fNSTJT UTE OF ENGINEERING B.E.

(Electrica l & El ectronics)

.g(.·fl. ~,
ruL CrlOWK CA MPUS 2ND YR. 2ND PART

K Jlhrnandu, Nepal. ELEC TROM AG NETICS

(l,\;_1 6)

EXPERIMENT - 1
"
(t; 1) -~ .~! )
I /
J
l\1EASUR.EME\ T OF DrELECTRICCONSTANT

OBJECTIVE

To detePnine the dielectri~ co~stant of common insulating materials.

EQUIPlV!ENT REQUIRED
* Digirnl Scupe fIP54600B * Function Generator PY15 i32

* Cc-:pacitor test plates, dielectric slabs and spacers, probes, leads, 100 ohms resistor,
ruler,_vemier calipers.

\Vi·,en a non conducting solid is placed in an electric field, molecular polarisation

occt.:rs. That is the atoms or molecules of the material tend to ~lightly defonn
under the influence of the field. This causes individual dipole moments to be seL up
within the solid, the positive pole or" :-ne dipole being positioned contiguously \vith the
rieg~ti ve of the adj acent dipole. T:'c :: _:,: dfe:.:t is 2. surface charge on the surface of the
material \,·hich increases the E/ecrric' F/11x D1:nsi,'°)· (D) beyond to.at \\-hich would exiS1
in t:1e absence of the dielectric mare::2.: In fre e spce, the Elecrric Field (E) ar:d D are
r::i:i ted through the relationship

D = i::.E

\\ he re 20 is the permittivity of free- sp2.ce.

.
In "11e pre
__ sence o
f a so 11·d d.1e1ecmc
. . . mater!a1
. i , t ecause of the polarisntion_ the flux
1 ~ -- -
ce ,!:..1tv1smc db p -' / .· ,· . ;, _
_field. . reas~ y an amount_ . tne po a1 tsai1011 of the matenal tor a grven applied
Hence, the pemlittivity is effectively increased by and amount [I + (P/ EoE)J This
quantity is called tpe relaiive permittivity, or d;e/ectric co11~a111._ (Er ) and is a
characteristic of each parti"cular material.

\Vhen a dielectric material is inserted between · the plates of a parallel piate

capacitor, the capacitance increases by, a facrnr of Er,

The schematic for the experimental setup is shown in Figure 1.

Test Plates~ _ _ __
Function j ; C
~
1
1
Generato'r Dielectric

1000 Resistc-, (R)

.. . . . . .. J.. .. . . .

Figure 1

The voitage3 vr and Ve ar~·measured on the Oscii>Jsco~e. The current through the te s::
capacitor is given by ic = v/R. If the reacta,..:e c;· the capacitor at the frequenc y of
measurement is>> R then Vo>> Vr and Vo cz:1. l:e .:ons:~ered as the voltage across lh e
capacitor Ve, otherwise the voltage o.cross fr.e c2;::citcr mu st be determined by phasor
amiysis.

PROCEDURE

(:(ote that all measurements should includ;: z:1 e:-rn r esti1112.-;: :on)

l. For the glass slab provided, measure ar,: ,e.:::~d it~ dimensions as carefull y
as possible.
2 _ Calculate the dielectric constant i_n terms oJthe dimensions and C, i.e. Er= CdlEoA.

3 Connect the components as shown in figure 1. M~asure R with a D~f~.'1.

4. With the sine output of the Function Generator set to an appropriate level,
. -
measure Vo ·and Yr.from 2Q kH,z to IOct:kH:z in 20 kHz steps .
---- -
(Take measurements also at 200 kHz, 500 kHz and 1 MHz) .

For each frequency calculate Ve and Y = v/2rcvcR.

Note that v/ = v/ - Vr2 . The followina table should be drawn in vour Logbook:
0 . •

I Frequency I
\ I
'J:...

5. Plot Y versus frequency up to 100k.Hz and from the slope of the line of
best fit, estimate the capacitance C.

6. From step 2 above, estimate the dielectric constant of ~he glass slab. Sr1gb;; _.

Include an estimation of errors.

(You will recati rrom your Engmeenng lviatenats (ouse t:-i.at the
dielectric constant, in general, varies with frequency. but for the m:::teria\:;
investigated, the variation is small over the frequenc:: range of
your measurements) .
.(
..:
Repeat the above steps with the glass slab removed \'.::h :~.e corners ind the centres
of the test plates suspended by spacers of equal thick.:-.ess -.,.:i:h Lhe s·.?.·o.

8. At 20 kHz (where Yr<< Va), with the slab still remo\·d. se: v, ~o fr.e same value as
record.ed with the slab present . Note the current (v/R : in :":-·.;s c:::.se. C:,nti:-:-;-1that the
ratio of the currents with the slab present and absent :s eci'~,:: to :he
dielectric constant.
!~ ..... \"--&:,.•:.t-~ -,1..:. :· . -. . .: : . -

~-~{Repea; __steps_} -.7 using fhe bakelite slab to estimate E(\bakclitcl.

/if1\::.:- .;~:./ ,\:-,;:_,.: . ;.
~wii:.; /·:;· . .
f '.'i~ RESULT
tt::.- ·?:. •)1 · , ~ .. ' , •

~;;fl
; ·. .
..·wllat
.
assumptions have been ~ade in conducting this experiment?
t .
-·
. · • ? What are the main sources of e~or?
. . '

. . 3. Comment on the correlation·between Er measured in step 6 and the value of

Sr found from the ratio of C(with dielectric): C(without dielectric).
2
4. Show that v,/ = v: - v/ .
5. How could the experiment be modified to include the effect of resistive loss in the
dielectric?
s. What conclusions can you form from this experiment')
L+hl dlv'\eJ~~ G • 21.c...., 0 .~~ tfll) .
~k.elae. 60 K.~ 'l.
YOKl-1 ~
- - - -f-:: 2-0 K\--\ 2.
Vv-= PLS"O \/ I e '' '.)-V 2.i, 1fV
. 3g,,3v
1\),\.\~V
V0 :. l Cl, lj~ V 10. ~1"

~---7 (__?, .'1,-1 ~, • ~ ) asb <e'. i, + .,.J

. ~~-~ H ;. O,S6 C.NI) -') G! • \ •• c,. :?
Vy :: 13~::J !; V 3 f,OV
v0 ~ IC), 6$ V
/

(-l ::- O, 36 cM)

l\,~"v' ,~,'2.~
f
(
-'to Vf
vvv \
-\) C ~ V / -.-:vy'l.. I
- ln\t,tute ol Eng111cerm9 B E (Electncal & Et~ctromcs)

f lccl ronlc~ D!."pa rt men t 2nd Y ear

pulchovtk Kathmandu . Ne pa l. Etectr omagnelrc !'

EXP EI{I I\11EN T - 2

COAX IAL TRANS MISSION LI NE VE LOCI TY r .-\CTOR

OB.JECT I VE

Tn esti111~ le lrrn1 s111i ss io11 li11e 1rnrn111e!crs 1li rrn1gli nJ,~en i11g p1ilc:;c :111d
sinusoidal signal propagati on 011 coaxial tra11srnissiri1 lines .

EQU I PI\IENT REQU IRE D

* Pi\ 15705 Pulse Generator * 11P 54600Bnscil lcsco1'~.

r P\ I 5 133- foun ctio11Ge11cra lL·r

·i , 50 Ohms termin ati ons * BNC Tee c :mec:ors r 3 pcs)

:"I lis111atch 1er111 i11a ti o11s

·111 EORY & l 1NIT DE SC RI PT IO\:

I 1a 11s1nissinn lines are 1,vo-conduct0r struclu 1·es th.1t are u:::: : :0 ;· --'P<' ~~:e
rlec1ricnl energy from one point in sp.1ce to another . The 1:~ .t~ i:~n,;;r•nted IK~ L1e ve ty
s111all for informatio n tra11smissi o11 t_iusl su!Ticient lo overcc:·.e ni:ise ir tht"! s,s: ·: 1) or be
i1· the 11J~r of thousa nds \vntt s i11 po" er transmissio n
~!:'
. , :-.;;;;- . . -The coaxial cab\~ :s ct dos':!U (shielded) tr:1nsiilissi011 line. in which no undesired
energy can be coupled into the syste,n apm1 r, 0 111 the source and e n ~

,\II transmission lines have certain parameters which depend 011 geometry am! the
lllaterials that constitute the conductors and the insulating medium spacing the
conductors. , ·
·~ ,::r,rimary" :' parameters are inductance (L). resistance (R), cipacitance (C) aml shunt
conductance (G) per unit length_ -
TJiie "secondary" parameters are deri\'ed from these and are .called Choractaistic:
/111pnla11c:e (Zo) and Propagation Co11sto11t (j).
Where:
/
/ y-
:-~ nll__,_, j = J(l?. + .Jo;/.)( C + _io[) rads/in

Modern lines are "le·., loss• that is. rvl. ,,-,, } & oiC >> G, ,0 Z,, and /foecomc
' \ ,, \, \
\
.
.

' ., \ \ \ ' ,---

\ I', / !_
- - .' :s ' Zo = \!--:::- Q
'(
and / = jro~ rads/m '

Go~ ½Jt- C,
y.:;, -1·w /Cc Y<'-<.d~l r"1)

Z:1 is sometimes called the ::surne impedzmce" because it is the impedance that a
sudde:J surge of energy experie:-;ces ifit is aprlied to the input of the tnnsrnission li11c_

For :n-aximum pmver transfer. the l:ne should ~Je terminated in Zn, and the
sign,ti source connected to the inp~n of the li.n;;> should have an output i:11peclance
equal to Zo .

The propagation constant ~e ~1 resents the sk't in phase per unit length that a
sinusoidai signal experiences c:1 the line :1.11cl is equal to 2rr radians divided by the
\':ave!ength on the line_

"-:ote that Ar., is less tha11 the ·.'- ;-:<. ele:,stli 1:1 l1·ce space p ,,o) because of the cliclc:ctri c
, insulc1tor) separating tlic cc':::~~::,Jrs. Th:s reduction. in wa·-: ele1~~:h is the resuit uf
reclucLion in velocity of proprr~::t i,'ll on th~ tr :-.1 ismissio11 line .
The frre space velocity isl-'=: :-: I1} nts .
The velocity of propagation or d1e tra11s;~1iss1-:-n line is 1· = c / ✓E, = kt1£ll1 ·3
T!1e term k, is calle<l the'\ e!c:it:: frlc~or" ::rn :: is equal to the rcciprnc2.\ of the squn: e I m,t
·Jf the dielectric constant of tlie m,Jcrial separ:Hing the transmission line conductors ·
:\ pu!se of energy introducccJ 01,tJ ;1 1;:: line w::l thus propagate with a ,.-elocity 1·.
 !. Z1
. ◄---· - - - -- - -- -- ------►
f

Pulses on Transmission Lines

Wilen
,...,
of
a pulse . enerov
• .::::.
1·e,.,cl1e
·« · s
ti 1e emI o r tiI c 1·I11e. .It will
. be tot a II y nL1sor
I. lJCu. I In
.
t I 1e I o n(I ·1·
1
th
/_, , ;;:. Z J. O erwise It will be reflected back to·.,. ard the Qenerator ,xith and amplitude

i ~, '" T,1#.
where Vf is the amplitude of the forw,:d traveling pulse and r is the Refl ec tio n
Coefficient.
Tis given by

Z, -Z~
-r = . '
Z, f l .,

Strictly speaking, this relationship applies 0111:: for sinusoidal steady state analysis v: :1ere
r1-and l-~ are traveling wave amplitudes on the transmission line . However if Zo is real
1
(the assumption of a lossless line) and Z, is real (the cr:.se for a purely resisti ve loaJ
termination), the relationship holds for pulses.

Sinusoidal Excitation of Transmission Lines

When a sinusoidal signal is applied to a trnn -;::1i ssi1' 11 line. a11d steady st ate co nditio1 ;5
lwxe been rec1c!Jed, the voltage and currc11 t J:strih1 ti c, n ai•~' ng the leg.th or t ~1e li 1·.·2 \vi ii
ag,1i11 depend on th__c load tcrn1i11atio11 and hc:::.: c ,-
If the line is "matched" i.e. Z1 = Zo (or the r = 0 c.~ rnfa ion i. then there \\·ill be <1 0 st::·,:1di11~
',Va\eS 011 the line . Otherwise there will \; ~ n 1e! lec ted , _ .: : \tng -: ,va-..- e of ar:, plitu c: : .'. V,as
before.
The phase shifl: between the input sigmil :,_, th e lin e an c.: the c utpu: sig11,t! c1. t th -:- loa,:
termination is found from the propagation c::3la w"(
To calculate the phase shifl, one simply ll i'_:i ,_i pli c-s"'(by the le11gtli c f !he lii ,e Tl! i_•s the
·n c
lotz:.I phase sl111L 1· "
1or a 111e
oflcngtli
_ _
,. c11 h_·
Lat '.::: .Jt1 Ci1c_.- i'i s ~:-1

where ~ = 2rr.IA1, = 2nf Iv.

~ ~-]'·
~
~-
•! '•
..,

I
\ .
,., -
\_

\~; .
.
":_:

,. Di!tiral .
. Os~illoscooe!
1

. •,. i
n
' L----1
i
I

Load Z
Pulse
Generatcr . I
i
5;jQ. !Jursut

De:erTT:ine the physic:i.l length of the test cable as accur2:~iy .:.s :}()S~::ie.

- So::::: the ?Uise 1.vidth for -1 OOns 1,vii:h a pulse repeti1ion fre~ue:-..::; (~:--::'1or' --: .\f..Ez
----:::,:::..:-.:- •... ~ -

Obser-:•. :: J.nd sketch the \Vc.verorms at the nvc channel i,.::'..'.:s ::· ,h:: ·: sc :i: :s.:-::::: x!::-i. ,:
5,=.n "::1ched load at rhc outour..
-~
'(.'' -5.' .'_.

- De~er:n:~e the time delay (:D) in the cable from the time : :rfe:-::::ce ~-::".Wc::~ fr :: c:J.cing i r- -,
dQes
-
c,· the rr2.nsmirred and received pulse. --= ') b O r n .S. v 1-::- '=<''3, 1.../ r-n v ___;_,7 - . r· 7
I !

1
,r,,;:.
"""
J3 .lf M .v
.

?'-c~i.1ce ~he ~J.:":fled loZ:d '.vith ~~! q_~~cJI+

~-~it-No1:c unC ~~e:: ~. ~he ·_·:1\·e:~r:-:: .:: :~~~
:n~ur :c d:e ~2.Die ....\gnlrL estim~!~c ~he delay in the cable ::- :::i r11 :~·~s •.:.·;_·_ere~~~

::>•1
.
~ " l :''- •: C
,1 l.
. ... v
.1 c........
- .., __
.,,., 0• -..,;
7.:;()_
• -
terminations at the load noirn
r 2.nd :: ·: :e:- ': ,h;: ·· :'.'-~:: ~:-r.:;
:·'- ....:i 1·.~,, •" -· .,
"-'-• 1--"- . . ~ 1ecti·on
d. . 1"' .""'r
\,..
1 n
coefficie;1r ( for these loads and :orr-:: 2° e ::-::: .:;ts: ~:e:·, · •
 B ~. ._,:}i;tj/ii,.J ~. . . ~ I

- ::>inu_s_~i.~,at'.tx~irntio'ft. ·!

·J;tji?l::: . __>Jl~,;i .··

~ep.
la~/ihlP~Ise Ge~erator in the above diaQram with the PYI5 i-3:2':fii~ffid~
0ener "t~;,;,i'\ •: _. .. . . . 1 ~ ·... :,;.: ,,+· . ·.s:- ..-
..a ortset for smuso1Ga ournut. :. , :·<-< l,\. \

1
\j~ftij} '. . '~:-::;/;,;!{ u
· St~~fi~t' 200 k.Qz, and inc-easing in :00 kHz steps tO 2 ~'vIHz. record the ·
·~.•·. ~l.!tP.~.,~s·
of the 1s~nals at the input and output of the test line an_d the phas~
di!f~I.$~~tbetween t~t\VO. The phase difference can be calculatec from the

~-:?~t~t: .
flrti{~f~~s on the Oscij}'bscope, remembering that one period represems 36C

.•:·_,.: :.~ .- .··!:

·.
-~-\.--- ::' .

i.}_: . Frequen~y~tfft?it; I Period T 1t Ic = 260~1: ·

~~-ilJi~c~J (VJ
J V in V(!\Jt

(µs) ~ j .

m~;_..,,,; •c - - - -
··~ '.
..
- · Iri:~~ot.fr,J;K6cr2.t0ry Book, plm Phase shift ch _ Y's frequency a::d e~::i'T1ai:e :l~c
,

freqi:i'ericfat ,vrjch the phase shift is equal to 90<>.

~.
'._. .-\t th1~:ib,ni< ~= ~L = 2:-cL:).L = -:c/'2 . That is the line ~:1g::h L == : . ,2
;;i ·:
/·

L
r , Sin2 ~~! L ow the physical .length (L) of the line, the ·•e!oci;:· ''oc::r ccr. •e
.. ,.,1·cula··r-eii · k = ~ - i~1
\..Lo, ~ \V nr,e ;._,, is the free space vvave\en_ml:
'":"· . • ••• · •!... .. 1r.{).
1

_.. '} -
; - . ., .•. ' "'.. .

RESl-L T & .-\\.-\L YSIS

- . 0'15U..-.:,r-.,e'ir nr. c1b;n .,iei~\· in X...!. ,nd .~5. caicuia1;:: :h~ -.. ~:::~::~- ;:::~::.::·
-:-=-::: '. ,_:-t..:f I~-..- ,~ ... · ,. ' •~ '- -- / - _ .

:·.. ,-'•\.."'~i::'
- ;nai. , . :.:\.•.- -- --, - .,. ._vhe~.:,
.......... . '"....., .,i... ,_, = ,j,e,del2.·-:
.. ~//
e'"°De!'ienced
.. _...
bv.. :.: s ur5: ~

•. _. "' '~-"~ : 7 ,_. cr~t-:e:ing :![ · sp..:eci. c::::• 1· I ( l.· ·~ - :n

rhe · rree
·• ·%.::~ .
a) -- ~.
spac...,_ T -
-. . .
-- I
/
• C: :cc,e·, c,n ;Se egre,~ne~,}~1::. eec, k,. me:,~,d i;; the pulse ;est ·., C'.'
. . - ri :n rhe Si:;!.l!:lvh.:,1. ,c::,,.
:::.:: r:::=:b~lfe..: • /
,I ,,

--"·'- --~. I -
;: ~-:,-- , . ., the .::-rors,ih your resuits ror e::ich c:ise.

1
_.. . ~an 7
..1 \\ •r,, : - , ~c1ui,on:i
-~~ ..... "-- 1. /
..i
\.. -\'OU dr;l\v fr-om this ex periment'
/
//
 "· ELECTRO~IAGNETICS LABORATORY
B.E. (~lectrical) IIJB and_B.E. (Electronics) ff,'B
EXPERL\1E~T 3 ·
Electric Field ,Plotting
s) •

Objective: T O investigate the equip,Jtentiai c::-~:~~;~d electric field confi.gmario n or

between various conductors of both re:2ul2.r and irre2.ular sh2.?e .
Eq.uipment Required: · - ··
Fie:d plotting board, digirn'. voltrr:.ete:-. 51)V cc power supply, ..\...!.. stanc~rd Pc.?e:- fr. e~ ~s i...:..
;;1e:: es to be suppliea· bv ,•u1...-1,.,,,.1, t) ,-:s~-r---::>~ ..,1 -1i"'r
., -- .
_, I. \,,.1 , ~ ._1\.1 ._\._ ..

Theory:
The -: onfiguracion of the sc:::.: ar "Jcre:,ti·z.: ~1ek. in the re2ion bet'-,·::e:1 t'.v•:: or ~ or: : ~ n-::~tco rs_.:.
diffe:-in2: potential, ,~.,n b.,, a·,., 1; nu·, .:.:,.._,...., , - "" , c:-, 1; 0 1~ ot_l-.,nlace ·, -=-J Lia[:c n. c,.:,\·i-::::.:: :h~: r,o ::- : .-
- "' '--i ..._._'- '- . \,,, ...... ,. • • ....,ll. " • · '- _ - ~.. J. '- .., - ,. 4

·Jr bound charge exists in tl-:e re·zicr:. Or::e tr.:: field confi2: .1r::i.tic:: iS cie:er.r: i,:ec. <---- = 1

,., ac1·12.nce (_an d hence, for 2. trar.s.:1iss;;:n

c...,,p - ·
li:.e cross - t he :nauc:2.r.ce
se-:tion, · · I c:.r. ·._:::
. - '.·ouncl.
· For regular, simple s~rnctures this ~o lu::•:::. m2·: be obtained anai·::ic2.[;·.'._Fe. :- ;,.~·;·.:: Jr .. .. f - •

st rnC;.lfes however. J.nalvti-:2.! so \1..: '.: 0m ·: ccc::-.e e:c:emeiv d.iffic it. F: r sue :~.::..::.:. :1 t:me :-;.::.:.!
g:raphic3.l or ex~eriment~l .. .,,,..~;('.-", --T~ :re~.o --n,· ·s d . . . 1 0

- - - , • L'--.., -
.&. - •,._...._ .., C .. -:;; L-~ -..1. ..✓ ~
- .I. • {i ; l / .1'!'°'.: \.. ,. • •~ - ,..; r "f'_., ; ...,

Con~un your lecture notes o: :e:c ccok ::, :-e,::: ·.v the dual nature ::e[•,vee:1 ,h-:: ~-.e, .· •- . . e. L ~ . .1...
i:he C!trrenc streamiines in a :-xo c.:::::::-.~: .::ial .:.:-ea ,xhen the a;:e::. :s fi lk:: JY:. .::',22_: :::'7:°•,:'c_;·'.-..:

:;: 1z~e;;o::tt: ~Jt\~:;he~-~i:\~~-:~~r ~~~ed~~:~~~~i~~l:::~:~or~ ~r:w:::c:1~Jr~:::/~·;_;':t::~~:; ·

1

Either set \vill produce Lapl2.-:e · s :::.:atic::. ,=:• =I) . the solutio r.
1

;J ::t:i:.:c::- :: )·,::
pote~tiai field.
The r:.'= id piorring bo2.rd has::,: .1. ..:. s:::e .:.:-e3. c:::-:tai2'"iin.g a conduc::ve p2.;' ::r. '.:-.:s :::·': :, i :; ·
bouncieci by metal conducting srr;~s whi-::·:: c2.:: either be conne~t:: :. tog ::::,cr .::- ~.- . ;-. ::_-= :: : : : :,·_
diffe;-e;-i~ ?Oientials. A digit2.'. ·,-c-I;,:::-_·i~er :2n be ·2seci :o r.,e2.sure ::-.e poic:-.:: :1; :.. ·. ,r,·. : :-::--:: Y-

~~:~~:/~~~\;:~;~::~;:~;~/\:·::-\:~:- .~,or\~~;:l l?~;i~;t~~ t i;\~~\~:·-i~~--:x~~::'. \~~ 2.,·.\::

5et 3.t z-:ro volts.
.-·\ : :. ,..,-

~icru.,..e
i .. .:;
J.

figure 2
 J~~~limin~ -
}' I. Tak· ~:~·'- )\~~: ;{~:; ;:<,r~ ~·
·:~rilie it on,its side and, using the itera'ti·; ~t :,i,Jpe~ in clas
1~scom~urs· if a 50 V potemi;I (referenc~cf fo.'st ·:~J?) is · ·
ff uffic1em gridlines and perform the necest ·, 15
i"t~r;it~on~__l(
:\f~t l0% for _equipotentials of iO, 20, 25J<Ylri!':·~ ?-~!~tj!ia(Jli.
·"_Jssary between the voltaies th:n result at y5uf'th3s . iJJrs:·tHi
)risened into the plotting ar;a dunng the experitrieni. Th~p~ttKrn be
.aper at various points to verifv 1 vour eauipotentials predi</i18ri~ ~h{~ ::1f'' ' _·',
2. On a sec · \ · .· . ' • - • , --:'~.X&~ :.~ ·

narrow si~~~.~~~l:.f.:4paper, dra\v a cm dic.111er~ circle centred midway berw'e~n 'the

curvili~~~~~~,&.f~ ~om one _end (i~ a similar fashion to Figure 2). ~sing the method of
.--\gain. th?~;i~ ,-~~:v the equ1potennal - field line p2nez:n as covered m the theory lectures
H ·. · -~ m_ car squares should be small encu oh ·o , ·1e 1d l O0 10 accuracv
ence eSr~~Jf~J~f~apacitance
to represent n. ,. !' , of the structure anc· ~Lhe\n·a··u;:ance oer unit l;i~2:th it this ·.\e:-~
. • . - ·- · • -
. .~!-~.cross secnon of a transmission line .
.3. From the e· ',,:.;, :-~i:,. '/ . . · _ _
. lectn:~~.
a d 1e ,_.,._.,eP.9.
,. --.0·.. ~enved
· · · · m your theorv- class conc,,,.,..,i- . 0 rhe ana!ocrv ber.veen caoactance ;r. ·
•· _,,.._ 1·- ·· =- · ·
. 9~, ~
caoac1tan ··· · .... · · · ~1um and resistance ·in a conducti·n· o :neri iu-m (·:hat j, RC= s/cr) show :!-:2.t ~:-:e ·
: : · ~- · - ·
· ' c~l~X}1PJ.~J~ngth of a uniform structure can be estiwated from a resistance ·
measuremenl of a se· · - ·h . - · · h -· ~ ,. · ·.,,_
_ "" .• ·,~t""".> .,/:-~lion o1 L e structure placed m conract w:th a conductmg s eet Ot =! \ ~ -1 .:i.

~he--t
R
5
_ res1slance
l . . <•:'.··· 't> ,~- c; \
· .~:o•e th"• fro
a,
E · • ,
m your ngmeenr:i .vh:en2.:s CCU;Sc,
-• R = L,,' \V )( l GL-·, ··,,.,..,: .,,~.,,
- _- -

. - ( .-crt) ~'lt1::/w;:-t;-- refer to the length, width 2.::.d thickI1ess or a conducting sheeL
Experiment: )<':: ··
l. ~onnect the so;.f supply
acd the DV?vf to the plorr::1g t2.ole as shown in Figure 1. Place :he
sneet prepared__m yow: preliminary work into the o:onin-2 area ar..d "tJe2:in ro plot the l 0. :o. :5 -
30 and 40 V eq~ipotemials by gently penetrating ·your.-~~.! sheet with the pointed probe L:nr ii
contact is made with the conductive oaoer. .
>fote that the cqp_ciu~.tipg paper is ex~e~sive and ve:-: de:icate ( i.e. it is e:isily damage;: i so '.lse
the minimum of probe pressure whe~ measuring t!'::- ?O~c:-itia:s.
")
Carefully piace the round conducting section prov:ced cmo t:;e conducting sheet J.t th.e ::-os;:io,
6 cm from border strip "D".
Connec: all rhe b·order strips together and to the ;:ef::.:iYe ::eri::inals of the power supot'- 2.r.c :h::
uv .vi. (0i111cci iuc jJ~::.1uve terminal of the supply :0 the inne~ conductor.
.-\sin pan l. place the sheet prepared in your pre!i:-:-::i1ar:: \Ver:.;: ( \\·: th a hole cut in it ~o '.lt ...~i·::~
the inner conductor) into the plotting area and trace :he equipotentiais with the pointed proe;e _
-'· :vf easure rhe DC resis_tance R benveen the inner anc ·Jcrce:- co,,duc:ors. from thur:!aiQiy
derived in ::our theory class ( RC=:::. cr ), estimate ::.e c.:~ac::.:nce ;,er unit length. IfC' ;5
CJ.pacirance unit le:1.grh. then ·C' =::: R, .' R.

A.nalysis:
In eac h case_ '~ompare
- the ,'}lotted field wirh the one ::-ec::::eci
. ::-om -·:our ,orelimir.atv
. - 1,,\ 0r~.
1 \Vhat do \ ou consider to be the m;ijor sources of e:-:-:r i:-;:
·) . tr ""sti'rnation
(a ', Ol '- ·•
of the eauipotenrials
·
a:-.C: :2c-· 2.cita::ce'?
·b· :., , me::isurement of these qu:rntities·:i
( J _.oL.r i· . i • h. . l " ~ . ~:.-.- ._, ... ·.
. . "I •he pre.1mmar-: worr: tor L iS ::·:::e:-:::ie:~:. 10·., · ·-xm:: l.i \O U uO 11 l» .. : , _ .. Ll_ -
l 1 yo u \\ ere :0 repe... L • - •