1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

Revision exercise 5 At V1, the pressure is p1 when the temperature

Concept traps (p.185) remains at TX.
1 F By general gas law, pV  T.
Internal energy of an ideal gas is equal to its Since pYV1 > p1V1,
total molecular KE, which is given by TY > TX = TZ
9 B
nRT. 10 A
2 F
By pV = nRT, V = nR 
The assumption includes that the molecules
collide among themselves and with the walls The volume of gas is inversely proportional to
of the container. All these collisions are
, which is the slope of the line connecting
perfectly elastic.
the point to the origin as shown below.
pressure / kPa
Multiple-choice questions (p.185)
3 A
Y
4 C
X
5 D

crms = 
temperature / K
the ratio of crms at 80 C to that at 20 C

= The slope for stage X is greater than that for

stage Y, i.e. > , so VY > VX.

= 1.10
6 A 11 D
7 B 12 (HKDSE Practice Paper 2012 Paper 1A Q5)
8 B 13 (HKALE 2012 Paper 2 Q36)
Suppose the temperature is constant when the 14 (HKDSE 2012 Paper 1A Q3)
ideal gas changes from X to Z. We have the 15 (HKDSE 2013 Paper 1A Q4)
following p–V graph.
Conventional questions (p.187)
16 (a) The air exerts a downward pressure on
pY the newspaper. 1A
p1 As the area of the newspaper is large, the
TX = TZ force exerted on the newspaper due to
V1 air pressure is large. 1A

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

The upward force of hitting the ruler on (b) The balloons will be inflated. 1A
the newspaper is smaller than the air The volume of air inside the jar
pressure exerted on the newspaper. 1A increases when the diagram is pulled
Therefore the piece of newspaper moves downwards. By Boyle’s law, an increase
only very little. in volume implies a decrease in pressure.
(b) Hit the ruler abruptly. 1A 1A
Expel as much air under the newspaper Therefore, air outside will flow into the
as possible. 1A balloons. 1A
17 (a) By pV = nRT, 1M (c) An increase in temperature implies an
n= increase in pressure inside the bell jar.
1A
= Therefore, the size of the balloons will
decrease. 1A
= 4.04  10–3 mol 1A 20 (a) Since T and V remain unchanged,
There are 4.04  10–3 mol of molecules by pV = nRT, 1M
inside the syringe. pn
Number of molecules inside the syringe Percentage decrease in p
= nNA 1M
=
= 4.04  10–3  6.02  1023
= 2.43  1021 1A = 54.5 % 1M
(b) By pV = nRT,  Percentage of air escape
V  n  N (constant p and T) 1M = percentage decrease in n
= percentage decrease in p
 =
= 54.5% 1A
(b) (i) The root-mean-square speed
=
remains unchanged 1A
N2 = 2.43  1019 1A because the temperature of the type
The number of gas molecules ejected per remains unchanged. 1A
second is 2.43  1019. (ii) The internal energy decreases 1A
18 (a) She is incorrect. 1A because the amount of gas
Different molecules in the gas move at molecules decreases. 1A
different speeds. 1A 21 (a) By general gas law, pV = nRT. 1M
(b) She is incorrect. 1A  = pV = nRT
The speed of an individual molecule is
Root-mean-square speed
always changing because of collisions.
Its speed may increase or decrease. 1A
19 (a) Atmospheric pressure (100 kPa) 1A

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

=
= = = 1A

V2 = 2.22V1 1A
(b) Total kinetic energy of the molecules  The volume of the gas bubble
= 1M would increase by 2.22 times.
(b) As a diver ascends, water pressure
From (a), nRT = decreases, and the air in the lungs
expands. 1A
Rearrange the terms,
The lungs may get injured if the
1A
expansion is too large. 1A
(c) Total kinetic energy of the molecules 23 (a) By pV = nRT, 1M
number of moles of gas
= 1M
=
=  3.5  8.31  (70 + 273)
=
= 15 000 J 1A
(d) A real gas behave like an ideal gas at = 200.6 mol
low pressure 1A ≈ 201 mol 1A
and high temperature. 1A (b) (i) By general gas law,
22 (a) (i) Heat is transferred from the sun to
=
the water at the surface 1A
by radiation. 1A
=
The warm water remains at the
surface and the cool water at lower
position. No convection current
occurs. 1A V2 = 5.83 m3 1A
Besides, water is a poor conductor The volume of the gas is 5.83 m3.
of heat. Heat is conducted very (ii) Change in internal energy
slowly from the water surface to = nR∆T 1M
lower position. 1A
Therefore, the temperature of the =  200.6  8.31  (27 – 7)
water at the surface is higher than
= 50 000 J 1A
that 10 m below the surface.
(iii) R.m.s speed
(ii) Apply pV = nRT. 1M
Since n remains constant, = 1M

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

= The pressure of the gas decreases as the

temperature is kept constant. 1A
Besides, the average speed of the gas
= 1320 m s–1 1A molecules remains unchanged. 1A
24 (a) (i) Decreases 1A The total molecular kinetic energy and
(ii) Remains unchanged 1A hence the internal energy of the gas
(b) As the number of air molecules inside remains unchanged. 1A
the carton decreases, the number of (c) The temperature of the gas decreases
bombardments on the walls of the carton after the heat source is removed, so the
decreases. 1A gas molecules move slower and hit the
As a result, the pressure inside the carton wall of syringe less often. 1A
decreases 1A Since the volume is kept constant, the
and the carton collapses due to the larger pressure decreases. 1A
pressure outside. 1A 26 (HKALE 2004 Paper 2 Q5)
(c) Heat the sealed carton. 1A 27 (HKDSE 2014 Paper 1B Q2)
The average kinetic energy of the air
molecules inside the carton increases; Experiment questions (p.190)
thus the number of bombardments on the 28 (a) The flask including the neck is not
wall of the carton increases. 1A completely immersed in water. 1A
As a result, the pressure inside the carton The rubber tubing that connects the
increases and the carton expands due to Bourdon gauge and the flask is too long.
the smaller pressure outside. 1A 1A
25 (a) (i) Atmospheric pressure (100 kPa) The flask and the thermometer touch the
1A bottom of the beaker. 1A
(ii) As the gas is heated, the gas (b) Convert the temperature in Kelvin:
molecules move faster. The
frequency of collision with the wall p / kPa 100 105 110 115 120
of syringe increases. 1A T / C 20 35 50 65 80
Since the pressure of the gas T/K 293 308 323 338 353
remains the same as the 1A
atmospheric pressure, its volume
must increase. 1A
Therefore, the piston will move to a
higher position. 1A
(b) As the volume increases, the gas
molecules hit the wall of syringe less
often. 1A

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

p / kPa (c) (i)

V / cm 3

120
50

40
110
30

20
100
10
T/K
290 310 330 350
T / C
0 10 30 50 70

(Correct labelled axes with units) 1A

(Correct labelled axes with units)
(Correct data points) 1A
1A
(A correct straight line) 1A
(Correct data points) 1A
(c) 109 kPa 1A
(A correct straight line) 1A
29 (a) The pressure of the gas is constant. 1A
(ii) The absolute zero is the intercept
(b) Atmospheric pressure (100 kPa) 1A
on the temperature axis.
(c) Keep the upper end of the capillary tube
y-intercept = 37
open. 1A
(d) Stirring the water helps keep the water Slope m =
temperature uniform throughout the
= 0.14 cm3 C–1 1M
beaker. 1A
By y = mx +c, when y = 0,
This ensures the air column and the
x= = = –264 C 1A
thermometer are at the same
temperature. 1A The absolute zero is –264 C.
(e) The thermometer could break if it is hit (iii) By pV = nRT, 1M
violently. 1A
V= T
(f) The student is incorrect 1A
since there is no external factor that Slope of the graph =
needs to be removed by a control set-up.
Number of mole n
1A
30 (a) Stir the water gently throughout the = 1M
experiment. 1A
(b) The temperature may change rapidly, =

making the data difficult to record. 1A

= 1.68  10–3 mol 1A
The temperature inside the syringe
31 (HKDSE 2013 Paper 1B Q2)
cannot be measured. 1A

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 5 Gases

Physics in article (p.192)

32 (a) When the air was pumped out, the
pressure inside the sphere became zero.
1A
The pressure difference between the
inside and outside of the sphere was very
large. 1A
Therefore, it was difficult to separate the
two shells.
(b) Minimum force F
= pA 1M

= (100  103)

= 1.96  104 N 1A

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