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Question 1

The mission of corrections is to protect society by providing consequences for criminal behavior

that are fair, just, and consistent with public safety.

The Walnut Street Jail was a prison in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the earliest prison in

United States with cells for individual prisoners and was in operation from 1773 to 1835.

The correctional system is responsible for detaining and rehabilitating criminals. This system

impacts the criminal justice system by taking criminals out of society and punishing them for

their crimes. It also impacts society by protecting the public from dangerous criminals and

helping to rehabilitate offenders so that they can reintegrate into society.

Question 2

Plea bargaining is a process where defendants are able to negotiate with prosecutors to receive a

reduced sentence and for the offenders to plead guilty to the crime. This process helps in saving

time used by the court and money, as well as provide closure for victims.

Treatment courts have been shown to be an effective intervention for offenders with substance

abuse disorders, and have a positive impact on corrections. Treatment courts reduce recidivism

and improve offender outcomes by connecting offenders with treatment and other services that

address the underlying causes of their criminal behavior.

These courts are designed to provide help to offenders with addiction or mental health problems

so that they can get the treatment they need and stay out of jail or prison. These courts are often

smaller and more intimate than traditional courts, and they focus on rehabilitation rather than
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punishment. This can be a more effective way to deal with offenders, and it can help to keep

them from re-offending in the future.

Question 3

The early development of jail in the United States can be traced back to the colonial era. The first

jails in America were built in the 1600s in the colonies of Virginia and Massachusetts. These

early jails were used to detain people who were accused of crimes or awaiting trial.

Categories of jail offenders;

1. Violent offenders

2. Property offenders

3. Drug offenders

4. Public order offenders

5. Probation and parole offenders

There are a number of challenges that jails face with mentally ill offenders. One of the most

significant challenges is the lack of mental health resources available to these individuals. Many

mental health facilities have been closed down in recent years, leaving few options for mentally

ill offenders who need treatment. Additionally, jails are often overcrowded and understaffed,

which can make it difficult to provide adequate care to mentally ill offenders. There is also a lack

of training and experience among jail staff in dealing with mentally ill offenders, which can often

lead to them being mistreated or misunderstood.

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Question 4

Probation can be traced back to the past times when it was a method of rehabilitation for

offenders. The modern probation system began to emerge in the 19th century with the

development of the police and the courts. The first probation officers were appointed in London

in 1841, and the first probation laws were passed in the United States in the 1870s. Probation has

since become an integral section in the criminal justice structure in many countries.

The advantages of probation are that it allows offenders to be supervised in the community rather

than incarcerated, and it allows offenders to receive treatment and services that can help them to

reform their behavior. The disadvantages of probation are that it can be difficult to monitor

offenders, and offenders may re-offend if they do not receive the necessary treatment and

services.

Question 5

The history of parole can be traced back to early 1800s in United States. The term "parole"

comes from the French word meaning "to release on condition." The first use of parole in the

United States occurred in 1832 when Massachusetts began releasing prisoners on parole. The

first use of parole for prisoners of war occurred during the Civil War. In 1864, General Ulysses

S. Grant issued an order allowing the release of Union prisoners of war on parole. The British

prison reformer Alexander Maconochie is credited with being the first to advocate for the use of

parole as a method of prisoner release. Maconochie believed that prisoners should be released
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based on their conduct while in prison, rather than the length of their sentence. Maconochie's

ideas were not well received at the time and he was ultimately forced to resign from his position.

In 1876, the British prison commissioner Sir Edmund du Cane implemented a system of parole

for prisoners in England and Wales. Under this system, prisoners could be released on parole

after serving one-third of their sentence. This system was later expanded to include prisoners

serving life sentences. The Irish prison reformer Sir Walter Crofton is credited with being the

first to advocate

Types of parole conditions

1. General conditions that apply to all parolees include obeying all laws, not associating with

known criminals, and meeting regularly with a parole officer.

2. Special conditions that are specific to an individual parolee may include drug testing,

attending counseling, and having no contact with victims of the crime

The process of parole revocation typically begins when a parolee is accused of violating the

conditions of their parole. The parolee will then be given a hearing, at which they will be

allowed to present evidence and testimony in their defense. If the parole board finds that the

parolee has violated the conditions of their parole, they may revoke the parole and order the

parolee to be re-incarcerated.

The due process rights prescribed in Morrissey v. Brewer include the right to the notice of the

hearing, the right to have counsel for representation, confrontation right and the right to cross-

examine witnesses, and to a written decision.