PROJECT REPORT PHASE - I

On
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MOBILE RES POWER PLANT
Submitted in Partialfulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

From

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI

Carried out by
BADIGERE MAHANTHESHA 1SB18EE004
SUHAS D S 1SB18EE012
BHEEMASANKAR H YATNUR 1SB18EE005
TARUN S 1SB18EE013
Under the Guidance of
Prof. MALINI K V
Head of the Department, EEE

Prof. PUSHPARAJ.H
Department of EEE

2021-2022
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

SRI SAIRAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Sai Leo Nagar, Guddanahalli Post, Anekal, Bengaluru – 562106
 SRI SAIRAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Sai Leo Nagar, Guddanahalli Post, Anekal, Bengaluru – 562106

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project phase-I work entitled “DESIGN AND FABCRICATION OF

MOBILE RES POWERPLANT” is a bonafide work carried out by BADIGERE

MAHANTHESHA(1SB18EE004), SUHAS D S(1SB18EE012), BHEEMASHANKAR H
YATNUR(1SB18EE005), TARUN S (1SB18EE013) in partial fulfillment for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2021-2022. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report
deposited in the department library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering
Degree.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

……………………… ……………………… ………....…………………..

(Prof. MALINI K V) (Prof. MALINI K V) (Dr. B. SHADAKSHARAPPA)
HOD, Dept. of EEE Head of Department, EEE Principal, SSCE

(Prof. PUSHPARAJ.H)
Dept. of EEE

Name of the Student University Seat Number

BADIGERE MAHANTHESHA 1SB18EE004
SUHAS D S 1SB18EE012
BHEEMASHANKAR H YATNUR 1SB18EE005
TARUN S 1SB18EE013
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The knowledge and satisfaction that accompanies a successful completion of a project is hard to
describe. Behind any successful project there are wise people guiding throughout. We thank
them for guiding us, correcting our mistakes and providing valuable feedback. We would
consider it as our privilege to express our gratitude and respect to all those who guided and
encouraged us in this project.

We are very much grateful to our beloved founder chairman MJF. LION LEOMUTHU
and our Dynamic CEO SRI SAI PRAKASH LEOMUTHU for providing such a platform to
enhance our knowledge.

We express sincere gratitude to our beloved Principal Dr. B SHADAKSHARAPPA for

his encouragement towards student’s attitude.

We are thankful to our Management Representative Dr. R ARUN KUMAR for his kind
encouragement and motivation.

We are grateful to our Prof. MALINI K V, Head of the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering for providing support and encouraging us in various techniques to be
followed for completion of the project.

We are thankful to our guides Prof. MALINI K V and Prof. PUSHPARAJ H,

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for providing support and
encouraging us in various techniques to be followed for completion of the project.

We would like to thank our project coordinator Prof. PUSHPARAJ H,

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for their constant support and guidance
throughout.

We would like to mention our special thanks to all faculty and staffs in Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sri Sairam College of Engineering (Bengaluru) for their
valuable support and guidance.

We finally thank our family and friends who have been encouraging us constantly and
inspiring us throughout, without whom our project has never seen the light of the day.
 ABSTRACT

Today worldwide research trends are leading towards producing environmental

friendly outcomes. The demand for electrical energy is increasing with each period,
to fulfill the required we must have to concentrate on utilizing non-conventional
source of energy. Energy from the sun is the best alternatives among the renewable
energy sources. it is free, inexhaustible, non- polluting, ecofriendly and continuous
source of energy.
The solar power tree that generates large amount of energy by capturing very
small land area throughout the year. Silicon-crystalline Photo-Voltaic (SPV)
mounted on tall pole which direct convert solar energy in to electrical energy by
means of the photo voltaic effect.
Hybrid energy system is the combination of two energy sources for giving
power to the load. In other word it can defined as “Energy system which is
fabricated or designed to extract power by using two energy sources is called as the
hybrid energy system.”
Hybrid energy system has good reliability, efficiency, less emission, and lower
cost. In this proposed system solar and wind power is used for generating power.
Solar and wind has good advantages than other than any other non-conventional
energy sources. Both the energy sources have greater availability in all areas. It
needs lower cost. There is no need to find special locationto install this system.
This paper presents an innovation of the “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
MOBILE RES POWERPLANT” The solar as a source of the system, charger
controller circuit is necessary to cut the current of the rechargeable battery when
reaching its maximum voltage. AC to DC conversion done by inverter and AC
power utilized in lamp loads. The system can be applied to the room light, outdoor
light. Industrial light, charging of mobiles and laptops, etc.
 TABLES OF CONTENTS
Chapter-1 Introduction 1
Chapter-2 Literature Survey 3

Chapter-3 Existing Systems 5

Chapter-4 Block Diagram and Description 7

Chapter-5 Components Selections And Description 8
5.1 Solar PV Module
5.2 Solar Battery
5.3 Solar Inverter
5.4 Sensors
5.5 Relay Control Unit
5.6 Voltage Regulator
5.7 Hub
5.8 Bearings

5.9 Fabricating Lower Support Shaft

5.10 LDR
Chapter-6 Methodology 19
Chapter-7 Advantages, Disadvantages &It’s 23
Applications
Chapter-8 Conclusion & Future Scope of Project 25
Chapter-9 References 26
Chapter-10 Photos [Review] 27
 FIGURES
Sl.no List Of Figures Pg.no
1 Fig 3.2.1 HAWT 06

2 Fig 3.2.2 VAWT 06

3 Fig 4.1 Block Diagram of Hybrid Power Plant 07

4 Fig 5.1.1 Solar PV Module 08

5 Fig 5.1.2 Typical module 32 cells are connected in series 09

6 Fig 5.1.3 Solar module layers of construction 10

7 Fig 5.1.4 Working of single solar cell 10

8 11
Fig 5.2.1 Luminous solar battery 160Ah (Expected battery)

9 12
Fig 5.2.2 Charge Storage Capacity

10 Fig 5.3.1: Luminous solar inverter 14

11 Fig 5.3.2 Solar inverter connection 15

12 Fig 5.4.1 SENSORS 16

13 Fig:5.6.1 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 16

14 5.8.1 Bearings 17

15 18
Fig 5.9.1 Fabricating of lower shaft

16 Fig 5.10.1 LDR 18

17 19
Fig.6.1 Solar tree

18 Fig 6.2 Savonius Vawt 20

19 Fig 6.3 Hawt 21

20 10.1 Project Review 1 27

21 10.2 Project Review 2 27

22 10.3 Project Review 3 27

 LIST OF TABLES
Sl.no Tables Pg.no
1 Table 5.21 Charging Chemical Equation 13

2 Table 5.2.2 Discharge Chemical Equation 13

3 Table 6.5.1 Solar Inverter Specification 22

4 Table 6.5.2 Technical Specification 22

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PV Photo Voltaic

VAWT Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

DG Distributed Generation

RIVC Refined Instrumental Variable method for Continuous-time system

identification

HIL Hardware-In-Loop

RC Repetitive Controller

IRJET International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology

HAWT Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

NiCd nickel–cadmium

NiMH nickel–metal hydride

Li-ion lithium- ion

Li-ion lithium-ionpolymer
polymer

DC Direct Current

AC Alternating Current

MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking

Voc Open Circuit Voltage

Isc Short Circuit Current

IGBTs Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors

LDR Light dependent resistor

DEDICATED
TO BELOVED
PARENT,
TEACHERS &
FRIENDS
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MOBILE RES POWERPLANT

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION
Solar Tree
Nowadays, due to the decreasing amount of renewable energy resources, the last 10 years
become more important for per watt cost of solar energy device. It is definitely set to be become
economical in the coming years and growing as better technology in terms of both cost and
applications. Everyday earth receives sunlight (1366W approx.)

This is an unlimited source of energy which is available at no cost. The major benefit of solar
energy over other conventional power generators is that the sunlight can be directly converted into
solar energy with the use of smallest photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. There been a large amount of
research activities to combine the sun’s energy process by developing solarcells/panels/module with
high converting form.

The most advantages of solar energy are that, it is free reachable to common people and available
in large quantities of supply compared to that of the price of various fossil fuelsand oils in the past ten
years. More over solar energy requires considerably lower manpower expenses over conventional
energy production technology.

Solar tree sounds like the perfect solution for our future energy needs. It is identified as an
alternative electricity source with respect to the increase in energy demand and cost.

The enhanced technology the solar tree is nothing but an artificial tree with photo- voltaic cells
arranged in Fibonacci series manner in place of leaves, it is sunlight-based tree.

TREE represents, T = Tree generating

R = Renewable
E = Electrical
E = Energy
The panels are arranged in a fashion in a tall tower/ pole. The “Photovoltaic solar Tree”
produces light energy by the process called Power Generation.
This presents design procedure of battery charger using solar power. The 12 PV panels of
each 10W in 12pls configuration will be naturally facing towards the sun at an angle as
required sothat they can fix up maximum solar energy in a day time that provides supply
for battery charging applications. A converter is used as battery charging circuit to charge
the Lead-Acidbattery of 12V 120Ah.

The converter output is regulated by the reference of 14V so that battery (12V) can be
charged continuously during day time.
A single phase boost inverter is used to provide supply to the loads from battery. A solar
tree is a structure where solar modules are placed on a single pillar, designed with
branches made of steel to hold the photovoltaic panels which look like a tree trunk.
The inclination of the arms holding the solar PV panels are flexible and can be
adjusted as per requirement and it saves the space, this feature is not available in roof
mounted solar facilities. It can be erected anywhere for less space areas in homes, parks,
schools, institutes, hospitals, shops and streets.

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It serves the dual purpose of being an artwork and an energy generator. The energy
generation data can be monitored either in real-time or daily basis. The need of the hour
is an intelligent Energy Management System that can contribute towards cutting the
energy consumption, improving energy conservation and meeting the energy demands.

We can give uninterrupted power by using hybrid energy system. Basically this
system involves the integration of two energy system that will give continuous power.
Solar panels are used for converting solar energy and wind turbines are used for
converting wind energy into electricity. This electrical power can utilize for various
purpose.

Wind Turbine

This project is about designing and manufacturing of a Wind Turbine that can convert
wind by using Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) to a useful energy. The current
power demand in Kenya is very high compared to power consumption average. This
high demanding should take the focus of attention in thinking in different sources of
energy.
One of the best sources of energy that can apply the concept of sustainability is
renewable energysuch as sun, wind, and rivers. The positive point of wind energy is that
unlike solar energy that only used with sunlight, wind turbine can be useful all the 24
hours all the year.
Another concept of sustainability is the way that we should use in utilizing this
renewable energy efficiently, and environmentally friendly. This in turn will eliminate
the environment hazard andimprove Kenya’s health and life style.
Streets, public parks, schools and public facilities are consider as main power
consumers, these consumers should be vulnerable to wind from time to time. The idea of
this project is to convertthis wind by using Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) to a
useful energy by using it as a power source that can serve these consumers.
The main objective of the project is to design and fabricate a small scale vertical axis wind
turbine

Specific objectives
1. To survey and identify the best location for its installation.
2. To collect wind data around Moi University and analyze it.
3. To identify best materials for use in fabrication.
4. To recommend if its use is efficient

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
In 1873, Willoughby Smith discovered that selenium had photoconductive potential,
leading to William Grill’s Adams’ and Richard Evans Day’s 1876 discovery that selenium
creates electricity when exposed to sunlight. A few years later in 1883, Charles
Fritz actually produced the first solar cells made from selenium wafers – the reason some
historians credit Fritz with the actual invention of solar cells. However, solar cells as we
know them today are made with silicon, not selenium. Therefore, some consider the true
invention of solar panels to be tied to Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson’s
creation of the silicon photovoltaic (PV) cell at Bell Labs in 1954. The first ever silicon
solar cell could convert sunlight at four percent efficiency, less than a quarter of what
modern cells are capable of. Now days solar energy is used for domestic usage, cars,
airplanes and many other applications. The domestic solar panels are much cheaper, works
with an efficiency around 17-20%.
M. A. Azzouz and E. F. El-Saadany, proposed ‘‘Multivariable grid admittance
identification for impedance stabilization of active distribution networks,’’. Estimating grid
admittance is essential for assessing impedance stability and for designing adaptive
controllers for distributed generation (DG) units. This paper proposes a new multivariable
grid admittance identification algorithm that involves adaptive model order selection as an
ancillary function within inverter-based DG controllers Cross-coupling between d - and q-
axis grid admittances necessitates multivariable estimation. To ensure persistence of
excitation for grid admittance, sensitivity analysis is first employed in order to determine
the injection of controlled voltage pulses by the DG. Grid admittance is then estimated from
the processing of the extracted grid dynamics by the refined instrumental variable method
for continuous-time system identification (RIVC) algorithm The theoretical background
underlying the RIVC algorithm is introduced, along with its integration within the proposed
method for adaptive model order selection. Unlike nonparametric identification algorithms,
the proposed RIVC algorithm provides a parametric multivariable model of grid
admittance, which is essential for designing DG adaptive controllers. A hardware-in-the-
loop application using OPAL-RT real-time simulators has been used to validate the
proposed algorithm for both grid-connected and isolated active distribution networks.

M. Yilmaz and P. T. Krein, proposed ‘‘Review of battery charger topologies,

charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles,’’. This
paper reviews the current status and implementation of battery chargers, charging power
levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles and hybrids. Charger systems are
categorizedinto off-board and on-board types with unidirectional or bidirectional power
flow. Unidirectional charging limits hardware requirements and simplifies interconnection
issues. Bidirectional charging supports battery energy injection back to the grid. Typical
on-board chargers restrict power because of weight, space, and cost constraints. They can
be integrated with the electric drive to avoid these problems. The availability of charging
infrastructure reduces on-board energy storage requirements and costs.
On-board charger systems can be conductive or inductive. An off-board charger
can be designed for high charging rates and is less constrained by size and weight.
Level 1 (convenience), Level 2 (primary), and Level 3 (fast) power levels are
discussed.

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S. J. Pinto, G. Panda, and R. Peesapati, proposed ‘‘An implementation of hybrid

control strategy for distributed generation system interface using Xilinx system
generator,’’. This paper presents an analytical study and hardware-in-loop (HIL) co
simulation design of a grid-connected inverter system with a combinational robust
observer-based modified repetitive current controller. In this study, main attention is paid
to improve power quality and tracking performance of a distributed generation (DG)
interfacing system under various perturbations. The inherent delay in convergence of
conventional repetitive controller (RC) is reduced by introducing a low pass filter in
delay line and this configuration is named as modified RC (MRC). By adding an observer
with MRC, system states can be reconstructed, which improve the system dynamic
response. Robust stability and convergence criterion are derived in terms of linear matrix
inequality using combined Lyapunov function and singular value decomposition
technique, which determine the suitable parameters of feedback control and state
observer gains. By utilizing these gains, the switching signals are generated to operate
the DG interfacing inverter effectively. The performance of proposed controller is
compared with traditional proportional integral, proportional resonant, and MRC under
both normal and fault conditions.

A. Javadi, A. Hamadi, A. Ndtoungou, and K. Al-Haddad, proposed ‘‘Power

quality enhancement of smart households using a multilevel-THSeAF With a PR
controller,’.In this paper a multilevel transformer less hybrid series active filter is
proposed to enhance the power quality of a single-phase residential household. The
proposed topology reflects new trends of consumers toward electronic polluting loads
and integration of renewable sources which in fact may lead to the scope of a reliable
and sustainable supply. This paper contributes to improvement of power quality for a
modern single-phase system and emphasis integration of a compensator with energy
storage capacity to ensure a sustainable supply.

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CHAPTER – 3
EXISTING SYSTEM
EXISTING SYSTEM FOR SOLAR:
 In current method solar panels are mounted on top of house, and on land.
 The current method requires more land for installation of solar panel.
 The existing system has only solar tree .
 During winter, and when the sun light is not available, solar panel are not
working.Main problem is solar panel won’t work in Night .
EXISTING SYSTEM FOR WIND TURBINE:
There are two different styles of vertical wind turbines. One is the Savonius model,
which is our project is based on, and the other type is the Darrieus model. The first model
looks like a gallon drum that is been cutin half with the halves placed onto a rotating shaft.
The second model is smaller and looks much like an egg beater. Most of the wind turbines
being used today are the Savonius models.
Renewable Energy UK website provided some information about these two model.
“A Savonius is a type of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) generator invented in
1922 by Sigurd Johannes Savonius from Finland though similar wind turbine designs had
been attempted in previouscenturies."
“A Darrieus is a type of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) generator. Unlike the
Savonius wind turbine, the Darrieus is a lift-type VAWT. Rather than collecting the wind
in cups dragging the turbine around, a Darrieus uses lift forces generated by the wind
hitting aerofoils to create rotation.”
In Jun 2.15, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
has Published a research titled “DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND FABRICATION OF
SAVONIUSVERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE”
This research discussion was to showcase the efficiency of Savonius model in varying
wind conditions as compared to the traditional horizontal axis wind turbine. It evaluated
some observation that showed that atlow angles of attack the lift force also contributes to
the overall torque generation. Thus, it can be concluded that the Savonius rotor is not a
solely drag-driven machine but a combination of a drag-driven and lift-driven device.
Therefore, it can go beyond the limit of Maximum power coefficient Cp established for
the purely drag-driven machines.
Some of this researched conclusions are that the vertical axis wind turbine is a small
power generating unit with the help of free source of wind energy. It is designed under
consideration of household use. Generally, At least 10% power of the consumption can be
fulfil by the Savonius model. The research has also resulted that this turbine is generally
suitable for 8 to 10m of height above ground level. Because at ground level velocity of air

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is very less. And finally the alternate option for turbine bladematerial is reinforced glass
fiber because of its more elastic
nature but it is costlier than aluminum alloy.
To have the best efficiency of the power output from our turbine, we have done some
brainstorming in what are the most significant factor that affect the turbine, the blade
angle was agreed to be the most significant one.

Fig 3.2.1 HAWT Fig 3.2.2 VAWT

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Chapter-4
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION
HYBRID POWER PLANT

Fig:4.1 Hybrid Power Plant

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Chapter-5

COMPONENTS SELECTIONS AND DESCRIPTION

COMPONENTS USED:
 Solar Panel
 Battery
 Inverter
 Sensors
 Relay Control Unit
 Voltage Regulator
 Turbine Blades
 Shaft
 Alternator
 Hub
 LDR

Solar PV Module
The term solar panel is used colloquially for a photo-voltaic (PV) module. A PV
module is an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a framework for installation
which is shown in Fig:5.1.1. Photo-voltaic cells use sunlight as a source of energy and
generate direct current electricity. A collection of PV modules is calleda PV Panel, and a
system of Panels is an Array. Arrays of a photovoltaic system supply solar electricity to
electrical equipment.

Fig 5.1.1 Solar PV Module

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CONSTRUCTION:
Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity
through the photovoltaic effect. Most modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or
thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can be either the top layer
or the back layer. Cells must be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most
modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells
are connected electrically in series, one to another to the desired voltage, and then in parallel
to increase amperage shown in Fig:5.1.2. The wattage of the module is the mathematical
product of the voltage and the amperage of the module.
The manufacture specifications on solar panels are obtained under standard condition
which is not the real operating condition the solar panels are exposed to on the installation
site.
A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and functions as its output
interface. External connections for most photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors to
facilitate easy weather-proof connections to the rest of the system. A USB power interface
can also be used.

Fig 5.1.2 Typical module 32 cells are connected in series

Six main components of a solar panel:

1. Solar photovoltaic cells
2. Toughened Glass - 3 to 4mm thick
3. Extruded Aluminum frame
4. Encapsulation - EVA film layers
5. Polymer rear back sheet
6. Junction box - diodes and connect

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Fig 5.1.3 Solar module layers of construction

 SOLAR CELL

Fig 5.1.4 Working of single solar cell

SOLAR BATTERY:
A rechargeable battery, storage battery, or secondary cell, (or archaically
accumulator) is a type of electrical battery which can be charged, discharged into a
load, and recharged many times, as opposed to a disposable or primary battery,
which is supplied fully charged and discarded after use. It is composed of one
ormore electrochemical cells. The term "accumulator" is used as it accumulates and
stores energy through a reversible electrochemical reaction. Rechargeable batteries
are produced in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to
megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several
different combinations of electrode materials and electrolytes are used, including
lead–acid, zinc- air, nickel–cadmium (NiCd), nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-
ion (Li-ion),and lithium-ionpolymer (Li-ion polymer).

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Rechargeable batteries typically initially cost more than disposable batteries, but
have a much lower total costof ownership and environmental impact, as they can be
recharged inexpensively many times before they need replacing. Some rechargeable
battery types are available in the same sizes and voltages as disposable types, and can
be used interchangeably with them.

Fig 5.2.1 Luminous solar battery 160Ah (Expected battery)

CONSTRUCTION OF LEAD ACID BATTERY:

Lead Acid Battery: If we break the name Lead Acid battery we will get Lead, Acid,
and Battery. Lead is achemical element (symbol is Pb and the atomic number is 82). It is
a soft and malleable element. We know what Acid is; it can donate a proton or accept an
electron pair when it is reacting. So, a battery, which consists of Lead and anhydrous
plumbic acid (sometimes wrongly called as lead peroxide), is called as Lead Acid Battery
and it is shown above.

Internal construction:
A Lead Acid Battery consists of Plates, Separator, and Electrolyte, Hard Plastic with a
hard rubber case.

In the batteries, the plates are of two types, positive and negative. The positive one
consists of Lead dioxide and negative one consists of Sponge Lead. These two plates are
separated using a separator which is an insulating material. This total construction is kept
in a hard plastic case with an electrolyte. The electrolyte iswater and sulfuric acid.

The hard plastic case is one cell. A single cell store typically 2.1V. Due to this reason, A
12V lead acid battery consists of 6 cells and provide 6 x 2.1V/Cell = 12.6V typically.

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CHARGE STORAGE CAPACITY:

It is highly dependable on the active material (Electrolyte quantity) and the plate’s size.
In lithium battery storage capacity is described in mAh or milliamp-hour rating, but in the
case of Lead Acid battery, it is Amphour.

Fig 5.2.2 Charge Storage Capacity

WORKING OF LEAD ACID BATTERY:

Working of the Lead Acid battery is all about chemistry and it is very interesting to
know about it. There are huge chemical process is involved in Lead Acid battery’s charging
and discharging condition. The diluted sulfuric acid H2SO4 molecules break into two parts
when the acid dissolves. It will create positive ions2H+ and negative ions SO4-. As we told
before, two electrodes are connected as plates, Anode and Cathode. Anode catches the
negative ions and cathode attracts the positive ions. This bonding in Anode and SO4- and
Cathode with 2H+ interchange electrons and which is further react with the H2O or with the
water (Diluted sulfuric acid, Sulfuric Acid + Water).
The battery has two states of chemical reaction:

1. CHARGING
2. DISCHARGING

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CHARGING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:

As explained above, following chemical reactions takes place at Anode and Cathode
during the chargingprocess.
 At cathode
Pb + SO42- => PbSO4 + 2e-

 At anode
PbSO4 + 2H2O => PbO2 + SO 42- + 4H- + 2e-

 Combining above two equation, the overall chemical reaction will be
2PbSO4 + 2H2O => PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4
Table 5.2.1 Charging Chemical Equations

DISCHARGING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:

 At cathode
Pb + SO42- => PbSO4 + 2e-

 At anode:
PbO2 + SO42- + 4H- + 2e- => PbSO4 + 2H2O

 Combining above two equation, the overall chemical reaction will be
PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 => 2PbSO4 + 2H2O
Table 5.2.2 Discharge Chemical Equation

SOLAR INVERTER:

A solar inverter or PV inverter, is a type of electrical converter which

converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel
into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial
electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network.

Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays,
including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.Solar
inverters use maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to get the maximum possible
power from the PV array. Solar cells have a complex relationship between solar
irradiation, temperature and total resistance that produces a non-linear output
efficiency known as the I-V curve. It is the purpose of the MPPT system to samplethe
output of the cells and determine a resistance (load) to obtain maximum power for any
given environmentalconditions.

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The fill factor, more commonly known by its abbreviation FF, is a parameter which,
in conjunction with the open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc) of
the panel, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. Fill factor is defined as
the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of Voc andIsc.

There are three main types of MPPT algorithms: perturb-and-observe, incremental

conductance and constant voltage. The first two methods are often referred to as hill
climbing methods; they rely on the curve of power plotted against voltage rising to
the left of the maximum power point, and falling on the right.

Fig 5.3.1: Luminous solar inverter

Solar inverter may be classified into four broad types :

1. Stand-alone inverters, used in isolated systems where the inverter draws its
DC energy from batteries charged by photovoltaic arrays. Many stand-alone
inverters also incorporate integral battery chargers to replenish the battery
from an AC source, when available. Normally these do not interface in any
way with the utility grid, and as such, are not required to have anti-islanding
protection.
2. Grid-tie inverters, which match phase with a utility-supplied sine wave.
Grid-tie inverters are designed to shut down automatically upon loss of utility
supply, for safety reasons. They do not provide backup power during utility
outages.
3. Battery backup inverters, are special inverters which are designed to draw
energy from a battery, manage the battery charge via an on board charger, and
export excess energy to the utility grid. These inverters are capable of
supplying AC energy to selected loads during a utility outage, and are required
to have anti-islanding protection.

4. Intelligent hybrid inverters, manage photovoltaic array, battery storage and

utility grid, which are allcoupled directly to the unit. These modern all-in-one
systems are usually highly versatile and can be used for grid-tie, stand-alone
or backup applications but their primary function is self-consumption with
the use of storage.

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WORKING OF SOLAR INVERTER:

The working principle of the inverter is to use the power from a DC Source such as the
solar panel andconvert it into AC power. The generated power range will be from 250 V
to 600 V. This conversion process can be done with the help of a set of IGBTs (Insulated
Gate Bipolar Transistors). When these solid-state devices are connected in the form of H-
Bridge, then it oscillates from the DC power to AC power.

Fig 5.3.2 Solar inverter connection

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SENSORS:
An electrical sensor is a device or integrated circuit that detects a specific physical
parameter and converts itto an electrical signal. The sensor is used to measure the amount
of light in atmosphere and triggers the solarlamps to switch ON automatically at sunset
and OFF at sunrise. The output signal of the electrical sensors is processed and used to
provide a measurement or to trigger an action Solar Tree is capable of functioning for
three consecutive days of cloudy or overcast weather.

Fig 5.4.1 SENSORS

RELAY CONTROL UNIT:

The relay control unit is an electrical component that opens or closes a switch in
order to allow current to flow through a conducting coil, with the coil not coming contact
with the switch. Relay control are electromagnetic devices that typically control the
power flow in circuits. The relay control unit will send trip signals and disconnect the
loads during day time or as per the command from Android application interface. When
there are the issues of high signals to relay control, the circuit breakers will be
reconnected and hencethe loads.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR
The buck converter circuit with control loop is provided below:

Fig:5.6.1VOLTAGE REGULATOR
In this when switch is ON, the inductor gets charged. The output voltage is provided as
When the switch isOFF, the Induction starts to discharge. In this case the voltage output is
Equal to the inductor volt.

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HUB
A hub is the center part of a bicycle wheel. It consists of an axle, bearings and a hub shell.
The hub shell typically has two machined metal flanges to which spokes can be attached. We
removed the central axle and instead used the shaft we had machined. It’s the shaft that acted
asthe axle.

BEARINGS

5.8.1 Bearings
The bearings allow the hub shell (and the rest of the wheel parts) to rotate freely about the
axle.We used two bearings each of 12mm diameter. We welded the inner part to our shaft so
that as the shaft rotates, the inner part of the bearing also rotates while the outside remains
rigid.

FABRICATING LOWER SUPPORT SHAFT

We first made a C-disk. Through boring, we then threaded its internal surface. Also the aim
of boring wasto help us achieve the intended diameter of 24 mm so that one of our bearings
can fit inside.
In machining,boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled (or cast)
by means of a single-point cutting tool (or of a boring head containing several such tools),
such as in boring a gun barrel or an enginecylinder.

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Boring is used to achieve greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a
tapered hole. Boring can be viewed as the internal-diameter counterpart to turning, which
cuts external diameters. Boring, also called internal turning.

Fig 5.9.1 Fabricating of lower shaft

LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR):
Light dependent resistor (LDR) output is HIGH during daytime in which the battery is
charging and the LDR output is LOW when there is no solar energy is available. When the
LDR output voltage is low, then the command signal send to the relay control unit

Fig 5.10.1 LDR

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Chapter-6
METHODOLOGY

In this project, required numbers of panels are connected to three phase interleaved boost
converter. The voltage regulator output is provided to battery for charging during the day
time and when the day light is reduced the light loads are connected to the 3 level NPC
inverter through battery with the help of sensors.

The battery will discharge when the loads are connected during night time. The battery is
connected to three level NPC inverter which provides the supply to the loads.

Solar tree panels charge batteries during the daytime. To increase the current panels are
connected in parallel. The lead acid battery is used for storing the PV generated power and
also to provide supply to the load. The battery will discharge when the loads are connected
during night time. The battery is connected to three level NPC inverter which provides the
supply to the loads. The PV output is provided to the battery charging converter.

Fig.6.1 Solar tree

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At dusk, the solar tree switches ON its LED automatically. The internal control can also
regulate the amount of light produced on how much charge is left in the batteries. A sensor
measures an amount of light in the atmosphere and triggers the solar lamps to switch ON
automatically at sunset and OFF at dawn. The light loads are connected to the battery with
the help of single phase 3 level NPC inverter. It operates by IoT, sensors, microcontroller
unit and inverter.

The sensor is used as Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) output is HIGH during daytime
in which the battery is charging and the LDR output is LOW when there is no solar
energy is available. When the LDR output voltage is low, then the microcontroller will
send command signal to the relay control unit.

Prior any appropriate solution can be developed a thorough investigation has to be conducted
in order to find out what solutions have already been proposed (information gathering). Once
these solutions have been analyzed and the team has an understanding of why the respective
solutions are not currently being implemented, a solution generation phase is taking place.
Here various solutions are presented and evaluated against criteria and constraints.

Once the team has satisfactorily modeled all solution concepts of interest, the concept that
performs best analytically, in addition to meeting all criteria and constraints, is selected
(concept selection). The analytical model may then be verified experimentally, using a small
scale modeling scheme or through a full scale experimental model.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF VAWTS

Savinous Wind Turbines: The Resistance Runner

When in operation, Savonius wind turbines rely on the flow resistance mechanism to turn
their rotors. In simple words, the dynamic pressure of the wind against the blades pushes the
rotor into rotation. At the same time, the opposite side of the blades encounters a force of
aerodynamic resistance or “drag.” This is just like what we experience when cycling or
running: There’s always the air flow coming against us. Because of thisSavonius wind
turbines can only turn as fast as the wind speed.

SAVONIUS VAWT

Fig 6.2 Savonius Vawt

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HAWT

Fig 6.3 Hawt

VAWT

Fig 6.4 Vawt

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SOLAR INVERTER SPECIFICATION:

Brand Luminous
Running Power 400W
Capacity 750 VA
Battery System 12 V
Battery support 80 Ah ~ 200 Ah
Panel Support 450 Wp
Battery Full charging time 6- 10 hours

LOAD (LED LAMP)

As per our requirements in this project we are using only 1 led lamp of 20W

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
Type of bulb LED
Aluminium Die Casting with rust proof powder
Body Material
coating
PCB 15 amps
LED 12V
Light Colour 20 Amp/ 12V
Mains Re-Connect / Dis-
12 V & 20 V
Connect Voltage
140 V – 280V (eco mode)
Voltage Range
180V – 260 V (UPS mode)

Driver Waterproof IP65

Table 6.5.2 Technical Specification

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Chapter-7

ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES & ITS

APPLICATION
ADVANTAGES:
1. pollution free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after installation

2. Reduced dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels

3. Renewable clean power that is available every day of the year, even cloudy days
produce some power

4. Return on investment unlike paying for utility bills

5. Virtually no maintenance as solar panels last over 30 years

6. Creates jobs by employing solar panel manufacturers, solar installers, etc. and in turn
helps the economy

7. Excess power can be sold back to the power company if grid intertied

8. Ability to live grid free if all power generated provides enough for the home /
building

9. Can be installed virtually anywhere; in a field to on a building

10. Solar can be used to heat water, power homes and building, even power cars

11. Safer than traditional electric current

12. Solar panels have no moveable parts and very simple to use

DISADVANTAGES:

1. whether-dependent

2. Although Solar energy can still be collected during cloudy and rainy days the
efficiency of the solar systemdrops….

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APPLICATION:

1. Solar green houses

2. Solar electric power generation
3. Solar power satellite
4. Solar drying of agriculture and animal products
5. Solar distillation
6. Solar heating of buildings
7. Solar car

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Chapter–8
CONCLUSION& FUTURE SCOPE OF PROJECT:
1. This project has presented the design and construction of solar tree, the
unconventional energy sources such as geothermal, ocean tides, wind and sun is the
option to meet future energy requirements
2. Sunlight based tree is an ideal beneficial interaction between spearheading plan and
front line eco-good innovation.
3. Cultivable land is the greatest crisis in major countries, it is used for other than
agriculture, it will be unpredictable loss to the society. Therefore, solar power tree is
very efficient to capture large amount of solar energy by utilizing a very small surface
area of valuable land.
4. This is the efficient way to produce electricity in large quantity without any
maintenance or other activities and gives us a continuous output foe long time.
5. Hopefully if this new model of solar tree plantation is adopted widely it would be
possible to produce for the world keeping the best ecological balance and preserving
the nature.

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CHAPTER- 9

REFERENCES
1. S. Singh, B. Singh, G. Bhuvaneswari, V. Bist, A. Chandra and K. AlHaddad, “Power
Quality Improved Bridgeless Converter Based Multiple Output SMPS,” in IEEE
Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting2013., Lake Buena Vista, FL, 2013,
pp. 1-8.
2. X. Yang, C. Yang, T. Peng, Z. Chen, B. Liu, and W. Gui, ‘‘Hardware-in the-loop
fault injection for traction control system,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power
Electron., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 696–706, Jun. 2018.

3. M. A. Azzouz and E. F. El-Saadany, ‘‘Multivariable grid admittance identification for

impedance stabilization of active distribution networks,’’ IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1116–1128, May 2017.

4. S. Vijay, S. Doolla, and M. C. Chandorkar, ‘‘Real-time testing approaches for

microgrids,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1356–
1376, Sep.2017

5. Sooraj M A, Muhammad Shabaz, Valeedh Abdul Azeez, “Design Of Hybrid wind

Tree”, IJARIIE, Vol-6, ISSUE-3, 2020Rishi Sikka, “Design and Implementation of
Solar Tree”, International Journal of innovative & Exploring Engineering (IJITEE),
Vol-8, Issue-125, 2019.

6. Oviya R, Narmada M, Elangovan S, “Hybrid Energy Power using Solar & Wind
Power & Monitoring in wireless Technology”, International journal of engineering
Research & Technology (IJERT), 2019

7. Rishi Sikka, “Design and Implementation of Solar Tree”, International Journal of

innovative & Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), Vol-8, Issue-125, 2019.

8. Dr. N.N. Wadaskar, Monu S Pal, “Review on solar Tree with wind turbine”, IJESE,
Volume10 Issue 7 ,2020.

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CHAPTER -10
PHOTOS [REVIEW]
Project Review 1

Project Review 2

Project Review 3

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