates a textual content editor for writing code, a message area, a textual content
console, a toolbar with buttons for not unusual place capabilities and a chain of menus. It
connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to add packages and talk with them.

2.4.4.1 Understanding Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board advanced through Arduino.cc that's an open-

supply electronics platform especially primarily based totally on AVR microcontroller
Atmega328. First Arduino assignment become commenced in Interaction Design Institute
Ivrea in 2003 through David Cuartielles and Massimo Banzi with the aim of offering a
reasonably-priced and bendy manner to college students and expert for controlling some
of gadgets withinside the actual world. The modern-day model of Arduino Uno comes
with USB interface, 6 analog enter pins, 14 I/O virtual ports which can be used to hook
up with outside digital circuits. Out of 14 I/O ports, 6 pins may be used for PWM output.

7
 It lets in the designers to govern and feel the outside digital gadgets withinside the actual
world. This board comes with all of the functions required to run the controller and may
be at once linked to the pc thru USB cable this is used to transfer the code to the
controller the usage of IDE (Integrated Development Environment) software, especially
advanced to application Arduino. IDE is similarly well suited with Windows, MAC or
Linux Systems, however, Windows is preferable to use. Programming languages like C
and C++ are utilized in IDE. Apart from USB, battery or AC to DC adopter also can be
used to energy the board. Arduino Uno forums are pretty much like different forums in
Arduino own circle of relatives in phrases of use and capability, however, Uno forums
don’t include FTDI USB to Serial motive force chip. There are many variations of Uno
forums available, however, Arduino Nano V3 and Arduino Uno are the maximum
respectable variations that include Atmega328 8-bit AVR Atmel microcontroller wherein
RAM reminiscence is 32KB. When nature and capability of the assignment pass
complex, Mirco SD card may be introduced withinside the forums to lead them to shop

extra information.

Fig 2.5 : Arduino Uno

2.4.4.2. Features of Arduino Board

●  Arduino Uno comes with USB interface i.e. USB port is delivered at the board to broaden
serial conversation with the computer.

8
 ●  Atmega328 microcontroller is located at the board that includes some of functions like
timers, counters, interrupts, PWM, CPU, I/O pins and primarily based totally on a 16MHz
clock that enables in generating extra frequency and quantity of commands consistent with
cycle

●  It is an open supply platform in which absolutely everyone can alter and optimize the
board primarily based totally at the quantity of commands and venture they need to achieve.

●  This board comes with a integrated law characteristic which continues the voltage
beneathneath manipulate while the tool is hooked up to the outside tool.

●  Reset pin is delivered withinside the board that reset the entire board and takes the
strolling software withinside the preliminary stage. This pin is beneficial while board hangs
up withinside the center of the strolling software; pushing this pin will clean the whole lot up
withinside the software and begins off evolved this system proper from the beginning.

2.4.4.3 Pin Description

There are numerous I/O virtual and analog pins located at the board which operates at 5V.
These pins include preferred running rankings ranging among 20mA to 40mA. Internal pull-
up resistors are used withinside the board that limits the modern-day exceeding from the
given running conditions. However, an excessive amount of boom in modern-day makes
those resisters vain and damages the device.

 LED.
 Arduino Uno comes with integrated LED that's related via pin 13. Providing HIGH fee to the
pin will flip it ON and LOW will flip it OFF.  

 Vin.
It is the enter voltage supplied to the Arduino Board. It is extraordinary than five V provided
via a USB port. This pin is used to deliver voltage. If a voltage is supplied via strength jack, it
may be accessed via this pin.  

 5V. 
This board comes with the cappotential to offer voltage law. 5V pin is used to offer
output regulated voltage. The board is powered up the use of 3 methods i.e. USB, Vin pin of
the board or DC strength jack. USB helps voltage round 5V at the same time as Vin and
Power Jack assist a voltage levels among 7V to 20V. It is usually recommended to function
the board on 5V. It is vital to word that, if a voltage is provided via 5V or 3.3V pins, they
bring about bypassing the voltage law which can harm the board if voltage surpasses from its
limit.

 GND. 

9
These are floor pins. More than one floor pins are supplied at the board which may be used as
in line with requirement.  
 Reset.
 This pin is integrated at the board which resets this system going for walks at the board.
Instead of bodily reset at the board, IDE comes with a function of resetting the board via
programming.  

 IOREF. 
This pin could be very beneficial for offering voltage connection with the board. A guard is
used to study the voltage throughout this pin which then pick out the right strength source.
 
 PWM. 
PWM is supplied with the aid of using 3,five,6,9,10, 11pins. These pins are configured to
supplied 8-bit output PWM.  

 SPI.
 It is referred to as Serial Peripheral Interface. Four pins 10(SS), 11(MOSI), 12(MISO),
13(SCK) offer SPI communique with the assist of SPI library.  

 AREF
 It is referred to as Analog Reference. This pin is used for offering a reference voltage to the
analog inputs.  

 TWI
 It is referred to as Two-cord Interface. TWI communique is accessed via Wire Library. A4
and A5 pins are used for this purpose.  

 Serial Communication
 Serial communique is accomplished via pins referred to as Pin 0 (Rx) and Pin 1 (Tx). Rx pin
is used to acquire statistics at the same time as Tx pin is used to transmit statistics.

 External Interrupts
 
Pin 2 and three are used for offering outside interrupts. An interrupt is referred to as
with the aid of using offering LOW or converting fee.
 

10
 Fig 2.6 : Microcontroller
2.4.4.4. Applications

Arduino is an open‐supply electronics platform primarily based totally on easy‐to‐use

hardware and software. Arduino forums are capable of study inputs ‐ mild on a sensor, a
finger on a button, or a Twitter message ‐ and flip it into an output ‐ activating a motor,
turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can inform your board what to do via
way of means of sending a hard and fast of commands to the microcontroller at the board. To
do so that you use the Arduino programming language (primarily based totally on Wiring),
and the Arduino Software (IDE), primarily based totally on Processing. (Arduino.cc, 2017).  

● Embedded System

● Security and Defense System

● Digital Electronics and Robotics

● Parking Lot Counter

● Weighing Machines

● Traffic Light Count Down Timer

● Medical Instrument

● Emergency Light for Railways

11
● Home Automation

2.4.5. Servo Motor

A Servo Motor is a small tool that has an output shaft. This shaft may be located to precise
angular positions with the aid of using sending the servo a coded sign. As lengthy because
the coded sign exists at the enter line, the servo will preserve the angular function of the
shaft. If the coded sign changes, the angular function of the shaft changes. In practice, servos
are utilized in radio-managed airplanes to put manipulate surfaces just like the elevators and
rudders. They also are utilized in radio-managed cars, puppets, and of course, robots. Servos
are extraordinarily beneficial in robotics.
The automobiles are small, have built-on top of things circuitry, and are extraordinarily
effective for his or her size. A popular servo including the Futaba S-148 has forty two
oz/inches of torque, which is robust for its size. It additionally attracts energy proportional to
the mechanical load. A gently loaded servo, therefore, does now no longer devour plenty
energy. The guts of a servo motor is proven withinside the following picture. You can see
the manipulate circuitry, the motor, a fixed of gears, and the case. You also can see the three
wires that connect with the out of doors world. One is for energy (+5volts), ground, and the
white twine is the manipulate twine.
2.4.5.1. Working of a Servo Motor
The servo motor has a few manage circuits and a potentiometer (a variable resistor, aka pot)
linked to the output shaft. In the photograph above, the pot may be visible at the proper facet
of the circuit board. This pot permits the manage circuitry to display the modern attitude of
the servo motor. If the shaft is at the suitable attitude, then the motor shuts off. If the circuit
reveals that the attitude isn't correct, it's going to flip the motor till it's far at a favored
attitude. The output shaft of the servo is able to touring someplace round a hundred and
eighty degrees. Usually, it's far someplace withinside the 210-diploma range, however, it
varies relying at the manufacturer.
A everyday servo is used to manipulate an angular movement of zero to a hundred and
eighty degrees. It is routinely now no longer able to turning any farther because of a
mechanical prevent constructed directly to the principle output gear. The electricity
implemented to the motor is proportional to the space it desires to travel. So, if the shaft
desires to show a huge distance, the motor will run at complete speed. If it desires to show
handiest a small amount, the motor will run at a slower speed. This is called proportional
manage.

Fig 2.7 : Servo Motors

12
2.4.6. LDR or Photo resistor

A Photoconductive mild sensor does now no longer produce energy however definitely

adjustments its bodily houses whilst subjected to mild strength. The maximum not
unusualplace sort of photoconductive tool is the Photoresistor which adjustments its electric
resistance in reaction to adjustments withinside the mild intensity. Photoresistors are
Semiconductor gadgets that use mild strength to manipulate the float of electrons, and
therefore the modern flowing via them.
The typically used Photoconductive Cell is referred to as the Light Dependent
Resistor or LDR. the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is crafted from a bit of uncovered
semiconductor fabric which include cadmium sulphide that adjustments its electric resistance
from numerous thousand Ohms withinside the darkish to only some hundred Ohms whilst
mild falls upon it with the aid of using developing hole-electron pairs withinside the fabric.
The internet impact is an development in its conductivity with a lower in resistance for an
boom in illumination. Also, photoresistive cells have an extended reaction time requiring
many seconds to reply to a extrade withinside the mild intensity.
Materials used because the semiconductor substrate include, lead sulphide (PbS), lead
selenide (PbSe), indium antimonide (InSb) which locate mild withinside the infra-purple
variety with the maximum typically used of all photoresistive mild sensors being Cadmium
Sulphide (Cds). Cadmium sulphide is used withinside the manufacture of photoconductive
cells due to the fact its spectral reaction curve intently suits that of the human eye and may
also be managed the use of a easy torch as a mild source. Typically then, it has a top
sensitivity wavelength (λp) of approximately 560nm to 600nm withinside the seen spectral
variety.

Fig 2.8: LDR or Photodiode

13
2.4.7. Breadboard

A breadboard is used to build and test circuits quickly before finalizing any circuit design.
The breadboard has many holes into which circuit components like ICs and resistors can be
inserted.

Fig 2.9 :Bread Board

The bread board has strips of steel which run beneath the board and join the holes at the
pinnacle of the board. The steel strips are laid out as proven below. Note that the pinnacle and
backside rows of holes are related horizontally at the same time as the final holes are related
vertically. To use the bread board, the legs of additives are located withinside the holes. Each
set of holes related via way of means of a steel strip beneath paperwork a node.

 A node is a factor in a circuit in which additives are related. Connections among

extraordinary additives are shaped via way of means of placing their legs in a not
unusualplace node. The lengthy pinnacle and backside row of holes are generally used for
electricity deliver connections. The relaxation of the circuit is constructed via way of means
of putting additives and connecting them collectively with jumper wires. ICs are located
withinside the center of the board in order that 1/2 of of the legs are on one facet of the center
line and 1/2 of at the other.

2.4.7.1. Breadboarding tips:

 It is essential to breadboard a circuit smartly and systematically, in order that you will debug
it and get it going for walks without difficulty and quickly. It additionally enables while a
person else wishes to recognize and investigate the circuit. Here are a few tips: 1. Always use
the side-strains for energy deliver connections. Power the chips from the side-strains and now
no longer immediately from the energy deliver. 2. Use black wires for floor connections
(0V), and crimson for different energy connections. 3. Keep the jumper wires at the board
flat, in order that the board does now no longer appearance cluttered. 4. Route jumper wires
across the chips and now no longer over the chips. This makes converting the chips while
wanted easier. 5. You should trim the legs of additives like resistors, transistors and LEDs, in
order that they suit in snugly and do now no longer get pulled out via way of means of
accident.

14
 Fig 2.10 : Internal Structure of Bread board

2.4.8. Solar Panel

Solar panels are the ones gadgets that are used to soak up the sun's rays and convert them into
power or heat. A sun panel is truly a group of sun (or photovoltaic) cells, which may be used
to generate power via photovoltaic effect. These cells are organized in a grid-like sample at
the floor of sun panels. Thus, it can additionally be defined as a fixed of photovoltaic
modules, hooked up on a shape helping it. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged and
linked meeting of 6×10 sun cells. When it involves put on-and-tear, those panels are very
hardy. Solar panels put on out extraordinarily slow. In a year, their effectiveness decreases
best approximately one to 2 consistent with cent (at times, even lesser). Most sun panels are
made up the use of crystalline silicon sun cells. Installation of sun panels in houses allows in
preventing the dangerous emissions of greenhouse gases and therefore allows lessen
international warming. Solar panels do now no longer result in any shape of pollutants and
are clean.
They additionally lower our reliance on fossil fuels (that are limited) and conventional
electricity sources. These days, sun panels are utilized in wide-ranging digital equipments
like calculators, which paintings so long as daylight is available. However, the best
predominant disadvantage of sun panels is that they're pretty costly. Also, sun panels are
established outside as they want daylight to get charged.                                          

15
 Fig 2.11 : Solar Panel

2.4.8.1. How Do Solar Panel Work ?

Fig 2.12 : Working of Solar Panels

A sun panel works with the useful resource of using permitting photons, or debris of light, to
knock electrons unfastened from atoms, producing a go along with the drift of electricity.
Solar panels truly include many, smaller devices regarded as photovoltaic cells. (Photovoltaic
honestly manner they convert daylight into electricity.) Many cells related collectively make
up a sun panel.   Each photovoltaic mobileular is essentially a sandwich made from slices of
semi-accomplishing material, usually silicon — the equal stuff applied in microelectronics.

To work, photovoltaic cells want to set up an electric powered powered subject. Much like a
magnetic subject, which happens due to the fact of contrary poles, an electric powered
powered subject happens while contrary prices are separated. To get this subject,
manufacturers "dope" silicon with different materials, giving each slice of the sandwich a

16
effective or poor electric powered charge. Specifically, they seed phosphorous into the
pinnacle layer of silicon, which provides greater electrons, with a poor charge, to that layer.
Meanwhile, the lowest layer receives a dose of boron, which finally ends up in fewer
electrons, or a effective charge. This all provides as a whole lot as an electric powered
powered subject on the junction among the silicon layers. Then, while a photon of daylight
knocks an electron unfastened, the electrical subject will push that electron out of the silicon
junction.   A couple of different additives of the mobileular flip those electrons into usable
power. Metal conductive plates on the perimeters of the mobileular accumulate the electrons
and switch them to wires. At that point, the electrons can go along with the drift like each
other supply of electricity.

2.4.9. Resistor :

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electric component that implements electric resistance as

a circuit detail. In digital circuits, resistors are accustomed lessen modern-day flow, alter sign
levels, to divide voltages, bias lively factors, and terminate transmission lines, amongst
different uses. High-electricity resistors that could deplete many watts of electrical electricity
as heat, can be used as a detail of motor controls, in electricity distribution systems, or as take
a look at masses for generators. fastened resistors have resistances that simplest alternate
barely with temperature, time or running voltage.

Variable resistors also can moreover be used to alter circuit factors (along with a quantity
manage or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing gadgets for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity. Resistors are now not unusualplace factors of electric networks and digital
circuits and are omnipresent in digital equipment. sensible resistances as distinct additives
also can moreover be composed of diverse compounds and forms. Resistors moreover are
applied inside included circuits.

The electric feature of a resistor is targeted through its resistance: now not unusualplace
business resistors are synthetic over greater than a few greater than nine orders of magnitude.
The nominal cost of the resistance falls inside the production tolerance, indicated at the
component.

Fig 2.13 : 100k Resistor

17
2.4.10. Working of Solar Tracker

LDRs are used as the primary mild sensors. Two servo vehicles are constant to the shape that
holds the sun panel. The software for Arduino is uploaded to the microcontroller. The
running of the undertaking is as follows. LDRs feel the quantity of daylight falling on them.
Four LDRs are divided into pinnacle, backside, left and proper.
For east – west tracking, the analog values from pinnacle LDRs and backside LDRs are as
compared and if the pinnacle set of LDRs get hold of extra mild, the vertical servo will flow
in that direction. If the lowest LDRs get hold of extra mild, the servo movements in that
direction. For angular deflection of the sun panel, the analog values from left LDRs and
proper LDRs are as compared. If the left set of LDRs get hold of extra mild than the proper
set, the horizontal servo will flow in that direction. If the proper set of LDRs get hold of extra
mild, the servo movements in that direction.
Step-1
●       Take cardboard. Make a hollow withinside the center and 4 holes on 4 facets in order
that LDR in shape into that.
●       Stick the sun panel to the card and convey wires of the panel out as proven.
Step 2
●       Now reduce one of the leads of the LDR in order that one lead is shorter and different is
longer.
●       Insert those 4 LDRs into 4 holes as proven.
●       Bend the directly Perforated steel strip as proven below.
●       Place the bent steel strip at the again facet of the card
●       Apply glue to the LDR to restore them firmly.
Step 3
●       Solder the 2 leads of LDR as proven
●       To the alternative ends of LDR Solder resistors of 10k ohm
●       Join the 4 leads of the four LDRs through connecting with a cord.
Step4
●       Now take a bus cord. This is used to attach the Outputs of 4 LDRs to Arduino board.
●       Insert it into steel strip as proven withinside the image.
●       Now Solder the 4 wires to 4 LDRs at any factor among LDR and resistor.
Step 5
●       Insert any other cord bus into the perforated steel strip as proven.This is used for
providing Vcc and GND to LDR circuit.

18
●       Solder one cord to the leads of LDRs which can be related to resistors and different
cord to the alternative leads.
●       Short the leads of LDRs related to resistors the use of a cord as proven.
Step 6
●       Now join a servo motor to the Perforated steel strip the use of Screw.
●       Apply glue to the servo to restore it firmly.
Step 7
●       Take any other directly Perforated steel strip and bend it as proven withinside the
figure.
Step 8
●       Now vicinity the installation of sun panel and primary servo motor to the steel strip of
2d servo motor as proven.

Fig 2.14 : Model Of Solar Tracker

19
 Chapter 3
Auto Irrigation System using Soil Moisture Sensor
3.1 Introduction
Water is a totally treasured aid and need to be well utilized. Agriculture is one of these
regions which devour a number of water. Irrigation is a time ingesting procedure and need to
be performed on a well timed basis. The goal of the item is to expand an car irrigation device
which measures the moisture of the soil and mechanically activates or off the water deliver
device. The assignment calls for very much less human involvement as soon as installed.

The circuit is primarily based totally on arduino microcontroller and additionally a soil
moisture sensor. A well configured soil moisture sensor can shop as much as 60 percentage
of water utilized in irrigation. The designed device may be utilized in turf grass or with small
lawn plants. Each soil moisture sensor turned into related to an irrigation device controller
that measures soil moisture content material withinside the lively root zone, which have been
positioned as a minimum five ft from the downspouts to keep away from the excessive
moisture regions.

This ended in decreasing irrigation wishes with the aid of using 50%. Once the soil has
reached the favoured moisture level, the sensors ship a sign to the microcontroller to show off
the relays, which manage the valves. Drip irrigation proved very efficient, as it will increase
yields and reduces each water necessities and labour price. The microcontroller unit has a
integrated timer, which operates parallel to the sensor device.

In case of sensor failure, the timer turns off the valves after a threshold delay, which may also
save you in addition extreme consequences. The microcontroller, with the assist of a waft
meter, is able to issuing alarms, if there may be a pump failure or inadequate quantity of
water.  Finally, the sensing unit transformed all analog measured bodily portions right into a
voltage sign to provide virtual outputs for in addition processing.

The processing unit, withinside the microcontroller, controls all the capabilities of the sensor
node and manages the conversation protocols to perform particular tasks. Soil humidity
turned into used to construct a clever irrigation device in [7], in which the fame of the
irrigation turned into constantly up to date on a committed server, the use of wi-fi
conversation. a sun powered drip irrigation device turned into proposed. This device helped
farmers to develop more, whilst spending much less. This proposed device depended on the
agro sun irrigation kit, which mixes the price effectiveness of sun powered water pumping
with the performance of drip irrigation. The device pumped water to an expanded tank the
use of the electricity absorbed from the Sun heat/light, then the use of gravity to launch the
water.

20
 Fig 3.1: Irrigation using soil sensor

3.2 Circuit Diagram

Fig 3.2 : Circuit Diagram Of Automatic Irrigation Using Soil Sensor

3.3 Components
● Soil Moisture Sensor Module
● Arduino Uno
● Solar Panel
● Jumper Wires
● 4 channel relay board
● Cooler motor
● Screw Driver
● Sensitivity module

3.3.1. Soil Moisture Sensor Module :

21
A soil moisture sensor is used to measure the volumetric water content of soil. The sensor
used in the project is shown below.

Fig 3.3 : Soil Sensor Module

It includes prongs, which need to be inserted withinside the soil, an LM358, which acts as a
comparator and a pot to extrade the sensitivity of the sensor.

If the soil moisture sensor isn't available, the subsequent circuit may be used as an
alternative. The circuit proven under has a set sensitivity.

This may be modified with the aid of using enforcing a pot in vicinity of one of the resistors
linked to the non-inverting terminal of the comparator.

Fig 3.4 : Circuit Of Soil Moisture Sensor

3.3.2. Channel Relay Board

22
 3.3.2.1 Features
●       Input deliver 12 VDC @ a hundred and seventy mA
●       Output 4 SPDT relay
●       Relay specification five A @ 230 VAC
●       Trigger degree 2 ~ five VDC
●       Berg pins for connecting energy and cause voltage
●       LED on every channel suggests relay status
●       Power Battery Terminal (PBT) for smooth relay output and aux energy
connection
●       Four mounting holes of 3.2 mm every
●       PCB dimensions 88 mm x sixty eight mm  

3.3.2.2. Relay Load

●       7 A @ 230-250 VAC
●       10 A @ one hundred twenty VAC
●       10 A @ 24 VDC
●       CN1 – CN4 Connector : Relay 1 to 4 (S1 to S4) Output (Normally
Open/Normally Close)
●       CN5 Connector : Control Signal Input, Trigger 2 to five VDC and Supply Input
12 VDC
●       D2,D4,D6,D8 : Relay On/Off LED Indication
●       CN6 Connector : Axillary Supply 12 VDC

3.3.2.3 Connection

Fig 3.5 : 4 Channel Relay Connection

3.3.3 Screw Driver

23
 A screwdriver is a tool, guide or powered, used for screwing (installing) and
unscrewing (removing) screws. A regular simple screwdriver has a manage and a
shaft, finishing in a tip the consumer places into the screw head earlier than turning
the manage.

Fig 3.6 : Screw Driver

3.3.4. Solar Panel

Solar panels are the ones gadgets that are used to take in the sun's rays and convert them into
strength or heat. A sun panel is truly a set of sun (or photovoltaic) cells, which may be used
to generate strength thru photovoltaic effect.
These cells are organized in a grid-like sample at the floor of sun panels. Thus, it is able to
additionally be defined as a fixed of photovoltaic modules, installed on a shape assisting it. A
photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged and linked meeting of 6×10 sun cells. When it
involves put on-and-tear, those panels are very hardy.
Solar panels put on out extraordinarily slow. In a year, their effectiveness decreases most
effective approximately one to 2 in keeping with cent . Most sun panels are made up the use
of crystalline silicon sun cells. Installation of sun panels in houses facilitates in fighting the
dangerous emissions of greenhouse gases and accordingly facilitates lessen worldwide
warming.
Solar panels do now no longer result in any shape of pollutants and are clean. They
additionally lower our reliance on fossil fuels (that are limited) and conventional electricity
sources. These days, sun panels are utilized in wide-ranging digital equipments like
calculators, which paintings so long as daylight is available.
However, the most effective foremost disadvantage of sun panels is that they may be pretty
costly. Also, sun panels are hooked up exterior as they want daylight to get charged.

24
 Fig 3.7 : 9V Solar Panel

3.3.5. Wires:

For various connections with different parts of sub system we have used jumper
wires.

Fig 3.8 : Jumper Wires

3.3.6. Arduino Uno :

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -
incorporates a textual content editor for writing code, a message area, a textual content
console, a toolbar with buttons for not unusual place capabilities and a chain of menus. It
connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to add packages and talk with them.

Fig 3.9 : Arduino Uno

25
3.3.6.1. General pin functions
There are numerous I/O virtual and analog pins located at the board which operates at 5V.
These pins include preferred running rankings ranging among 20mA to 40mA. Internal pull-
up resistors are used withinside the board that limits the modern-day exceeding from the
given running conditions. However, an excessive amount of boom in modern-day makes
those resisters vain and damages the device.

 LED.
 Arduino Uno comes with integrated LED that's related via pin 13. Providing HIGH fee to the
pin will flip it ON and LOW will flip it OFF.  

 Vin.
It is the enter voltage supplied to the Arduino Board. It is extraordinary than five V provided
via a USB port. This pin is used to deliver voltage. If a voltage is supplied via strength jack, it
may be accessed via this pin.  

 5V. 
This board comes with the cappotential to offer voltage law. 5V pin is used to offer
output regulated voltage. The board is powered up the use of 3 methods i.e. USB, Vin pin of
the board or DC strength jack. USB helps voltage round 5V at the same time as Vin and
Power Jack assist a voltage levels among 7V to 20V. It is usually recommended to function
the board on 5V. It is vital to word that, if a voltage is provided via 5V or 3.3V pins, they
bring about bypassing the voltage law which can harm the board if voltage surpasses from its
limit.

 GND. 
These are floor pins. More than one floor pins are supplied at the board which may be used as
in line with requirement.  
 Reset.
 This pin is integrated at the board which resets this system going for walks at the board.
Instead of bodily reset at the board, IDE comes with a function of resetting the board via
programming.  

 IOREF. 
This pin could be very beneficial for offering voltage connection with the board. A guard is
used to study the voltage throughout this pin which then pick out the right strength source.
 
 PWM. 
PWM is supplied with the aid of using 3,five,6,9,10, 11pins. These pins are configured to
supplied 8-bit output PWM.  

 SPI.
 It is referred to as Serial Peripheral Interface. Four pins 10(SS), 11(MOSI), 12(MISO),
13(SCK) offer SPI communique with the assist of SPI library.  

 AREF

26
 It is referred to as Analog Reference. This pin is used for offering a reference voltage to the
analog inputs.  

3.3.7. Sensitivity Module

Fig 3.10 : Sensitivity Module

3.3.8. Cooler Motor

Fig 3.11 : Cooler Motor

3.4 Working of the Circuit

The concept of the venture is to located into effect an automated irrigation device with the aid
of using sensing the wet of the soil. The running of the circuit is as follows. The soil moisture
device is inserted withinside the soil. Depending at the excellent of the sensor, it should be
inserted close to to the roots of the plant. The soil moisture sensor measures the physical
phenomenon of the soil. Wet soil could be extra semiconducting than dry soil. The soil
moisture sensor module contains a comparator in it. The voltage from the prongs and
therefore the predefined voltage are in comparison and therefore the output of the comparator
is excessive handiest whilst the soil circumstance is dry. This output from the soil wet device
is given to the analogue enter pin (Pin two – RA0) of the microcontroller.
The microcontroller constantly video display units the analogue enter pin. When the moisture
withinside the soil is higher than the brink, the microcontroller shows a message bringing up
the identical and the motor is off. once the output from the soil moisture sensor is excessive
i.e. the moisture of the soil is less. this can cause the microcontroller and shows the best
message at the LCD and the output of the microcontroller, that's related to the bottom of the
transistor is excessive. When the transistor is grew to become on, the relay coil receives

27
energized and activates the motor. The LED is likewise grew to become on and acts as an
indicator. When the moisture of the soil reaches the brink value, the output of the soil
moisture sensor is low and the motor is grew to become off. The device is likewise designed
to warn whilst the moisture could be very excessive than the brink and the soil is truely too
wet, that's risky for the plant.

Fig 3.12 : Working Model Of Automatic Irrigation Using Soil Sensor

3.5 Applications

The circuit may be used to degree the lack of moisture withinside the soil over the years
because of evaporation and intake.

●       Minimizes water waste and improves plant growth.

28
●       The circuit is designed to paintings routinely and hence, there's no want for any human
intervention.

●       The task is meant for small gardens and home environment. By the use of superior soil
moisture sensor, the equal circuit may be accelerated to big agricultural fields.

29
 Chapter 4

Conclusion And Future Scope

4.1 Conclusion :

Irrigation will become easy, correct and realistic with the impact above shared and may be
accomplished in agricultural fields in destiny to recommend agriculture to subsequent stage.
The output from moisture sensor and stage gadget performs vide function in generating the
output. The most important packages for this undertaking are for farmers and gardeners who
do now no longer have considerable time to water their crops/plants. It additionally covers
the ones farmers who're wasteful of water at some point of irrigation. The undertaking may
be prolonged to inexperienced homes wherein guide control is a ways and few in between.
The precept may be prolonged to create absolutely automatic gardens and farmlands.
Collective with the precept of rain water harvesting, it is able to result in big water financial
savings if carried out withinside the proper way. In agricultural lands with excessive scarcity
of rainfall, this version may be efficiently carried out to gain excellent outcomes with
maximum forms of soil.
4.2 Future Scope :
Irrigation may be finished in fields, gardens, farms etc. It is powerful for diversities of crops.
This software may be used for affected person monitoring. The software program software
evolved for this gadget may be used for home works along with tank storage. This gadget
may be functioned mechanically in addition to manually.
Rain gun sensor may be brought so that after it rains there won’t be floods and this protect the
sphere and evades floods. Rain water harvesting may be accomplished and this harvested
water may be used to moisten fields. Hooters may be used in order that it offers siren at
numerous activities along with interruption detection, floods etc. Using IR sensors any item
passing into fields may be detected and warned.

30
 References

 https://ijesc.org/upload/efd12171a35255f5b76daa2a1b01f5d6.Solar%20Powered
%20Automatic%20Irrigation%20System.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
326832350_Automated_Smart_Solar_Irrigation_System
 https://www.electronicshub.org/auto-irrigation-system-using-soil-moisture-sensor-
and-pic-microcontroller
 https://www.electronicshub.org/arduino-solar-tracker/
 https://www.edgefxkits.com/blog/solar-power-auto-irrigation-system
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
281685755_Solar_Powered_Smart_Irrigation_System

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