4 Video on all screens - HDTV

Pixel

An image is built on a screen, pixel by pixel, One HDTV program = Mbps

1080 pixels

TV

12 Mbps

1920 pixels

1 house = 48 Mbps bandwidth, just for video, today…

How about tomorrow?

TV

12 Mbps

TV + DVR

24 Mbps

5 Video Evolution over next 5 – 10 years

Today

Source: OFS Estimates from Industry Data

* ITU Recommendation J.601, Transport of Large Scale Digital Imagery (LSDI) applications

6 Video Bandwidth Growth Driving Fiber To The Home (FTTH)

Data Rate to Each Home

10,000

2012 Offers

20 - 1,000 Mbps

Fiber:

1,000

No limit!!*

100
Copper

Speed

10

Top Tier Data Rate (Mb/s)

Limit

Digital

42% annual growth

* Fiber limit is >50 Tbps

0.1

Increasing 4 times

every 4 years

0.01

Analog

Source: Technology futures and OFS

0.001

Modems

Year

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

Text

Pictures

Video HD SHD 3D

7 Agenda

Drivers for FTTx

Why fiber

Fiber feeds everything

Flavors of FTTX

Nuts and bolts – the components

Installation techniques

Network design configurations

8 Why Fiber? Greater bandwidth, longer distance, lowest cost per bit

2400 Pair

Copper Cable

100 Gbps to 1 KM

1 Fiber Cable

>50 Tbps

>5000 KM

In the past large and heavy copper cables were the mainstay of telecommunication distribution
networks and provided limited bandwidth.

Optical fiber cables increased the bandwidth significantly at the same time that required much less
space.

OFS takes a new leap by offering mini cables with AllWave fiber and increases bandwidth capacity with
relatively lower cost.

Duct Sizes:

Copper cable: 110mm

Sta Loose Tube: 32/40mm Europe (20/25mm BT)

MiDia: 8/10mm (10/12mm)

9 Why fiber? Lower cost, higher performance

Feature

Benefit

High bandwidth

High information carrying capacity

Low attenuation

Long distances without repeaters…less expensive

Light weight

Small size

Easier installations

Unobtrusive

No metallic conductors

No grounding problems

No “crosstalk”

Passive

No power requirements

No circuit protection needed

Difficult to tap

Very secure

Inexpensive

Widely deployable. Cost effective

Metallic cable technologies are approaching their useful limits

Copper (telephone) and coaxial cables (Cable TV)

More expensive, less reliable, less capacity

Wireless systems have significant capacity limitations

Fiber optic cable is less expensive than copper, more reliable and has more capacity

10 Why fiber? FTTH lower operating expenses (OPEX) versus competing technologies

Why? Fewer truck rolls

Remote provisioning though software

Increased reliability vs copper/coax electronics in field such DSL/HFC

Savings estimates vs DSL/Hybrid Fiber-Coax

FTTH Opex saves $100 to $250 per subscriber vs DSL or HFC

11 Agenda

Drivers for FTTx

Why fiber

Fiber feeds everything

Flavors of FTTX

Nuts and bolts – the components

Installation techniques

Network design configurations

12 Wireless Loves Fiber (and vice versa)

13 Flavors of FTTx Fiber feeds the cell network

Mobile bandwidth demand, driven by smartphones and video, is growing rapidly

Fiber is needed to and up the tower for 4G networks and beyond

Fiber has many advantages for cell network operators, shown below:

Weight

Tower loading/bracing

Grounding

Installation time

Power losses

Space

Cooling requirements

Bandwidth

13

14 Flavors of FTTx Fiber feeds the Telephone and Cable Networks

Telephone: FTTN – Fiber to the Curb/Node

Cable: HFC – Hybrid Fiber Coax

Switch or Node

fibers

Central Office OLT

Twisted Pair or coax

Typical distance range

5 to 100 KM

Fiber to the Node, Copper/coax to the home

Potential Mbps per subscriber (variable based on distance and metal cable quality)

Asymmetric bandwidth (more downstream than upstream)

There are two primary architectural options, that support FTTP - Point-to-point (P2P) and Passive Optical
Network (PON)

PON architecture can be of several types including APON (ATM PON), EPON (Ethernet PON) or GPON
(Gigabit-capable PON)

With a PON architecture using AllWave singlemode fiber, the distances can range up to 20 km or more.

A PON architecture uses splitters to distribute the optical signal from one fiber into 4, 8, 16 or 32 fibers,
each serving a single subscriber.

The upstream and downstream bandwidth of the PON is shared by the subscribers. The minimum
bandwidth that can be supplied is the total bandwidth of the PON in a given direction, divided by the
number of splits in the PON.

Broadcast Television can be easily implemented on the PON by transmitting an analog CATV type signal
at the CO on to one fiber, and the signal goes through the splitter to be received by all users.

At the subscriber the ONT converts the signals from optical to electrical. Typically, in home distribution
of voice is by existing phone wire, data by CAT5 cable or wireless, and Video by COAX. It’s possible that
fiber will be used for in home distribution in the future.

Read points from slide. Point-to point (P2P) Switched Ethernet

Point to point can be from the CO directly to the home, but this is a very expensive approach since it
requires huge amounts of fiber (great for us but the service provider may not be so happy!). It also
requires a large space in the CO to accommodate and manage connectivity for one port for each user.
This can be a huge problem since a CO can serve 100,000 users.

A more typical implementation of P2P is to have one or a few high bandwidth links from the CO to
remote Ethernet switches, which have one port connected to each subscriber.

Using AllWave fiber, OLT-Ethernet switch distances range from km

The data rate per user can range from 10 Mb/s to 100 Mb/s or more.

Ethernet switch to homes (ONT) ranges from 100 meters to 2 km using low-cost multimode fiber optics
and laser optimized multimode fiber such as LaserWave fiber
Ethernet switch to home distance is 2-10 km range using singlemode fiber and low cost optics

At the subscriber the ONT converts the signals from optical to electrical. Typically, in home distribution
of voice is by existing phone wire, data by CAT5 cable or wireless, and Video by COAX.

Read points from slide.

15 Flavors of FTTx Fiber feeds the Power Network

Fiber is an integral part of the utility communications network

Substation to substation communications, broad deployment

Equipment within substations, broad deployment

FTTH in limited cases

Smart grid initiatives are changing the nature of power delivery

Transmission

Distribution

Nuclear

Renewable

Smart Meter

Micro Grid

--:Information

--:Power

16 Agenda

Drivers for FTTx

Why fiber

Fiber feeds everything

Flavors of FTTX

Nuts and bolts – the components

Installation techniques

Network design configurations

17 FTTH Electronics ONU Fiber

A typical FTTH network has an “Optical Line Terminal” (OLT) or switch at the “Headend” or “Central
Office”

The OLT or switch converts incoming traffic into laser pulses and sends them down the fiber.

ONU

Fiber

…And an “Optical Network Terminal” (ONT), media converter, or gateway in the home. The ONT
converts the signals from light to electrical signals.

The ONT contains ports to distribute signals on the existing home wiring (or wirelessly).

The ONT may be either inside or outside the home.

18 Typical FTTH Architectures

PON (Passive Optical Network)

Incorporates a signal divider, such as an optical power splitter

One fiber at the central office feeds many fibers in the field

G-PON (Gigabit PON) and GE-PON (Gigabit Ethernet-PON) are the most common architectures

Point-to-Point (“Active Ethernet”)

One fiber in the headend = one fiber in the field

PON

OLT

Optical power splitter or wavelength filter

Point to point

Switch

Some equipment will serve both architectures

19 Summary of today’s common FTTH architectures

GPON

GE-PON

Point to Point (Active Ethernet)

Current gen

Next gen

Current gen

Downstream bandwidth

2.4 Gbps total

10 Gbps total

1.2 Gbps total

Mbps per sub

Upstream bandwidth

Typical distance

20 km

Wavelengths (nm), Downstream/Upstream)

1490

1310

1577

1270

1550

PON

OLT

Optical power splitter or wavelength filter

Point to point

Switch

20 l1, l2

WDM PON Networks

Provides a dedicated wavelength (light color) per customer

l3, l4

l15, l16

CO or Head End
WDM Mux/DeMux

l1, 3 -15

WDM Mux /DeMuxs

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

WDM Mux/DeMux

1 fiber per subscriber

WDM Mux/DeMux

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

l2, 4, -16

WDM Mux/DeMux

Typical 1 Gb/s up/down dedicated to each subscriber

Longer reach than GPON or GE-PON

Emerging technology

21 FTTB – Fiber to the Building (MDUs)

Fiber to a switch or node with many ports to feed multiple customers

Uses Cat 5 or higher copper wiring or coax to the unit

Typical up to 100 Mb/s connection, limited by copper/coax bandwidth

Can be either symmetric or asymmetric bandwidth

Sometimes includes “fiber to the floor”

Copper or coax cables

Typical distance range

5 to 80 KM

Unit

100 m max in building

Central Office or Head End

Single-mode Fiber

Switch or node
22 Agenda

Drivers for FTTx

Why fiber

Fiber feeds everything

Flavors of FTTX

Nuts and bolts – the components

Installation techniques

Network design configurations

23 Light as a Communications Method Used for hundreds of years

“One if by land, two if by sea”

Smoke Signals

24 John Tyndall and William Wheeler

Demonstrated that light could be guided within a liquid “Light Guide”

William Wheeler, 1880

Invented “Light pipes” for home lighting using reflective pipes

Similar to concept used today for interior car illumination

25 Optical Fiber Fastest communications pipe available

Coating

Light ray

Cladding

Core

Light travels in core and is constrained by the cladding

Acrylate coating protects pure silica (glass) cladding

26 v Fiber Structure vs v 125 microns

Core - The center of an optical fiber. Contains dopants to change speed of light.
Cladding - Outer layer of glass to contain light. Different refractive index.

Coating - Cushions and protects fibers.

Coatings

Cladding

Core

microns

250 microns

27 Two main types of fibers - Single-mode and Multimode Singlemode fiber – Carries only one mode of
light Multimode fiber – Carries multiple modes of light

Index of refraction profiles

8-10 µm

125 µm

Singlemode

core

cladding

µm

Multimode

125 µm

28 The FTTx Network – Macro View

Fiber to the Cell Site

Drop cable

Drop closures or terminal

Central Office /Headend

High level picture of where things go

Aerial cable

Underground cable
Fiber Distribution and Splitter Cabinet

Splice closures

29 Typical Outside Plant Cable Types – Aerial and Underground

Aerial Self-Supporting (ADSS),

Duct and armored loose tube cables

Ribbon Cables

Full product portfolio addressing global demands.

First adopters of dry cables.

Extensive experience and knowledge of micro-cables and blown fiber units which are popular in EMEA

Blown Fiber Units

Microcables

Drop Cables

30 Outside Plant Fiber Optic Cable

Buffer tube

Most often “loose tube” cable structure

Fibers loose in buffer tubes

Handles stress/strain and temperature fluctuations and climatic extremes

Also available in ribbons

Fibers and buffers are color coded

Underground applications

Direct Buried – typically armored

Duct cable

Aerial applications

Lashed to a messenger

Self-supporting (ADSS, All-Dielectric, Self-Supporting

Fiber

Loose buffer tube structure

Ribbon fiber and cable structure

31 Inside Plant Cables Indoor cables are different than outdoor cables

Most often “tight buffer” cable structure

Provides additional protection for handling

Facilitates connectorization

Multiple types of cable structures

Riser, plenum, low smoke/zero halogen products

Designed to meet flame smoke ratings

Yellow colored jacket indicates single-mode fiber

32 Fiber management devices and closures

Used to route and connect fibers

Fiber management devices are used in the central office or remote cabinets

Closures are used in the field to connect cables together

Multiple designs available for each component

33 (12 fiber ribbon connector)

Connectors

Fibers use special, precisely manufactured connectors

Connector color indicates the polish of the connector

Polish type indicates amount of back reflection

Critical parameter to ensure proper transmission

Blue = “Ultra” polish

Green = “Angle” polish

LC Connector

SC Connector

MPO Connector

(12 fiber ribbon connector)

34 Splitters Used with Passive Optical Network (PON) systems

Used to split one fiber into multiple fibers

Decreases power

Splits bandwidth

Split ratios are factors of 2

1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64, 1x32

Different deployment methods

Centralized splits

Distributed splits

Cascaded splits

Splitters

Splitter Distribution Cabinets

35 MDU deployments

MDU installations are different than single-family home installations

Most MDU installations require tight bends and bend insensitive fibers

Manufacturers have developed fibers and distribution products specifically for MDU applications

36 Agenda

Drivers for FTTx

Why fiber

Fiber feeds everything

Flavors of FTTX

Nuts and bolts – the components

Installation techniques

Network design configurations

37 OSP Cable Placement Options

Aerial

Fast, minimal restoration time

Typical choice for overbuilding existing aerial plant

Below Grade

Required by regulations for most Greenfield installations

Aesthetically pleasing!

38 OSP Cable Placement Options

Below Grade

Direct Buried

In conduit

In gas Lines

In sewers

39 OSP Buried Considerations

Existing neighborhood, or a new development?

Must call your local “One Call” to locate existing utilities.

Expose these utilities wherever you will be crossing them.

A vacuum excavator is normally used to expose utilities. This is called “soft” excavation.

Source: FTTH Council

40 Overbuilding with Buried Plant Directional Drilling

Bores under driveways, streets, landscape, around existing utilities

Least restoration of ground of buried solutions

Ensures good aesthetics

Higher skilled operation than other methods

More expensive equipment

Typically surface launched

Pilot bore is followed by a pullback of the cable

Source: FTTH Council

41 Overbuilding with Buried Plant Vibratory Plow

Lower cost option where no surface obstacles exist

Little damage to surface, normally just leaves a narrow slot

Typically requires minimal restoration to the ground after installation

Conduit/cable is installed behind the plow blade

Less operator expertise needed

Normally requires only one operator

Source: FTTH Council

42 Greenfield with Buried Plant Open cut trenching

Often lowest cost method

Easiest to operate method, lower skilled operator

Requires the most restoration of the ground of the 3 methods

In new developments can lay cable/conduit in common utilities trench

Source: FTTH Council

43 Splicing Fusion Most common type of splice

Fibers joined together and melted at approximately 1600 degrees C

Mechanical

Common overseas

Less common in US FTTH installations

Illustration of electrodes used to form fusion splicing arc

Splice sleeve to cover completed splice

44 Optical Loss Budget

Designers must ensure enough light can reach the home in both directions.

Component
Typical loss 1550 nm

Fiber

dB/km

Splices

0.05 dB

Connectors

0.25 dB

Splitters (1x32)

17-18 dB

45 Agenda

Drivers for FTTx

Why fiber

Fiber feeds everything

Flavors of FTTX

Nuts and bolts – the components

Installation techniques

Network design configurations

46 PON Design Considerations

CapEx/OpEx

Cost per Household

Cost per Subscriber

Cost to Connect

Scalability

Ease of in-network additions

Ease of network extensions

Build ability

Ability to construction within required timelines

Ability to construction without damaging customer relations

47 Approximate cost proportions

Fiber Materials are only ~8% of cost per home*

Fiber Materials must last decades and support multiple generations of electronics

FTTH Installed cost per Home*

* 35% take rate, costs and proportions may vary from this typical example

Proper Selection and Design of the Fiber Materials (the 8%) can help lower the cost of the other 92%

48 Network Design Options

Home Run or “Active Ethernet”/”Point to Point Design”

Central

Office

SFU

Fibers from the OLT/switch all the way to the home

For PON, splitters placed in a central office

Minimizes OLT port usage

OLT or switch

Splitter for PON systems

SFU

SFU

49 PON Design Options Centralized Design

Office

SFU

Splitters placed in a cabinet or hub

Reduces OLT port usage

Requires investment in cabinet

Cabinet
OLT

F2 Fiber

SFU

F1 Fiber

Splitter

SFU

50 PON Design Options Distributed Design Splitters placed in splice cases

Minimizes fiber sizes and splicing

Requires dedicated OLT ports

Central

Office

OLT

Splitter

Splitter

F1 Fiber

F1 Fiber

F1 Fiber

Splice

Case

Splice

Case

F2 Fiber

SFU

SFU

SFU

SFU

51 PON Design Options Cascaded Design Multiple splits between OLT and ONT
Balance between fiber and OLT port usage

Increased loss

Central

Office

OLT

Splitter

Splitter

F1 Fiber

F1.5 Fiber

Splice Case

or Cabinet

Splice Case

or Cabinet

F2 Fiber

SFU

SFU

52 Typical Layout – Centralized Split

PON Design Examples

Typical Layout – Centralized Split

53 Typical Layout – Distributed Split

PON Design Examples

Typical Layout – Distributed Split

54 PON Design Considerations

OLT Cost per Port

As the cost per port drops, designs that require a higher utilization of ports but less fiber and splicing
become more cost effective
Take Rates

As take rates increase, the impact of dedicating OLT ports to a greater number of splitters is reduced

Assessing Cost Impacts

When conducting a cost analysis to determine the impact of different design approaches, it is helpful to
focus only on cost that vary between the designs

Eliminate costs that are common to the designs being assessed

Cost Assessment Focus

Cost effectiveness can be measured in multiple ways:

Cost per household/living unit

Cost per subscriber

55 PON Design Considerations

Example Cost Assessment

56 PON Design Considerations

Example Cost Assessment

57 MDU Design Approaches Single Family ONT Desktop ONT MDU ONT

ONT placed at existing demarcation point

Utilize existing wiring (coax, cat 3/5) to the living units

Single Family ONT

Drop placed to each living unit

ONT mounted within the living unit

Desktop ONT

Drop placed within living units (along molding, etc.)

58 MDU Design Pros and Cons

MDU ONT

Avoids challenges and costs associated with retrofitting buildings

Dependent on type and condition of existing wiring

Single Family ONT

Eliminates usage of existing wiring (possibly substandard)

Cost and labor intensive

Desktop ONT

Minimal space requirements

Typically requires drop to be routed through the living units (aesthetics)

59 Summary

Video, internet, and new applications are driving bandwidth increases that require fiber

Fiber is the best method for providing low cost, high bandwidth services

Lowest cost/bit

Lowest OPEX

More reliable than metallic technologies

Lower attenuation, weight

Fiber architectures include various versions of PON and Point to Point

Multiple ways of deploying FTTH

Different design options for outside plant can significant impact costs and network functionality