Full Journal SRJI Volume-1 Issue-3 Year-2012 Scientific Research Journal of India

Vol.1 ● No.
3 ● 2012 Scientific Research Journal of India 1
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Vol.1 ● No.3 ● 2012 Scientific Research Journal of India 2
Index
Editorial Dr. Popiha Bordoloi 5
Perception of students for laptop

ergonomics and its use in the learning Mayank Pushkar,
7
centre of Sheffield Hallam University, Shobhit Sagar
U.K.
Effectiveness of Educational Sessions on

B. Sharmila,
Reducing Diabetes in Women with Physiotherapy 23
B. Arun
PCOS— A Pilot Study
Efficacy of McKenzie Approach

combined with Sustained Traction in A.Sridhar,
34
improving the Quality of life following S.Vimala
low Back Ache – A Case Report
Rajeswari Shome, M.
Nagalingam,
Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis by
K. Narayana Rao,
Laboratory Standardized IgM and IgG Microbiology 40
B.Jayapal Gowdu, B.
ELISA
R. Shome,
K. Prabhudas
Study of Non-Isothermal Kinetic of

Austenite Transformation to Pearlite in Metallurgical
Mohammad Kuwaiti 53
CK45 Steel by Ozawa Model Free Engineering
Method
Face Exposure Technology Thanigaivel.V 60

Computer
Technology
Recovery of Decayed Species through K.Priyadharsan,
70
Image Processing S.Saranya
Editorial
Dear Readers,
I am very pleased to present the third issue of the Scientific Research Journal
of India (SRJI). This multidisciplinary and open access Journal of science is the
official organ of Dr. L. Sharma Medical Care and Educational Development Society.
The previous issues had covered three disciplines of science Physiotherapy,
Agriculture, Anthropology and Computer science. In this current issue we are
covering two new branches of science- Microbiology and Metallurgical engineering.
I would like to mention that this journal is intended to publish selected original
research articles, reviews, short communications and book reviews etc. in the various
fields of science like Botany, Zoology, Medical Sciences, Agricultural Sciences,
Environmental Sciences, Natural Sciences, Anthropology and any other branch of
related sciences and we’ll be more than happy to recognize any of your works in
these field too.
Your comments and suggestions are very valuable for us.
Happy Reading.
Regards,
Dr. Popiha Bordoloi,

Editor in Chief
Perception of students for laptop ergonomics and its use in the learning
centre of Sheffield Hallam University, U.K.
Mayank Pushkar. BPT, MSAPT (Musculoskeletal)*, Shobhit Sagar. BPT, MSAPT (Musculoskelatal)**
Abstract: Background and purpose: Laptop ergonomics is one of the most

concerned topics which result in high number of symptoms. The aim of this study is to
find out student’s perception about laptop ergonomics and how to make the learning
centre more laptop friendly. Methodology: A Qualitative survey with questionnaire
consisting of both open and close ended questions was used. 80 volunteer
participants participated in this study. Convenience Sampling was used for the
selection of participants. Qualitative Content Analysis has been used for the analysis
of the data. Results: It was observed that most of the students use laptop but they also
get musculoskeletal problems (Laptopitis) because of the extended use and adopting
improper posture while using laptop. Poor adaptation of posture was mainly because
of unawareness about laptop ergonomics and also because of poor set-up in the
learning centre. Conclusion: Laptop can be used in more friendly way without
causing any discomfort if both the factors (awareness and ergonomics setup) will be
considered. Also the awareness about the laptop ergonomics and proper posture
should be spread among student populations as most of students from other faculties
(0ther than related with health faculty) was not aware about the proper posture and
ergonomics.
Keywords: Laptop Ergonomics, Library Setup, Workplace Ergonomics, Laptopitis/

Laptop Related Injury
INTRODUCTION
Now a days, technological advances such as numbness, swellings, and tingling
use of personal computers directly affect the sensation5.Laptops induced injuries have
life of people1. As per the National Centre become so common that an all-
for Education Statistics (2000), the number encompassing term has been used to refer to
of students using computers has increased them as “Laptopitis”, which includes
by more than 50% between 1985 and 1999 musculoskeletal and vision related
in the United Kingdom alone. With 98% of disorders6. Laptops construction and usage
universities having internet facilities, the result in users assuming improper posture
number of students opting for use of laptops resulting in body discomfort, visual and
to conduct their activities is also mental strains2. Moreover, workstations
increasing2.In fact, 80% of British students configured for laptop computers, unsuitable
own a laptop in which 40% spends 3 – 4 furniture faulty lightings, further contribute
hours daily on internet3. Laptops are widely to the physical injuries resulting from use of
being used by professionals who need to laptops5.
travel and work in different places like Hence, there is a great need to study the
office or college4. This phenomenon is ergonomics of laptops. Laptop ergonomics
occurring largely because of the many is a sub discipline under the broad umbrella
benefits accruing from laptops. Laptop of ergonomics that postulates the optimal
offers high technology performance in a manner of working on laptops and the
compact, light, portable and self-sufficient design of workspaces, where they are used
2
with battery provided . in order to keep related injuries to a
minimum and optimize performance7. This
It may be noted though, that the laptop was study is focused on the views of students
2
not configured for long or constant use . about the laptop ergonomics and how to
However, since they are increasingly modify or redesign the learning centre, so
replacing desktops, students do use them for that laptops can be used in their preferred
extended periods of time. This has resulted way in the learning centre for extended
in a series of illnesses affecting different periods of time without causing any
parts of the body which include pain in the physical discomfort or injury.
neck, upper back, hands and wrists,
LITERATURE REVIEW employers. It was found that laptop users

Few studies have been previously adopt a posture with increased neck,
undertaken on ergonomics related to the use shoulder and elbow flexion but the
of laptops or computers. This report has difference was not significant as compared
tried to discover the perception of to desktop users. Similar results were
participants about laptop ergonomics and observed by Harbinson and Forrester (1995).
their views about the lack of resources in The study concluded that laptop users
learning centre for use of laptop in required an increased forward head
ergonomic way. inclination in order to operate the laptop due
Straker and Harris (2000) have completed a to lack of its adjustability.
mixed study with both qualitative and Gold et al. (2011) quantitatively studied
quantitative data in order to establish the postural characterisation in Laptop users in
physical ergonomics issues associated with non-desk setting with 20 asymptomatic
the use and carry of laptop computers by right-hand dominant participants aged
school children. In total 314 participants between 18 and 25. The selected
aged between 10 and 17 years participated, participants were assessed in 3 postures
and filled the questionnaire in phase 1 of the with two minute typing task followed by 5-
study and 20 participants were observed minute editing task on laptop. The study
using the laptop in various locations in has used MaxMATE motion data analysis.
second phase of study. The result found that It was found that subjects reported greater
the participant's discomforts were resulted intensity of discomfort while using laptop in
from using the laptop in a variety of non- prone lying.
traditional work postures and also depend Price and Dowell (1998) conducted a
on the model of laptop they use and carry. quantitative study on 14 volunteer
The study identified the potential physical participants to evaluate the effect of laptop
implications associated with the use of configuration and external input device on
laptops. posture and comfort of laptop users. Each
Straker et al. (1997a) had studied the participant was asked to work on 6 different
adoptive posture while using laptops and computer configuration and anthropometric
desktops. The study was a cross-over study data and baseline Nordic Discomfort Scale
with 16 participants, who were government was completed before the start of the task.
The study concluded that use of extra to find out the solution so that people can
peripherals in laptop seems to be more use laptop in more comfortable and in their
comfortable and thus decrease the preferred way for prolonged time without
discomfort associated with laptop usage. causing any discomfort. Hence, this study
Kumari and Pandey (2010) have conducted aims to focus on the ergonomics of laptops
a cross-sectional study to analyse the health and what modification can be done in the
problems associated with computer usage learning centre of Sheffield Hallam
and role of ergonomic factors. A total of University, so that students can use their
200 participants were selected by stratified laptop in learning centre in their preferred
random sampling from different IT way without any discomfort.
industries. Close ended questionnaire were Ethical approval was obtained from
used as data collection tool. The analysis of Dissertation Management Group (Sheffield
the data was done by using SPSS software. Hallam University). Participants were given
A standardized Nordic Questionnaire was the information sheet and completion of an
use to assess musculoskeletal problems and anonymous questionnaire was considered as
Zung’s self-rating scale was used to assess consent from the participants.
depression. The study concluded the various
problems associated with laptops or METHODOLOGY
desktops use and also the effects of
underlying factors like- environment, Research Design
lighting and setup of the work place on A Qualitative study design with
laptop ergonomics. questionnaire survey was used to obtain the
Several studies on ergonomic research with student's perception about laptop
desktops while the same cannot be said for ergonomics. A qualitative research is the
laptops, through some studies have best means of generating in-depth ideas and
indicated the development of physical developing hypothesis which may
8
symptoms associated with laptop use. Few eventually decide to test quantitatively . As
of the researches have been done, which the main aim of this study was to gather in-
found the symptoms associated with the use depth information and generate ideas so the
2,4,5
of laptop . As per the researcher’s design of the study was chosen as a
knowledge till now none of the studies tried qualitative study.
Sampling fast method of sampling if the population is

A total of 80 participants were selected very large9. Convenience Sampling is said
based on inclusion criteria by ‘convenience to be more appropriate for the study in
sampling’ as it was not possible to approach which the aim is to get in-depth
10
all the student population in Sheffield information .
Hallam University. It is practically easy and
TABLE 1- INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
INCLUSION CRITERIA EXCLUSION CRITERIA

Students of Sheffield Hallam University. Students who were not using laptop/Desktop.
Students who were using Laptop/ Desktop for Students who were not student of Sheffield Hallam
their course work. University.
Students who knew English Language.
Data collection: among the colleagues to check for content

The data was collected through the survey validity and suggestions were considered
method by using a tool called a while reframing the questionnaire. The
questionnaire as it is the essential form of a questionnaire was pilot tested with 7
11
survey to a large sample population . A participants and the information was taken
questionnaire is an important method of into consideration while making final
11
survey to a large sample population . The questionnaire. Changes were made in 7
questionnaire consisted of both close and questions after piloting of the study. The
open ended questions. Close ended evidence suggested that, for the
questions were objective and unambiguous. questionnaire to be valid and reliable, it
Open ended questions were used for should go through the formal pilot of the
collection of larger amounts of information. questionnaire by the same sample
The questionnaires were developed on the population12.
basis of Environmental and Occupational
Health and Safety Service (EOHSS) Data Analysis:
Computer Workstation Ergonomics The main purpose of data analysis is to
Questionnaire. Prior to the implementation identify what the texts of participants talk
of questionnaire, they were circulated about. The qualitative content analysis is
used to process and analyse the information 5. Code all the text: Involves coding
given in text format or from an open ended all the data which have been.
13
questions . The data gathered was more Different units/keywords with
descriptive, hence it was suitable for similar sense were given single code
14
qualitative content analysis . 6. Assess coding consistency: This
Hence, the qualitative content data step involves rechecking the
15
analysis was used for data analysis, which consistency of coding.
involves the following steps: 7. Draw conclusion from the coded
1. Prepare the data: Present all the data: This step involves making
data collected in a chart format. sense of themes and identified their
2. Identifying the unit of analysis: properties.
Identify the different Rigour of analysis was enhanced by a
Units/keywords from the text. several-stage process of defining and
3. Developing categories and a refiningthemes, by constant comparative
coding scheme: It can be derived analysis between scripts and themes until
from three sources: the data, final themes were developed. This analysis
previous related studies, and theories. produced 7 key themes, which are listed
4. Code testing on a sample of text: It with their definition in Table 2.
is used for the clarity and
consistency of category definitions.
TABLE- 2: Main Themes from Data Analysis.
THEMES DEFINITION
Factors which facilitates the use of Reasons because of which students use
LC. LC.
Preference of use of Laptop/Desktop in What’s the reason for preference of

LC using Laptop/Desktop.
Symptoms faced while Which all symptoms the participants

using Laptop/Desktop suffer and what’s its cause?
Posture Awareness Awareness about the posture in

participants.
Environment/ Infrastructure of LC How is the environment and setting of

LC for the use of laptop.
Interference with extra How does the extra computer-accessories

Computer-accessories. interfere the level of comfort and increase
the work efficacy.
Recommendation to Improve LC What changes can be done to improve the

LC for the use of Laptop.
RESULT: “psychological motivation they get in

The questions which were related were put learning centre for study”.
into similar themes and then the results
were presented on the basis of sub-themes. Preference of use of laptop or desktop in
learning centre
Factors that facilitates use of Learning When the participants were asked whether
Centre they use laptop or desktop in learning centre,
Almost all participants were using the 42 participants said that they use desktop as
learning centre for their course work they feel it convenient and comfortable.
because of better facilities or resources like- They said that they "do not have to bring
"Books, Journals, area, IT laptop and it is easy for them to use desktop
equipment/resources, café etc.", while many than laptop". Some of them said that, they
participants said that they prefer Learning "prefer desktop because of big screen of
Centre because they like the environment of desktop and also there is less space and
Learning Centre as it is "Quite place and plug points for laptop in learning centre…".
easy to concentrate for the study". Some of Few of the participants said that it is "easy
the participants use Learning Centre to work on desktop as the desktop is fast
because of the convenience and comfort, and more comfortable" and also they "can
like- they can "use leisure hours between use it for prolonged period of time…". Only
the lecture, the convenient opening and 11 participants said that they use laptop in
closing hours of Learning Centre and group learning centre because they "prefer to use
study/work". Few of participants said about laptop" and also it is "convenient for them
to save their data". Some of the participants
said that they use laptop as they "can use it Posture Awareness
anywhere in learning centre, comfortable, Out of 80 participants, 55 participants stated
easy to use and it is more portable…". a positive response and defined posture in
their own words, while 25 participants have
Problems or symptoms faced by given negative response as they were not
participants while using laptop or desktop aware with the correct position or posture
From the result it was observed that, the for the use of laptop. The participants who
most experienced symptoms were “Tight, were not aware about the posture were
sore neck and shoulder muscles”, followed mainly from the faculty other than health
by “Pain or aching in wrists, forearms, related courses such as: Criminology,
elbows, neck, or back followed by Events management, Information system
discomfort”, and then “General fatigue or management, Law etc. Most of the
tiredness”, then “Blurred or double vision”. participants said, usually posture means: sit
Also it was found that, the least faced straight, back support, hip and knee flexed,
symptom was “Swelling or stiffness in the and screen at eye level. Some of the
hand or wrists”. statements given by the different
Most of the participants said that, these participants to define posture for laptop are
symptoms are because of their bad or poor presented below:
posture like- (Keeping laptop on knee, using
laptop while lying down, Slouched posture “Screen in line with eyes, elbow flexed to
etc.), continuous position such as: (Sitting 90°, knee at 90°, hip at 90°, shoulder flexed.”
for prolonged, focusing on small screen for (2)
long period, no interval between work etc.),
and ergonomics setup like- (Desks and “Back support, Hip + Knee supported,
chairs not adjusted, Too close to screen for Appropriate Height.” (39)
long period etc.). Some of the participants
said that there might be some other reasons “Sit erect, avoid neck flexion, sitting at
for the symptoms like- (weak joint, poor comfortable distance, and avoid excessive
posture throughout the day, Back and neck elbow bending.” (62)
pain from exercise).
Environment or Infrastructure of fewer resources such as: “Area, less table

Learning Centre (LC) and chairs, less space around the table”.
More than half of participants found
environment of learning centre to be Interference with extra computer-
comfortable for the use of Laptop. accessories like- keyboard and mouse on
Participants found environment of learning laptop work
centre comfortable because of different Out of 80 participants, some of the
resources like- “Tables, adjustable chairs, participants answered that, use of extra
more space for laptop, plug points, proper equipment like- mouse and keyboard could
lighting and easily accessible resources”. provide more comfort and can work with
While less than half of the participants greater ease. Participants answered that use
found the environment of Learning Centre of extra equipment can provide more
is not comfortable for laptop use. comfort, free movement and also they can
Participants said that, there is “less space, modify their position accordingly. Some of
less number of tables for laptop, tables and the participants said that “mouse is better
chairs are not setup at proper height or not than touchpad” and they can “work faster
adjustable, and also there is less charging and in more comfortable way”. Few
plug/points for laptop use”. participants answered that use of keyboard
When asked about the infrastructure/ setting and can provides “more comfort to them
of Learning centre, most of them said that and they do not have to negotiate with
the environment of learning centre is posture”. While more than half of
comfortable because of “tables and participants answered that, they do not find
adjustable chairs, proper lighting and quite any difference in comfort level with the use
area”. While one quarter of participants did of extra keyboard and mouse in the Laptop.
not find the infrastructure of LC to be Some of them said that they “do not want to
comfortable because of different difficulties carry keyboard and mouse and also they
such as: “Limited space around the table, can manage fine without it”.
uncomfortable chairs, cold environment,
chairs do not have armrest, very much Recommendation to improve Learning
crowded”. Some of them said that there are Centre for use of Laptop
Major number of participants have condition16. Student population use laptops

suggested with different recommendation in the learning centre because of the many
for the use of laptops in learning centre so benefits of the laptop. It is easy to carry and
that laptop can be used for extended period use laptop as the participants can save their
of time. Most of them want “proper data17.
ergonomic setup for laptop users, more It was observed that most of the participants
laptop area, more spacious table, experienced some of the symptoms while
comfortable chairs with neck and back using either laptop or desktop. From the
support, and plug points for laptop data gathered by questionnaire, it was found
changing”. Some of the participants have that the participants faced problems related
suggested for the “Laptop stand, specific to neck, shoulder, hand, back and eyes. The
type of table for laptop and dock station for most common symptoms were “Pain or
laptop”. Few of the participants said that aching in wrists, forearms, elbows, neck, or
there should be “more tables for laptop in back followed by discomfort” (42%) and
silent area and also individual/ separate eye strain (42%). Similar type of results was
booth/ room for laptop users”. found by Kumari and Pandey (2010) and
said that the common causes of these
DISCUSSION symptoms were sitting for prolonged in
This qualitative study obtained student’s awkward or poor posture (Fig-1). Also the
perception about laptop ergonomics and its literature suggested that the participants
use in the learning centre of SHU. Almost should take eye break every after 20 min to
all participants use learning centre for their reduce strain on eye while working on
course work because of the better laptop18. It was also found that participants
environment and different types of who use laptop faced more symptoms than
resources available. The environment of the one who use desktop. This could have
learning centre provides more comfort and been in order to adjust the posture to use
motivation to the students for the study, desktop and laptop in more comfortable
because the setup of the environment is position3. Even evidence proves that
study oriented. It has also been shown that participants adopt poor posture because of
hot and noisy environment directly affects the lack of adjustability of the laptop as the
the work productivity and ergonomic screen and keyboard are attached2. This was
supported by another study by Straker et al. communal table which are being used for
(1997a), they have suggested that usually laptop use are of very low height so it is
laptop users tried to assume posture that difficult to adjust the chairs accordingly. As
would compromise their posture by the evidence by Straker and Harris (2000)
increased neck, shoulder and elbow flexion. suggested that the participants experienced
They adopt this posture in order to see a physical discomfort because of the physical
lower screen and reach a higher keyboard. ergonomic issues as they use the laptop in
The main factors judged by the participants poor posture. This was supported by Moffet
as cause of their symptoms while using et al. (2002) in their study; evaluated the
laptop or desktop were “Sitting in same impact of two work station (desktop and
posture for continuous long hours”, laptop) on neck and upper posture, muscle
“Awkward and poor posture”, and the activity and productivity. The study said
“setup for laptop” which was not that the workstation setup influenced the
ergonomically correct. physical exposure variable while working
As the height of table in the learning centre on laptop.
is not appropriate, and also some of the
Fig-1: Shows the poor and good posture for Laptop.
Some of the participants who were not of lack of awareness about ergonomics
related with health course, they did not among that students population. So the
know about the correct position or posture participants adopt the poor posture while
for the use of laptops. They have not working on laptop, because it has been
defined the posture. This might be because found that lack of knowledge about posture
can leads to symptoms as they do not adopt Kumari and Pandey (2010) found that the
the proper posture while working on use of various computer accessories like-
5
desktop or laptop . adjustable keyboard tray, foot rest, best-fit
From the result it was also found that use of computer mouse design, task lighting and
extra computer- accessories can provide docking station can help in preventing the
more comfort, and can ease the symptoms health related symptoms. Even some of the
and increase the work efficacy of the participants have suggested for the use of
participants. This is because the extra laptop stand or docking station (Fig-2). It
equipment provides the adjustability might be helpful because they can fix the
according to the posture and the users do laptop and can use it in ergonomic way so
not have to compromise with the posture. that the symptoms can be prevented.
This was supported by a study done by
Fig-2: Show the ideal Laptop stand/Docking station for laptop.
According to the ergonomic advice by The study has suggested the use of docking
Stanford University, Environment Health station, so that the subjects do not have to
and Safety, the laptop workstation has been adopt the poor posture and can use laptop in
suggested, so that the laptop could be used effective way.
as workstation if working for long hours The study had several limitations. Many of
and the symptoms can be minimized. the participants have not answered all the
Moffet et al. (2002) have given some questions which might be because of lack of
advices to prevent pain while using laptop. interest, lack of time or the structure of the
questions. All the analysis and calculations spread though the means of Poster,
were done manually so there might be some distributing leaflets, and induction or
chances of manual error. It was not possible seminar. The findings about the
to explore in-depth perception of recommendation in improving learning
participants as the method of data collection centre can be given into the notice to the
was questionnaire. The sample size (n=80) learning centre authority Dept., so that they
in the study was relatively large, which was can use the finding as feedback in
the strength of the study. The participants improving the learning centre for better use
were from different faculties, which might for students and staffs. And also the
have result in variable data as the students students will be benefited by these changes
from different course have different and they might be able to use learning
perception about the ergonomics. Rich centre in more efficient way.
informative data were gathered through the The data of this study also has a further
open-ended questionnaire, which was one of clinical relevance; Symptoms are mainly
the aims of qualitative research. because of poor posture and wrong setup of
workstation of laptop, so in order to prevent
CLINICAL IMPLICATION: those symptoms, both the factors should be
Laptop ergonomics is very applicable for all corrected.
who use laptops. The result of this study
might help not only the student populations FURTHER RESEARCH:
but also the general population who use As this was the first study to researcher's
laptop. As it was found that there is lack of knowledge done on the student population
awareness about the proper posture for in SHU about laptop ergonomics, so an
laptop use among students, so the measure obvious need for more research in this area
should be done to spread the awareness. is observed. More research should be done
Mainly the student population, who are not in order to find out the actual ergonomic
from health related courses, should be setup of the working environment in the
focussed. It might be very helpful if there learning centre.Also a quantitative study
should be some induction about the posture could be suggested as further research in
for the student population before start of the order to find out the effectiveness of
course. Awareness about the posture can be ergonomics training program on posture
while working on laptop. Looking to the From the research done, it can be seen that
current scenario it seems that in coming 10 students population prefer to use learning
years laptop or i-pad or tablet will be centre because of the different facilities and
replacing the desktop so the study should be environment. But they also get symptoms
conducted in order to find out how the by using the resources like- desktop or
learning centre should be designed laptop, which is because of wrong posture
ergonomically for laptop or i-pad or tablet they adopt while working. So these
use. resources should be set-up on the basis of
CONCLUSION: ergonomics way and awareness about the
posture should be spread among students.
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13. Kondracki, N. L. and Wellman, N. S. eral/ergo/documents/laptop_guide.pdf
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
A special thanks to my family and friends for their continuous support. Also thanks to the
management of Sheffield Hallam University for giving me opportunity to complete my study.
CORRESPONDENCE:
* Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom. Email: physio.mayank.pushkar@gmail.com **Sheffield Hallam
University, United Kingdom
Effectiveness of Educational Sessions on Reducing Diabetes in Women with

PCOS— A Pilot Study
B. Sharmila, BPT, MSc (Yoga)*, B. Arun, MPT**
Abstract: PCOS (Poly cystic ovarian syndrome) is one of the common syndromes in
females, around 10 % of females in world having PCOS. PCOS have a strong link on
Diabetes. Study is a descriptive study to find out the effect of educational session on
diabetes for women who has PCOS. Around 20 females with PCOS were selected, an
Educational session was conducted for duration of 4 weeks, and Diabetic
Questionnaire was given to analyze the knowledge of diabetes. Following the 4 weeks
of educational sessions, all participants have gained a good knowledge on PCOS and
Diabetes. This study concludes that educational session is very important for the
management of Diabetes and especially for females who has PCOS.
Key words: Type II diabetes, PCOS, Educational Session, Diabetic Questionnaire.
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is one of the most common health family members due to the constant need
problems in the world. India is the capital of for decision-making and actions to promote
diabetes. Many studies conducted in India good glycemic control, an outcome
showed that prevalence of type 2 diabetes acknowledged as the foremost goal in
was more and it is increasing in urban diabetes care and treatment3.
populations1, 2. Diabetes exerts a significant The burden of diabetes on women is unique,
impact on the lives of individuals and their because the disease can affect both mothers
and their unborn children. Diabetes can glucose intolerance in PCOS women has
cause difficulties during pregnancy such as been reported to occur at an earlier age than
a miscarriage or a baby born with birth in the normal population (approximately by
defects. Women with diabetes are also more the 3rd-4th decade of life). However, other
likely to have a heart attack and at a risk factors such as obesity, a positive
younger age than women who do not have family history of type 2 diabetes and
diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is strongly hyperandrogenism may contribute to
associated with Women who suffer from increasing the diabetes risk in PCOS4.
PCOS (Poly cystic ovarian syndrome). Dr.Geoffrey Redmond said that “There is
PCOS is a leading cause of menstrual no question about the association” one of
irregularity and female infertility. The the problems is that people haven’t put the
Statistical links between diabetes and PCOS pieces together” He added that there is a
are very strong about 5%--10% of strong association between PCOS and
reproductive age women have PCOS and 50% Insulin resistance. While focusing the
--70% of women with PCOS also infertility and menstrual changes, health
experience insulin resistance and 20%--40% care professionals should also look for the
obese women with PCOS may have insulin chance of diabetes, and screening of
resistance and diabetes. diabetes is much desirable.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a Women with polycystic ovary syndrome
common endocrine disorder, affecting (PCOS) are insulin resistant, have insulin
women in reproductive age, characterized secretory defects, and are at high risk for
by chronic anovulation and glucose intolerance. PCOS women are at
hyperandrogenism. The etiology of PCOS is significantly increased risk for IGT and type
still unknown. However, several studies 2 diabetes mellitus at all weights and at a
have suggested that insulin resistance plays young age, The prevalence rates are similar
an important role in the pathogenesis of the in 2 different populations of PCOS women,
syndrome. The risk of glucose intolerance suggesting that PCOS may be a more
among PCOS subjects seems to be important risk factor than ethnicity or race
approximately 5 to 10 fold higher than for glucose intolerance in young women,
normal and appears not limited to a single and the American Diabetes Association
ethnic group. Moreover, the onset of diabetes diagnostic criteria failed to detect a
significant number of PCOS women with cholesterol) and triglyceride levels in the
5
diabetes by post challenge glucose values . blood stream, as well as decreasing HDL
Type 2 Diabetes has pancreas that cholesterol (high-density
density lipoprotein - the
produces little or no insulin. As the pancreas "good" cholesterol.)
struggles to keep up with the body's need While there is no cure for diabetes, a
for more insulin, excessive levels of glucose number of steps can be taken to prevent
and insulin build up in the blood stream, complications.
plications. Research showed that losing
often leading directly to Type 2 Diabetes. 5-7%
7% of body fat and increasing physical
Certain factors
actors that figure in the onset of activity by taking a brisk walk 4-5
4 times a
PCOS are also implicated in the week can reduce risk of developing Type 2
development of Type 2 Diabetes: excessive Diabetes by almost 60%.
abdominal fat, high LDL "bad" blood
cholesterol and low HDL "good" cholesterol,
high levels of triglycerides and hypertension DIABETES PCOS LINK
(high blood pressure).
Although PCOS is much perceived as PCOS
gynecological disorder because it impairs
EXCESSIVE ANROGEN SECRETION
fertility and can cause irregular periods or
no periods at all. Evidences suggest that
PCOS is more of a disorder of the endocrine HORMONAL IMBALANCE
system with gynecological consequences. INSULIN RESISTANCE
Diabetes Prevention Program study
2001, study shows that all of the factors STIMULATE THE PANCREAS TO
SECRETE MORE INSULIN
associated with Insulin Resistance,
Polycystic
ic Ovarian Syndrome and Pre-
Pre HYPER INSULINEMIA
Diabetes are interrelated. Obesity and lack

of exercise worsen Insulin Resistance,
CELL DYSFUNCTION
which then has a negative effect on blood
lipid production, increasing VLDL (very
DIABETES
low-density
density lipoprotein), LDL cholesterol
(low-density lipoprotein
ein - the "bad"
damage and blindness. Overweight women

INSULIN RESISTANCE do not, however, have a monopoly of
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and its
HIGH SUGAR IN BLOOD related disorders because females of normal
weight and even lean women are also prone
STIMULATE THE PANCREAS TO to these conditions.
SECRETE MORE INSULIN
Insulin Resistance occurs when the body
produces enough insulin but its cells lack
INCREASE PRODUCTION OF
ANDROGEN
enough receptor sites to allow the
absorption of insulin at a cellular level.
Type 2 Diabetes develops when the body
either doesn't produce enough insulin or it
PCOS
can't process the insulin that is produced.
Aim of the study:
Need for the study:
It's important to understand the distinction
Study Objectives:
between Insulin Resistance and Type 2
To educate the patient about disease (PCOS)
Diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes is one of the top
and teach on link between PCOS and
fatal disorders in the World. In 2000, it was
Diabetes
the sixth leading cause of death and has
To make the patient learn about the
been associated with long term
preventive methods
complications affecting almost every part of
To reduce the risk of getting diabetes
the body, including blindness, heart and
To make patient to understand the
blood vessel disease, stroke, kidney failure,
importance of Diet, Exercises etc.
amputations and nerve damage. Obese
women are particularly susceptible to PCOS
METHODOLOGY:
and Type 2 Diabetes. A vicious cycle
The study is a descriptive study design, 100
quickly forms because these conditions, in
women with PCOS were examined by the
turn, put women at dramatically increased
Gynecologist and 20 women were selected
risk of Cardiovascular Disease, as well as
for the study. The subjects were selected
the development of many other serious
based on age group of 25—33years,
health conditions, including stroke, kidney
Married females, Married within 2 years, questionnaire and their performance was
Obese or female in Borderline obesity. No assessed. At the end of the 4 week class the
history of conception, No other questionnaire was repeated and assessed the
gynecological problems like irregular knowledge on diabetes for women with
menstrual periods or small uterus. No other PCOS.
relevant medical problems. Before initiating
the study Blood test was conducted to check RESULTS:
their random blood sugar levels. Clear The demographic data about the subjects
instructions were given to all the were mentioned in Table 1.
participants. The educational class is for 4 Table 1
Demographic Data
weeks of duration and the Diabetic educator
role is to make all participants attending all 25—27 28—30 31—33
Age Group
the sessions. Prior to the class a Diabetic 7 6 7
knowledge Questionnaire was distributed to

Figure 1
all individuals and to find out how much
knowledge on Diabetes and PCOS. The
questionnaire was a single paged one which
includes the questions about the knowledge 7 7
on diabetes and the knowledge on PCOS.
The participants were asked to fill up the
questionnaire with Yes or No. Questions are 6
valued as 1 point for Yes and 0 point for No.
Educational Classes conducted on Every Age 25-27 28-30 31-33
Sunday Morning (10 am —1 pm). The

content of the Classes include 1) What is The Table 2 shows the result using students ‘t’ test.
PCOS 2) What are the Causes 3) Symptoms Pre Post Paired ‘t’
Test Test S.D Value
of Diabetes with PCOS 4) Diabetes Link Groups mean mean
with PCOS 5) Prevention Methods. The 14.19
3.8 7.85 0.285
(P<0.05%)
questions asked by the women participants
were clarified. At the end of the programme
all participants were instructed to fill up the
Figure 2 be prevented as well as prevent the

complications following diabetes.
157
200 Women with PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian
150 76 Syndrome) who become pregnant may
100 experience more health problems than the
50 general population, including gestational
0 diabetes, pregnancy-induced
pregnancy high blood
Pre Post pressure, miscarriage and premature
delivery.
Table 2 shows the paired t values of the Diabetic Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a
Questionnaire. This shows that the educational common endocrine disorder, affecting
programme has shown positive effect on the
women in reproductive age,
ag characterized
participant’s attitude. It also shows that there was a
by chronic anovulation and
significant improvement on the knowledge on
diabetes mellitus. hyperandrogenism. The etiology of PCOS is
still unknown. However, several studies
DISCUSSION: have suggested that insulin resistance plays
Women with PCOS are generally an important role in the pathogenesis of the
Overweight or Obese. Because of obesity syndrome. The risk of glucose intolerance
intoleranc
they have more chance of insulin resistance. among PCOS subjects seems to be
Usually women with PCOS don’t have a approximately 5 to 10 fold higher than
regular check up on diabetes. But screening normal and appears not limited to a single
for diabetes is very important in prevention ethnic group. Moreover, the onset of
of diabetes. A root cause of Polycystic glucose intolerance in PCOS women has
Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is obesity- been reported to occur at an earlier age than
linked Insulin Resistance, which can also in the normal population
popul (approximately by
increase the risk of developing Pre-Diabetes
Pre the 3rd-4th
4th decade of life). However, other
and Type 2 Diabetes. All are disorders that risk factors such as obesity, a positive
may result in Cardiovascular Disease family history of type 2 diabetes and
leading to a heart attack or stroke. Creating hyperandrogenism may contribute to
self awareness in people with PCOS is very increasing the diabetes risk in PCOS
important, so that the Type 2, diabetes can
The link of PCOS with insulin resistance lack of uniformity between patients, thus
was subsequently established by clinical reflecting the heterogeneity of PCOS.
studies characterizing the profound insulin Impaired insulin action and/or beta-cell
resistance in obese and lean PCOS patients. dysfunction and/or decreased hepatic
Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and clearance of insulin have been implicated so
beta-cell dysfunction are very common in far.
PCOS, but are not required for the diagnosis. The overall risk of developing diabetes
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a mellitus and glucose intolerance seems to be
major risk factor for impaired glucose higher in women with polycystic ovary
tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes mellitus syndrome (PCOS) than in healthy women.
(T2D). Several studies have examined Limitations of this study include, no control
possible mechanisms related to glucose group, it was a pilot study; need a bigger
metabolism and insulin secretion that may study to evaluate the effectiveness of the
be responsible for the high prevalence of programme. Blood report investigations can
disorders of glucose metabolism in women show some reliable information. Efficacy of
with PCOS. The actual pathogenic the treatment can also be evaluated through
mechanisms appear to be complex and objective methods.
multifactorial, possibly characterized by the
REFERENCE:
1. Mohan V, Shanthirani S, Deepa R, slum population in northern India.
et al. Intra urban differences in the Int J Obes 2001; 25: 1-8.
prevalence of the metabolic
syndrome in southern India - The 3. Brown S: Studies of educational
Chennai Urban Population Study interventions and outcomes in
(CUPS). Diabet Med 2001; 18; 280- diabetic adults: a meta-analysis
287 revisited. Patient Educ Counsel
16:189–215, 1990.
2. Misra A, Pandey RM, Rama Devi J,
et al. High prevalence of diabetes, 4. Pelusi B, Gambineri A, Pasquali R..
obesity and dyslipidaemia in urban Type 2 diabetes and the polycystic
ovary syndrome. Minerva Ginecol. 9. Canadian Diabetes Association.

2004 Feb;56(1):41-51. (1998). 1998 clinical practice
guidelines for the management of
5. R. S. Legro et al. “Prevalence and
diabetes in Canada. Canadian
predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes
Medical Association Journal, 159,
mellitus and impaired glucose
S1-S29.
tolerance in polycystic ovary
syndrome: a prospective, controlled
10. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black
study in 254 affected women,” The
HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology
JL, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil
and Metabolism, vol. 84, no. 1, pp.
S, Wright JT, Roccella EJ: The
165–169, 1999.
seventh report of the Joint National
Committee on Prevention, Detection,
6. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ: Definition,
Evaluation, and Treatment of High
diagnosis and classification of
Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report.
diabetes mellitus and its
JAMA 289:2560–2572, 2003
complications. Part 1: diagnosis and
classification of diabetes mellitus 11. Codner E etal., 2006, Diagnostic
provisional report of a WHO criteria for Polycystic ovarian
consultation. Diabet Med 15:539– syndrome and ovarian morpholly in
553, 1998 women with Type II diabetes,
Endocrine Med : Jun 91 (6): 2250-6.
7. American diabetic association
(1999), American association guide
12. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T,
to medical notional therapy and
Forsen B, Lahti K, Nissen M,
diabetes.
Taskinen MR, Groop L:
Cardiovascular morbidity and
8. Balkau B, Charles MA: Comment
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on the provisional report from the
metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care
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24:683–689, 2001
16:442–443, 1999
13. Kitzinger C, Willmott J: ‘The thief 17. Reaven GM: Banting lecture: Role
of womanhood’: women’s of insulin resistance in human
experience of polycystic ovarian disease. Diabetes 37:1595– 1607,
syndrome. Soc Sci Med 54:349–361, 1988
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18. Sarah Wild, Mb Bchir, Phd, Gojka
14. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka Roglic, Md, Anders Green, Md, Phd,
TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusalo E, Dr Med Sci, Richard Sicree, Mbbs,
Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT: The Mph, Hilary King, Md, Dsc, Global
metabolic syndrome and total and Prevalence Of Diabetes, Diabetes
cardiovascular disease mortality in Care 27:1047–1053, 2004
middle-aged men. JAMA 288:2709–
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medications in Poly cystic ovarian
15. Legros RS et al., PCOS prospective syndrome. Obstet gyneol Clin north:
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women, J clin endocrine metan:
84:165—169. 20. The Expert Committee on the
Diagnosis and Classification of
16. Pouliot MC, Despres JP, Lemieux S, Diabetes Mellitus: Report of the
Moorjani S, Bouchard C, Tremblay Expert Committee on the Diagnosis
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accumulation and related Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus.
cardiovascular risk in men and Geneva: World Health Organization;
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1994 no. 844.
APPENDIX I
DIABETIC QUESTIONNAIRE
Name : Date :
Age :
Occupation :
Address :
Weight :__________ Kgs.
Height : __________CMS
BMI :
Do you have Diabetes : YES / NO

If YES, How long :___________ Months/ Years.
Are you in medications for Diabetes : YES / NO
If YES, Specify medicines : ________, ___________, ___________
Do you have PCOS : YES / NO

If YES, Since when : ____________ Months / Years
Are you in medications for PCOS : YES / NO
If YES, Specify medicines : ________, ___________, ___________
Please fill up the given statement with Yes or No.
S.No STATEMENT Yes No
1. Do you know symptoms of Diabetes
2. Do you know about PCOS
3. Do you know Obesity may cause Diabetes
4. Do you know Obesity may cause PCOS
5. Do you know relation between PCOS & Diabetes
6. Do you know the Risk factors for Diabetes
7. Do you think it is good to do Exercises regularly
8. Do you think intake of Rice may cause Diabetes
9. Do you think you can get Diabetes
10. Do your Parents or Relative have Diabetes
Signature of the Participants Signature of the Assessor
CORRESPONDENCE:
*Physiotherapist, K.M.C.H Hospital, Coimbatore. Email: sharmibala85@gmail.com. **Physiotherapist, K.G.
Hospital, Coimbatore.
Efficacy of McKenzie Approach combined with Sustained Traction in

improving the Quality of life following low Back Ache – A Case Report
A.Sridhar MPT (Neuro)*, S.Vimala BPT**
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of traction combined with

McKenzie approach for the sub acute low back ache (LBA) patient and evaluating the
quality of life post treatment. Design: Single Case Report Setting: PSG Hospitals
Participant: A 45 years old female with the complaint of LBA with 6 month duration,
gait problem, participatory problem in social activities and also with the impairment
of function. Intervention: One hour session of physiotherapy including traction and
McKenzie exercises interrupted with rest period. Outcome Measures: Visual
Analogue Scale (VAS) (Pain), Quality of life (QOL) (American chronic Pain
Association). Result: There is a significant reduction of pain and improvement of
quality of life after one month of treatment. Conclusion: McKenzie exercises
combined with traction plays a major role in reducing pain and improving the quality
of life following Low Back Ache patient.
Key words: LBA, McKenzie, Traction, Quality of Life, Visual Analogue Scale.
INTRODUCTION
LBP affects 70–80% of adults at some point pain is a common disorder. Nearly everyone
in their lives, with peak prevalence in the is affected by it at some time. The acute low
fifth decade. The drastic increase in LBP in back pain may develop to chronic pain and
the past two to three decades. Low back disability. The treatment of low back pain
remains as controversial today as it was Basically she is from rural area and there is
fifty Years ago. Over the years the medical no facility for her to go for hospitals. But
profession used a wide range of treatments, she went to nearby physician and she got
such as heat or cold, rest or exercise, flexion some pain medications and tropical
or extension, Mobilization or ointments for pain relief. As time goes on
immobilization, manipulation or traction. she is complaining of severe pain in the
Nearly always drugs were prescribed, even back and unable to walk for even 10
when the disturbance proved purely minutes continuously. She feels weakness
mechanical in origin. Amazingly, most of of bilateral lower limb and restricted her
the patients recovered, very often inspite of participation in the social activities and also
treatment rather than because of it. But reducing the usual work what she is doing
McKenzie approach in LBA is on regularly. She could not do even carrying
mechanical basis and he assessed the the drinking water from a distance place as
movements of spine and also the treatment their primary need.
is based on the patient complaints of pain
whether in flexion or extension or lateral Misdiagnosis:
flexion. So we had tried to apply this After she felt more discomfort she went to
technique coupled with traction for LBA various hospitals and diagnosed as GBS,
patient. and someone diagnosed as disc herniation
and advised her to go for surgery. She was
METHODOLOGY: confused and she refused to undergo

surgery. Finally she came to our hospital
Case History: and she got medications. In the mean time
A 46 years old female came with the we send her for the neuro consult but the
complaints of pain in the bilateral lower neurologist also advised her to take MRI
limb, difficulty in walking, getting up from and after the he also advised her to go for
the floor, and toileting activities for 6 month surgery.
duration. But she doesn’t complaints of any Being a low economic status she could not
sensory loss over the bilateral lower limb spend more money and she refused for
and also in anal area. surgery and come back to our hospital with
the reports.
Its is widely used to measure the severity of

Our Views: pain from patient feeling of pain. Zero
As we (Physician, Junior Doctors and indicates no pain and 10 indicate severe not
Physical therapist Team) read the MRI and tolerable pain.
also observed her complaints of pain. We
taught that she does not need surgery at this Quality of Life:
stage and we make her bed rest for one day American Chronic Pain Association created
and we started our own assessment and this measure with the following explanation.
treatment procedures. Pain is a highly personal experience. The
We underwent observational, palpation, and degree to which pain interferes with the
examination of various movements quality of a person’s life is also highly
including reflex, muscle strength, balance, personal. The American Chronic Pain
coordination and Activities of daily living. Association Quality of Life Scale looks at
We came to the conclusion that she had a ability to function, rather than at pain alone.
derangement syndrome one with complaints It can help people with pain and their health
of symmetrical pain across L4, L5, no care team to evaluate and communicate the
radiating pain and no deformity so it comes impact of pain on the basic activities of
under the first type of derangement so we daily life. This information can provide a
decided to treat her with McKenzie basis for more effective treatment and help
approach and traction. As McKenzie to measure progress over time.
exercises are very much appreciated in Scoring system zero indicates non
treatment of lower back ache population in functioning and ten indicates normal quality
world wide. we tried our traditional of life.
approach of traction and McKenzie
approach Treatment protocol:
Outcome Measures: Traction:

1. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Sustained Traction
2. Quality of Life (QOL). This term denotes that a steady amount of
traction is applied for periods from a few
Visual Analogue Scale: minutes up to ½ hour. This shorter duration
is usually coupled with stronger poundage. Table 1.1 Comparing

omparing the visual analogue
This method
thod is most widely used in Europe scale on the first visit and 4th week
and much of the literature describes various

Visual Analogue Scale (Pain)
applications of sustained traction. Sustained
traction is sometimes referred to as static
1st visit 2nd Week 3rd Week 4th Week
traction. As per the patient’s weight we
applied 15kg of lumbar static traction for 30
9 7 4 0.5
minutes.
McKenzie Exercises: Graph 1.1 comparing the values of visual
This is a set of exercises we asked her to do analogue scale
for 30 min. 10
1. Prone Lying. 8
6
2. Extension in prone lying (forearm
4
support). 2
3. Extension in prone lying ( hand support). 0
1st visit 2nd Week 3rd Week 4th Week
4. Extension in prone lying with belt
fixation. Visual Analogue Scale (Pain)
5. Sustained extension in tilt bed.

Initially when we assess in VAS she
6. Extension in standing.
complaints of pain as nine and at the end of 4th
7. Extension Mobilization (Therapist doing
passively) week she complaints of 0.5 which means near
normal.(table
(table 1.1)(graph 1.1)
RESULT AND INTERPRETATION:

The assessment is taken on the first visit, Table 1.2 Comparing the quality of life
2nd week, 3rd week, and 4th week. scale on the first visit and 4th week
According to McKenzie approach at any
time of disease the particular
particul form of
Quality of Life ( American chronic Pain
exercise may worse the condition so we are
Association)
assessed her at one week interval.
1st 2nd Week 3rd Week 4th Week
visit
DISCUSSION:
1 4 8 10
There are various treatment procedures
p are
widely used in treating the LBA cases. On
Graph 1.2 comparing the values of Quality Of reviewing 21 papers in 1995, only one paper
Life Scale
cale was found to be of
high quality, Van der Heijden concluded no
10
9 inferences could be drawn(Phys Ther 1995).
8
A trial by Cherkin (N Eng J Med 1998)
7
6 compared threee groups: chiropractic
5
manipulation, McKenzie exercise, vs
4
3 education leaflet. He did not find any
2
1
difference among the three groups with
0 regard to pain recurrence or days off work.
1st Visit 2nd Week 3rd Week 4th Week
The chiropractic group performed
Quality of Life ( American chronic Pain significantly better than the minimal
Association)
intervention
rvention group at 4 weeks, but not at 3
months and the 11-year. But as per the
Initially when we assess in QOL she
complaints of the patient we have to choose
complaints of 1, and at the end of 4th week
the technique and apply with precautions
she complaint of 9 which means she can
and assess the patients periodically to get
work for 8 hours and she actively
the knowledge of patients pain and related
participate in family and social
features.
es. This case report is a eye opening
activities.(table 1.2) (graph 1.2)
for the new physio to apply these
From the above mentioned table and graph
procedures widely for most of the LBA
its clearly seen that patient’s pain is reduced
patients and thereby improving the patient
and her quality of life is improved a lot.
condition. Static lumbar Traction is useful
Thereby this case report is strongly
for this patient as there is narrowing of the
recommending that traction coupled with
disc space, after
fter applying traction there will
McKenzie exercises are very much helpful
be a reduction of the nerve impingement.
in treating the disc herniation condition.
McKenzie had classified the low back pain
in 3 categories viz. dysfunction, postural This case report supports that traction
and derangement syndrome. As this patient combined with McKenzie exercises plays a
had complaint of derangement symptoms so major role in reducing pain and improving
we applied the treatment protocol for the quality of life.
derangement syndrome one.
Conclusion:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to my client & PSG Hospitals and in treating the patients who need physical
also to our superintendent and deputy therapy.
superintendent for having confident with us
REFERENCES:
1. Lumbar spine, mechanical diagnosis and 3. Low Back Pain, royal college of
therapy,(1981) R.A. McKenzie, pages practitioners pages 3-39.
122-150 4. Lumbar traction, journal of orthopaedic
2. Orthopaedic rehabilitation, assessment and sports therapy 1979, H.duane
and enablement , John C.Y.Leong et al. saunders pages 36-40
pages 481-488.
CORRESPONDENCE
*Neurophysiotherapist- TLM Naini, UP. sriarusaro@gmail.com Cont: +91-8765152734. **Physiotherapist
Trainer- TLM Naini, UP.
Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis by Laboratory Standardized IgM and IgG

ELISA
Rajeswari Shome*, M Nagalingam*, K. Narayana Rao*, B.Jayapal Gowdu**, B. R. Shome*

and K. Prabhudas*
Abstract:
Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by facultative intracellular bacteria of the genus
Brucella, which are capable of surviving and multiplying inside the cells of
mononuclear phagocytic system. ELISA is rapid, robust, coast effective and is most
commonly used diagnostic technique for brucellosis. Our present research
communication deals with optimization of IgM and IgG antibodies for diagnosis of
brucellosis in human beings. In the present investigation, out of the 179 sera samples
from risk groups screened for brucellosis, 10(5.58%) and 4(2.23%) were positive for
anti Brucella antibodies by RBPT and STAT respectively. Seropositivity by IgM and
IgG ELISAs were 2.23% (4/179) and 17.3% (31/179) respectively. In case of blood
donors, out of 123 serum samples 1.62% and 4.87% were positive by RBPT and IgG
ELISA respectively. No antibodies were detected by STAT and IgM ELISA in blood
donors. Among serum samples from Pyrexia of Unknown Origin patients tested, 7. 61%
(15/197) by RBPT, 1.01% (2/179) by STAT and 0.5% (1/197) by IgM ELISA and
11.67% (23/197) IgG ELISA respectively were found positive.
INTRODUCTION
Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by surviving and multiplying inside the cells of

facultative intracellular bacteria of the mononuclear phagocytic system and are
genus Brucella, which are capable of widely distributed in both humans and
animals1. Human brucellosis varies from an linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and
acute fabrile illness to chronic, low grade ill indirect fluorescent assays, to the recent
defined disease. It is a systemic disease molecular techniques such as polymerase
characherized by pausity of signs chain reaction (PCR) are available.5, 6, 7.
accompanied with nocturnal sweating, Isolation from blood, bone marrow and
2
malaise, fatigue and backache . The disease other tissues of suspect is classical
can be a very debilitating, despite the fact diagnostic (gold standard) method for
that the fatality rate is generally low. It brucellosis. However, this microbiological
often becomes sub-clinical or chronic, technique is having the draw back of time
especially if not diagnosed early and consumption as the organism is having
properly treated. The incidence in humans incubation period of 6 weeks and possibility
ranges widely between different regions, of contamination to personnel cannot be
with values of up to 200 cases per 100,000 avoided8. Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) is
populations with high prevalence in Middle commonly used for the screening of
East, Mexico, Central and South America brucellosis however results may at times
and the Indian subcontinents2, 3. High-risk inconclusive9. In standard tube
groups include those exposed through agglutination test (STAT), interpretation of
occupation in contexts where animal the result is difficult due to false positive
infection occurs, such as slaughterhouse reaction with Salmonella, Yersinia and
workers, hunters, farmers and veterinarians. Vibrio species. Further PCR is the
The diagnosis of brucellosis can be molecular technique which is employed for
challenging, and its diagnosis demands the detection of brucellosis, but the
epidemimology, clinical and laboratory technique is uneconomic and poorly suited
information. Its routine biochemical and for the laboratory with limited resources. In
hematological laboratory tests also overlap view of these limitations, robust , coast
with those of many other pathogens such as effective and rapid ELISA has been found
4
Salmonella, Yersinia, and Vibrio . Many an ideal tool for the diagnosis .
tests are reported for diagnosis of Brucella, In brucellosis, titre of IgM usually raises
ranging from microbilogical culture to from day 5 to 7 with peak titre and IgG
serodiagnostic tests such as slide or tube starts to appear from day 14 to 21, reaching
agglutination, indirect coombs test, enzyme- peak during next 2 to 3 weeks in the
infected individuals. Clinical applications according to standard procedures12. Briefly,

of IgM and IgG ELISA in human disease for the RBPT , undiluted serum sample (30
µl) was mixed with an equal volume of
10, 11
have been reported . This manuscript
deals with the study on diagnosis of colored antigen on a glass slide. The results
Brucella infection by laboratory were rated negative when agglutination was
standardized IgM and IgG ELISA protocol absent and 1+ to 4+ ratings as positive,
and its comparison to conventional according to the strength of the
serological tests. agglutination within 1 to 3 min.
RBPT positive samples were further
Materials and methods: evaluated by STAT and 2ME STAT by
Collection of sera samples preparing two-fold serial dilutions of the
During the course of the study, 2 ml of serum samples starting at a dilution of 1:20
blood samples without anticoagulant was in the test tube and the addition of an equal
collected aseptically in vaccutainers. The volume of plain antigen according to
samples were sourced from risk group Weybridge technique12. The 2ME test is
(veterinarians, para veterinarians, farm identical to STAT except that 2ME was
workers, animal-handlers and farmers), added to each test tube to a final
blood donors and patients with pyrexia of concentration of 0.05 M, and 0.85% saline
unknown origin (PUO). The pyrexia may be was used to dilute the antigen. The
due to systemic cause of rheumatic fever, mixtures were incubated for 24 hours at
jaundice, C reactive protein, hepatitis etc., 37°C and read by visual inspection for
The samples were allowed to clot, transparency of suspension and mat
transported to laboratory immediately at formation. The highest dilution of the serum
4°C. The serum was separated by which showed 50 percent agglutination was
centrifuging the sample at 2500 r.p.m for 5 taken as end point titre and titre of 1:160
min and stored at –20°C for further use. (320 IU/ml) and above was considered as
positive for humans brucellosis13, 14. The B.
Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and abortus S99 colored and plain antigens were
Standard Tube Agglutination Test (STAT) procured from Institute of Animal Health
Sera samples received were initially and Veterinary Biologicals (IAH&VB),
subjected to rapid screening RBPT Hebbal, Bangalore, India.
Preparation sLPS antigen extraction

Smooth Lipopolysaccharide (sLPS) Wet cells of Brucella (5 gm) were
antigen extraction suspended in 17 ml of distilled water and
Standard strain followed by the addition of 19 ml of 90%
Standard antigenic strain of B. abortus S99 (v/v) phenol at 66°C. The mixture was
procured from Indian Veterinary Research stirred continuously at 66°C for 15 min,
Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., India and cooled and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for
confirmed as B. abortus by biochemical 15 min at 4°C. The brownish phenol in the
tests, PCR, cloning and sequencing in our bottom layer was aspirated with a long
was used for antigen extraction15. micro tip and large cell debris was removed
Large scale bacterial culturing by filtration (using a Whatman No.1
Freshly grown pure colonies were filter).The sLPS was precipitated by the
suspended in 10 ml of sterile PBS, after addition of 50 ml chilled methanol
vortexing, the bacterial suspension was containing 0.5 ml methanol saturated with
overlaid on Ttyptose Agar (TA) in Roux sodium acetate. After 2 hours incubation at
flasks. Thirty flasks were simultaneously 4°C, the precipitate was removed by
inoculated from the same master plate to centrifugation at 10,000 r.p.m for 10 min,
provide the identical bacterial population stirred with 8 ml of distilled water for 18
originating from a single colony. After one- hours and centrifuged at 10,000 r.p.m for 10
hour adsorption, Roux flasks were inverted min. The collected supernatant solution was
and incubated for 72 hours at 37oC. The kept at 4°C and this step was repeated
purity of the culture in every flask was twice for the best recovery of antigen. Then,
confirmed by Gram’s staining after 48 0.8 g of trifluroacetic acid was added to the
hours. To each flask, 30 ml of 2% phenol 16 ml of crude sLPS, stirred for 10 min and
saline was added, gently agitated and the precipitate was removed by
incubated for 24 hours at 37oC. The centrifugation. The translucent supernatant
suspensions were collected, pooled, solution was concentrated and dialyzed
centrifuged at 14,000 r.p.m at 4oC for 20 against distilled water (two changes of at
min. The centrifugation was repeated and least 4000 ml each) and then freeze dried to
pellets were carefully collected, weighed get the final yield of 10 ml of sLPS
and used for antigen extraction.
containing the antigen concentration of 3 The polysorp micro titer plates (Nunc,
mg/10ml. [16]. Germany) were coated with 1:300 dilution
The optimum concentration of antigen for of sLPS antigen at 100 µl per well in
ELISA was standardized by checkerboard carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) and
titration against 1:100 and 1:200 dilution of incubated 4°C for overnight. Antigen coated
strong positive convalescent sera. The OD plates were washed three times with PBST
values were plotted on a graph and the point wash buffer (Phosphate buffered saline
where there was sharp fall on the line graph containing 0.05 % Tween 20) pH 7.2. Test
was taken as the optimum dilution of and control sera diluted in PBST blocking
antigen. buffer (1:100) containing 2% bovine gelatin
was added to respective wells (100 µl) of
Controls for ELISA the plates in duplicates (test sera) and
The convalescent sera for IgM and IgG quadruplicate (controls) and incubated at
ELISA were selected first by RBPT 37°C for 1hour. The plates were then
screening, the strong RBPT positive sera washed as mentioned earlier. The anti-
showing the 2 ME- STAT titer of 1:640 human IgG and IgM HRP conjugates
(1280IU /ml) and STAT titre of 1:1280 (Pierce, Germany), diluted 1:8000 and
was considered positive control for IgM 1:4000 respectively in PBST buffer were
ELISA and STAT titres of 1:1280 (2560IU added to all the wells (100 µl) and incubated
/ml) was considered as positive for 1 hour at 37°C on orbital shaker (300
convalescent sera control for IgG ELISA. r.p.m./min). After washing, freshly prepared
These sera samples were further confirmed o-Phenylenediaminedihydrochloride (OPD)
by DOT-ELISA antibody detection Kit (Sigma, Germany) solution containing 5 mg
(DRDE Jhansi, Gwalior, India). The OPD tablet in 12.5 ml of distilled water and
undiluted sera were used as strong positive 50 µl of 3% H2O2 was added and kept for
controls and sera from healthy donors as the color development for 10 min. Enzyme-
negative control. The moderate positive substrate reaction was stopped by adding
control was prepared by diluting strong 1M H2SO4 (50 µl) and color development
positive sera with 1:500 dilutions donor sera. was read at 492 nm using an ELISA micro
plate reader (Biorad). The optical density
Standard ELISA protocol (OD) obtained for the negative and positive
samples were interpreted by cutoff values tested, 2 (1.62%) and 6 (4.87%) were
set at 3 standard deviations above the positive by RBPT and IgG ELISA
arithmetical mean of the OD obtained for respectively. In case of PUO sera samples, a
17
the healthy controls . total 197 samples were analyzed, out of
which, 34(17.25%), 2(1.01%), 1(0.5%) and
RESULTS 23 (11.26%) were found positive by the
To obtain 5 gm wet weight of bacteria, RBPT, STAT, IgM ELISA and IgG ELISA
fifteen Roux flasks were used and from 5 g respectively (Table 1). Out of 27 RBPT
wet weight of bacterial cells, 10 ml of sLPS positive samples, only one sera (0.5%) was
was extracted (3mg). The convalescent sera found positive by 2ME-STAT.
positive by RBPT, DOT-ELISA and
showing 2ME-STAT titer of 1:640 (1280IU DISCUSSION
/ml) and STAT titres of 1:1280 (2560IU /ml) The true incidence of human brucellosis
were considered as positive convalescent however, is unknown for most countries and
sera controls for IgM ELISA and IgG no data are available for many parts of India.
ELISA respectively. It has been estimated that the true incidence
In ELISA, the 1 in 200 antigen may be 25 times higher than the reported
concentration was found optimum at serum incidence due to misdiagnosis and under-
concentration of 1 in 100 (Fig 1). Similarly, reporting. Several publications indicate that
the conjugate dilutions were established by human brucellosis can be a common disease
checkerboard titration and IgM conjugate in India. The ELISA was first developed by
of 1 in 4000 and IgG conjugate at 1 in 8000 Carlson et al, for the diagnosis of human
were found optimum dilutions for the test brucellosis and since then, a large number
(Fig. 2) of variations have been described18. ELISA
Among the 179 sera samples from risk have a distinct advantage over conventional
groups screened for brucellosis, 10(5.58%) serological tests in that, they are primary
and 4 (2.23%) were positive for Brucella binding assays that do not rely on secondary
antibodies by RBPT and STAT respectively. properties of antibodies such as their ability
In IgM and IgG ELISA, 4 (2.23%) and 31 to agglutinate or to fix complement.
(17.3%) were detected positive respectively. Secondly, ELISA can be tailored to be more
In case of blood donors, out of 123 samples
specific by using highly purified reagents at concentration of 1 in 200, serum

such as antigens and monoclonal antibodies. concentration of 1 in 100 and conjugate
The sLPS antigen of Brucella is considered concentrations of 1 in 4000 and 1 in 8000
the most important antigen during immune for IgM and IgG were optimum
response and is the target for many concentrations/ dilutions for the test.
serological and immunological studies. The Currently, RBPT is regarded as one of the
strains that are pathogenic for humans carry essential procedures for initial screening of
sLPS involved in the virulence of these livestock and humans for brucellosis. This
bacteria. It gives better sensitivity and test is sensitive, rapid and simple as well as
specificity with good reproducibility. It also it gives high throughput to localize the
possesses a convenient cut off value for range and frequency of the disease, but
diagnostic purposes. Finally, it is not suffers from low specificity13, 23. Similarly,
restricted to bovines alone and can be STAT is most preferred for serodiagnosis of
adapted to different species of animals as brucellosis in many countries, however,
well as to humans beings3. OIE recommended for its discontinuation,
The sLPS antigen coated passively on to a as the test is susceptible to false positive
polystyrene matrix is the method commonly reaction by cross reacting antibodies (IgM).
employed in the ELISA19. The indirect In our investigation, out of the 179 sera
ELISA and AB-ELISA have seen samples from risk groups screened for
standardized by several researchers using brucellosis, 10(5.58%) and 4(2.23%) were
sLPS antigen from B. abortus S99 to screen positive for anti Brucella antibodies by
the livestock and humans for brucellosis15, 19, RBPT and STAT respectively. Latest
20, 21
. According to Guarino et al.22, the high investigation reports from Karnataka
percentage of positivity was due to the revealed the similar findings of higher
ability of ELISA to detect very low levels prevalence in the risk group ranging from
of antibodies present in the early stage of 2.26% to 15.69% positivity among 618
infection, while RBPT and STAT cannot human samples by RBPT and indirect
detect it. Keeping this in view, a pilot study ELISA respectively21. A extensive study by
was aimed to develop and evaluate ELISA Mantur et al, reported the prevalence of 1.6%
for diagnosis of human brucellosis. In this and 1.8% by STAT (≥ 1:160) in 93 children
investigation, it was observed that, antigen and 495 adult patients respectively in
Bijapur24, 25. Further the incidence rate from infection in the donors might be due to the
other parts of the country has been reported exposure of the donors unintentionally to
26, 27, 28,
to be ranging between 0.9 and 18.1% the animals or due to the consumption of
29
. The higher prevalence rates reported by raw milk, or may be due to the cross
various researchers are in accordance with reacting antibodies such as vibrio or
our present findings in the high risk groups yersinia.
21, 25, 30
. High sero prevalence in the risk Brucellosis has fluctuating manifestations
group is attributed to constant exposure to with similarities to other un-diagnosable
infection due to contamination of hands and fevers, these patients were considered under
arm while handling animals and also human the category of PUO. These patients
infection can occur through aerosol, generally referred for various other
occupational exposure of abattoir workers, laboratory investigations, but not for
veterinarians and laboratory technicians. In Brucella testing. The presence of Brucella
addition, consumption of infected raw milk, antibodies in 197 PUO patients tested
raw milk products and raw meat can result ranged from 15 (7. 61%) and 2 (1.01%) by
in infection25. RBPT and STAT respectively and 0.5%
The transmission of brucellosis to man is and 11.67% by IgM and IgG ELISA
primarily by direct contact with infected respectively. A Similar studies on
animals or their products. However, the seroprevalence of 3.30% out of 121 PUO
organisms can also be transmitted by cases27, 6.8% of 414 patients with PUO33
transfusion of infected blood31. The blood and 0.8% seropositive cases in a group of
donors tested in the study, showed 1.62% 3,532 patients with PUO34 have been
positivity by RBPT and 4.87%, by IgG reported. In the present study, the higher
ELISA. Two such similar reports from sero prevecelance of anti Brucella antibody
Karnataka, revealed the prevalence ranging was detected ranging from 7.61% (RBPT)
from 1.8% (out of 26,948 adult donors ) to 11.67% (IgG ELISA). This is attributed
25
to 14.7% (out of 353 donors) by to the collection of samples from diagnostic
32
RBPT . These findings are relatively laboratories located in Bangalore rural areas
identical to our findings. The higher where intensive dairy is practiced. So
prevalence of 4.87%, in case of IgG ELISA exposure might be due to animal handling
signifies the better efficiency of test. This
(farmers) or consumption of unpasteurized of the disease in humans and to identify

milk active infection (IgM ELISA). The use of
In general, overall prevalence of the disease sLPS as antigen in the I-ELISA might be
by RBPT and STAT tests were 5.14% and one of the reasons for higher sensitivity as
1.2% respectively whereas, 1.00% and the stronger immune responses are elicited
12.02% by IgM and IgG ELISA against sLPS in infected individual. The
respectively. All the 27 RBPT positive sera advantage of using the indigenously
samples were found positive by either of the developed kit/tests is that the large number
two ELISAs confirming the 100% of samples can be analyzed economically
agreement of the test with the classical test and it will also help to generate
(RBPT. This numerical data is the evidence seroepidemiological data of the disease in
for the higher efficiency of the ELISA over the country. Screening of large number of
RBPT and STAT. The basic knowledge of sera samples and validation as per OIE
this study will help us for the development guidelines is underway.
of indigenous ELISA kit for sero screening
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are thankful to Deputy Director General, (Animal Sciences) ICAR, New Delhi for his moral
support and encouragement. The laboratory help from Hanumantharaju B (supporting staff) is
also acknowledged.
CORRESPONDENCE
Vol.1 ● No. 3 ● 2012 Scientific Research Journal of India 52
*Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring And Surveillance, (PD-ADMAS), Hebbal Bangalore-560 024.
Email: krishnamsetty1@gmail.com.
** Asst Professor, Dept of Microbiology, Yogi vemana University Kadapa, Andhra pradesh
Study of Non-Isothermal Kinetic of Austenite Transformation to Pearlite in

CK45 Steel by Ozawa Model Free Method
Mohammad Kuwaiti*
Abstract:
In recent years, many researchers have been done about the kinetics of thermal
decomposition processes. In this study, The Ozawa model free method were used to
study the Non-Isothermal kinetic of Austenite Transformation to Pearlite. DTA
o
method was used at cooling rates of 5, 10 and 20
min , under argon atmosphere.
Activation energy as a kinetics parameter was determined by using of Ozawa model
free method. The results show that the Activation energy in Ozawa model free method
is in range of 44.8-45.6 KJ mol .
Keywords: Kinetic, Non-Isothermal, Austenite, Pearlite, Ozawa model, DTA,

Activation Energy.
INTRODUCTION
Heterogeneous chemical reactions are ferrite. In kinetic study of heterogeneous

reactions that the components of reaction reactions, is assumed that the equation of
are in different phases, these phases that rate is also true in the homogeneous gas
make up the interfaces and usually reactions reactions2. In the effect of cooling, in
are performed in interfaces1. Reactions are diagram of equilibrium of Iron – Carbon,
started in Austenite transformation to austenite transformation to pearlite occurs at
3, 4
pearlite from interface of austenite and the temperatures near 727°C . In this
study, Ozawa and Friedman models free energy in the various progresses fraction of
method were used for kinetic of austenite reaction11.
transformation to pearlite in non-isothermal Eα (1)
ln( β i ) = C −
conditions. Using model free methods begin RTα ,i
to investigate non-isothermal kinetics from
In equation 1, C is the constant, Tα ,i is the
60 A. D.5, 6. In model free methods, is
temperature in the fraction of distinguished
assumed that changing rate of heating the
progress, R is the gas constant, β i is
sample, do not change the reaction
mechanism and rate reaction is only a cooling rate and Eα is activation energy in
function of temperature. Today, determining the fraction of reaction progress. For
parameters of kinetics are used by model calculating activation energy in each
free methods and the development of fraction of the distinguished progress (α ) ,
equipment7. On the base, these methods are  1 
8 changing of Ln β i are drawn vs.  
obtained from STA or DTA . Freeman,  Tα‫و‬i 
Carroll to calculation parameters of kinetic,
and the activation energy is calculated
use from equation of gases rate, although
according to slope of the drawn line. Model
these equations are correct from the
of fraction of the converter was proposed by
standpoint of mathematical, but from the
Friedman, in this method, is necessary that
standpoint of practical are excited some
the experiments are performed at least three
limitations9. In addition, Coats and Redfern
different heating rates5. In this method, from
use from the approximation of temperature
Equation 2 is used for calculating the
function in integral equations, although this
activation energy in the various progresses
approximation has some limitation to
fraction of reaction.
convert data into logarithms, but it can be a
suitable method for the evaluation initial of
 dα  (2)
ln βi ( )α  = ln[Af (α )] − ( )α
10 E
the models of kinetic . Ozawa for
 dT  RT
calculating the activation energy proposes
his own method in a fraction of the
In this equation, α is the fraction progress
distinguished converter. In this method,
of reaction, T is the temperature, R is the
equation 1 is used for calculating activation
gas constant, β i is the cooling rate, A is the
pre-exponential factor, f (α ) is the reaction
mechanism and E is the activation energy.
For calculating the activation energy in each

dα
α , changing ln  β i ( ) α  is drawn vs.
 dT 
1 
  and similar Ozawa method, the slope
T 
 α
of the drawn lines, will be determined the
activation energy. In this study, by using
Ozawa and Friedman model free methods,
activation energy of austenite
transformation to pearlite in CK45 steel was Figure 1. Microstructure austenite
transformation to pearlite of CK45 steel a) 500X b)
calculated at cooling rates of 5, 10 and 20 100X
o
C . 50 mg samples of the steel was used for the
min
DTA experiments, by apparatus STA 503,
o
METHOD OF RESEARCH for cooling rates of 5, 10 and 20 C , in
min
The simple of CK45 steel, with the non-isothermal conditions and under argon
specified chemical composition in Table 1, atmosphere. The used range for the DTA
was used as basic material. experiments was 1200 to 650 o C .
Table 1. Chemical composition of CK45 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

steel used in this study
%S %Mn %C
steel Heat Figure 2 is shown the results of the DTA
treatment
<0.03 0.5-0.8 experiments at cooling rates of 5, 10 and 20
%Si %P 0.42-0.5 CK45 o
C .
<0.4 0.35 min
Figure 1 shows microstructure of the sample

which is used.
fraction progress of reaction vs. time at

different cooling rates.
Figure 3. The fraction progress of reaction

vs. time
In this Method, not only parameter of time

but also temperature is important, values of
the fraction progress of reaction and the
transformation temperatures were calculated
at different cooling rates that are specified
in Table 2.
Table 2. Values of the fraction progress of

Figure 2. Used peaks to calculate the reaction at different cooling rates
fraction progress of reaction of austenite
transformation to pearlite in the cooling 10 C 20
o
fraction min
rates (a) 5, (b) 10 and (c) 20 C . 5C C
min progress min min
of
According to this figure, the start and finish reaction T (o C ) T (o C ) T (o C )
0.0 883 886 679
temperatures of austenite transformation to
0.1 879 882 675
pearlite are calculated and with increasing 0.2 877 881 672
the cooling rate, the starting temperature of 0.3 876 880 672
0.4 875 879 670
transformation is reduced from 883 to 679 0.5 875 878 669
o
C . For calculating the fraction progress of 0.6 874 877 668
0.7 873 876 667
reaction, the area under peak of DTA curve 0.8 872 874 666
calculated at any moment and is divided on 0.9 871 872 665
1 867 867 662
the area of peak total. Figure 3 shows, the
As explained in Equation 1, for Calculating

activation energy in each fraction of
progress should be drawn changing of Ln β i
 1 
vs.   . Table 3 shows the values of
 Tα‫و‬i 
 1 
  for the fraction progress of 1
 Tα‫و‬i  Figure 4. Curves Ln β i vs.   in the
 T α
reaction in various cooling rates. fraction progress of reaction 0.1-0.9
It noticed that the drawn lines are almost

Table 3. The calculated values by the parallel and thus can be concluded that
Ozawa method at different cooling rates
according to Ozawa model, changing the
Fraction fraction progress of reaction did not
progress β =5 β = 10 β = 20
of fluctuate in activation energy. Table 4
1 1 1
reaction       shows the calculated values of activation
 T α  T α  T α
energy by using the Ozawa model, for the
0.1 0.0008679 0.0008654 0.0001054
0.2 0.0008688 0.0008663 0.0001057 fraction progress of reaction.
0.3 0.0008696 0.0008671 0.0001025
0.4 0.0008704 0.0008679 0.0001060 Table 4. The values of activation energy in
0.5 0.0008704 0.0008679 0.0001060 the fraction progress of reaction of austenite
0.6 0.0008713 0.0008688 0.0001062 transformation to pearlite is obtained from
0.7 0.0008721 0.0008696 0.0001063 Figure 4 for the Ozawa method
0.8 0.0008729 0.0008713 0.0001064
0.9 0.0008738 0.0008729 0.0001065 Fraction Activation
progress of Energy( J )
This information has been calculated by reaction mol
using available information in Figure 3. 0.1 45685
0.2 45319
Figure 4 shows changing of Ln β i vs. 0.3 45269
0.4 45228
 1 
  for the austenite transformation to 0.5 45111
 Tα‫و‬i  0.6 44945
0.7 44870
pearlite. 0.8 44870
0.9 44912
On this base, with increasing the fraction of nucleation and growth. Different reports
progress of reaction, reduced activation and models in the cases of kinetic of
energy partially and in addition to Kinetic austenite transformation to pearlite have
barriers that exist in the early stages of been published But the numerical values is
transformation, it is justified. It is important not registered for the activation energy of
that the calculated values of activation this transformation 13-17.
energy is the apparent activation energy of
transformation and can be included stages
REFERENCES
1. W., Christian: The theory of rates”, J. therm. Anal., Vol.27,
transformations in metals and alloys , pp.95-101, 1983.
Pergamon, Oxford, 2002. 7. M ., Enomoto and H.I., Aaronson,
2. L.W., Coudurier, “Thermodynamics "Austenite to Ferrite Transformation
Study of Mo-O-S system”, Trans. Kinetics", Metall.trans. A., Vol.
Inst. Min. Met., C79, pp.34-40, 1970. 12A, pp. 1547-1557, 1986.
3. E., Mortimer: Chemistry, A 8. J.S., Kirlcaldy and Baganis," A
Conceptual Approach, Van computational model for the
Nostrand, New York, 1979. prediction of steel hardenability",
4. D.A., Porter and K.E., Easterling: Metall.trans. A., Vol. 9A , pp.495-
Phase transformations in metals and 501, 1978.
alloys., Chapman&hall, London, 9. E.S., Freeman, B.J., Carroll, “The
1993. Application of Thermoanalytical
5. H., Friedman, "Kinetics of thermal Techniques to Reaction Kinetics:
degradation of char-forming plastics The Thermogravimetric Evaluation
from thermogravimetry. Application of the Kinetics of the Decomposition
to a phenolic plastic", Polym. Sci. J., of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate”,
Vol.7, pp. 183–195, 1964. Phys. Chem., Vol. 62, pp.394-397,
6. J.H., Flynn, “The isoconversional 1958.
method for determination of energy 10. A.V., Coats and J.P., Redfern,
of activation at constant heating “Kinetic Parameters from
Thermogravimetric Data”, Nature, 15. M., Hillert, " Formation of Pearlite

201, pp.68-69, 1964. Colonies for Simple Models of
11. T., Ozawa, “A New Method of Alloys Iron-Carbon-Mangenise",
Analyzing Thermogravimetric Data”, Jernkont. Ann., Vol.88, p. 130,
Bull. Chem. Soc., Japan., Vol.38, 1962.
pp.1881-1887, 1965. 16. A., Roósz, Z., Gácsi, E.G., Fuchs, "
12. C. W., Wegst: Stahlschlussel, Isothermal formation of austenite in
western, Germany, 1989. eutectoid plain carbon steel ", Acta.
13. M., Hillert, L., Höglund," Reply to Metall., Vol. 31, p.509, 1983.
comments on kinetics model of 17. C., García de Andrés, L.F., Alvarez,
isothermal pearlite formation in a M., Carsí, "Modelling of Kinetics
0.4C–1.6Mn steel ", Scripta Mater, and Dilatometric Behavair of Non-
Vol. 141, p. 46-78, 2003. Isothermal Pearlite-to-Austenite
14. J.S., Kirlcaldy and Baganis," A Transformation in an Eutectoied
computational model for the Steel.", Welding International, Vol.6,
prediction of steel hardenability", p.612, 1992.
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501, 1978.
CORRESPONDENCE
* Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Najaf Abad University, Iran
Email: Mohammad.Kuwaiti@gmail.com
Face Exposure Technology

Thanigaivel.V*
Abstract:
The Face recognition is concerned with determining which part of an image contains
a face. If present, return the image location and content of each face. The automatic
system that analyzes the information contained in faces. While earlier works deal
primarily with standing front faces, several systems have been developed that are
able to detect faces reasonably truly plane or out-of-plane rotations in real time.
Even if a face exposure module is normally designed to deal with single images, its
performance can be improved if video capture.
INTRODUCTION
The technology has facilitated the foundation, faces need to be located and
development of real-time visualization registered first to facilitate further
modules that interact with humans. For processing. It is evident that face detection
biometric systems that use faces as non- plays an important and critical role for the
intrusive input modules, it is imperative to success of any face processing systems. The
locate faces in a picture before any face detection problem is testing as it needs
recognition algorithm can be applied. A to account for all possible look difference
vision based user interface should be able to caused by change in lights, facial features,
tell the attention focus of the user in order to occlusions. In addition, it has to detect faces
respond as a result. To detect facial features that appear at different technology, with in
truly for applications such as digital plane revolution. In spite of all these
difficulty, great progress has been made in detected faces are usually further processed
the last decade and many systems have to combine overlapped results and remove
shown inspiring real-time act. The recent false positives with heuristics1 or further
advances of these algorithms have also processing (e.g., edge exposure and
made major help in detecting other objects intensity variance). Numerous
such as humans, representations have been proposed for face
exposure, including pixel-based1, 3, 5, parts-
Face Exposure System based4, 6, 7
, local edge features8, 9, Haar
Most exposure systems carry out the task by wavelets4,10, and Haar-like features2, 11
.
extracting certain properties of a set of While earlier holistic representation
training images acquired at a fixed pose in schemes are able to detect faces1, 3, 5
, the
an off-line setting. To reduce the effects of recent systems with Haar-like features2, 12, 13
illumination change, these images are have demonstrated impressive empirical
processed with histogram equalization1, 3
results in detect faces under occlusion. A
Based on the extracted properties, these large and representative training set of face
systems typically scan through the entire images is essential for the success of
image at every possible location and scale learning-based face detector. From the set
in order to locate faces. The extracted of collected data, more positive examples
properties can be either manually coded or can be synthetically generated by perturbing;
learned from a set of data as adopted in the mirroring, rotating and scaling the original
recent systems that have demonstrated face images1, 3. On the other hand, it is
impressive results1, 2, 3, 4, 5. In order to detect relatively easier to collect negative
faces at different scale, the detection examples by randomly sampling images
process is usually repeated to a pyramid of without face images1, 3. As face exposure
images whose resolution is reduced by a can be mainly formulated as a pattern
1, 3
certain factor (1.2) from the original one . recognition problem, numerous algorithms
Such procedures may be expedited when have been proposed to learn their generic
other visual cues can be accurately templates (e.g., eigenface and statistical
incorporated (motion) as pre-processing distribution) or discriminate classifiers (e.g.,
5
steps to reduce the search space . As faces neural networks, Fisher linear discriminate,
are often detected across scale, the raw sparse network of Winnows, decision tree,
Bays classifiers, support vector machines, like features (at different position and scale)
and AdaBoost). Typically, a good face is very large (about 160,000). Contrary to
detection system needs to be trained with most of the prior algorithms that use one
several iterations. One common method to single strong classifier (e.g., neural
further improve the system is to bootstrap a networks and support vector machines),
trained face detector with test sets, and re- they used an ensemble of weak classifiers
train the system with the false positive as where each one is constructed by
well as negatives1. This process is repeated shareholding of one Haar-like feature. The
several times in order to further improve the weak classifiers are selected and weighted
performance of a face detector. A survey on using the AdaBoost algorithm14. As there is
these topics can be found in5, and the most large number of weak classifiers, they
recent advances are discussed in the next presented a method to rank these classifiers
section. into several cascades using a set of
optimization criteria. Within each stage, an
Recent technology ensemble of several weak classifiers is
The AdaBoost-based face detector by Viola trained using the AdaBoost algorithm. The
and Jones2 demonstrated that faces can be motivation behind the cascade of classifier
fairly reliably detect in real-time (i.e., more is that simple classifiers at early stage can
than 15 frames per second on 240 by filter out most negative examples efficiently,
320images with desktop computers) under and stronger classifiers at later stage are
partial occlusion. While Haar wavelets were only necessary to deal with instances that
used in10 for representing faces and look like faces. The final detector, a 38
pedestrians, they proposed the use of Haar- layer cascade of classifiers with 6,060 Haar-
like features which can be computed like features, demonstrated impressive real-
efficiently with integral image2. Figure 1 time performance with fairly high detection
shows four types of Haar-like features that and low false positive rates. Several
are used to encode the horizontal, vertical extensions to detect faces in multiple views
and diagonal intensity information of face with in-plane ration have since been
images at different position and scale. proposed12, 13, 15. An implementation of the
Given a sample image of 24 by 24 pixels, AdaBoost-based face detector2 can be found
the exhaustive set of parameterized Haar- in the Intel Open CV library. Despite the
excellent run-time performance of boosted selection algorithm used as a pre-computing

2
cascade classifier , the training time of such procedure, they reported that the training
a system is rather lengthy. In addition, the time of the classifier cascade with AdaBoost
classifier cascade is an example of is reduced by 50 to 100 times. For learning
degenerate decision tree with an unbalanced in each stage (or node) within the classifier
data set (i.e., a small set of positive cascade, they also exploited the asymmetry
examples and a huge set of negative ones). between positive and negative data using a
Numerous algorithms have been proposed linear classifier with the assumptions that
to address these issues and extended to they can be modeled with Gaussian
detect faces in multiple views. To handle distributions17. The merits and drawbacks of
the asymmetry between the positive and the proposed linear asymmetric classifier as
negative data sets, Viola and Jones well as the classic Fisher linear discriminate
proposed the asymmetric AdaBoost were also examined in their work. Recently,
algorithm16 which keeps most of the Pham and Champ proposed an online
weights on the positive examples. In 2, the algorithm that learns asymmetric boosted
AdaBoost algorithm is used to select a classifiers18 with significant gain in training
19
specified number of weak classifiers with time. In , an algorithm that aims to
lowest error rates for each cascade and the automatically determine the number of
process is repeated until a set of classifiers and stages for constructing a
optimization criteria (i.e., the number of boosted ensemble was proposed. While a
stages, the number of features of each stage, greedy optimization algorithm was
and the detection/false positive rates) is employed in 2, Brubaker et al. proposed an
satisfied. As each weak classifier is made of algorithm for determining the number of
one single Haar-like feature, the process weak classifiers and training each node
within each stage can be considered as a classifier of a cascade by selecting operating
feature selection problem. Instead of points within a receiver operator
20
repeating the feature selection process at characteristic (ROC) curve . The solved the
17
each stage, Wu et al. presented a greedy optimization problem using linear programs
algorithm for determining the set of features that maximize the detection rates while
for all stages first before training the satisfying the constraints of false positive
cascade classifier. With the greedy feature rates19. Although the original four types of
Haar-like features are sufficient to encode which consists of a series of detectors

upright frontal face images, other types of trained with positive images only, and the
features are essential to represent more energy-based method25 that simultaneously
complex patterns (e.g., faces in different detects faces and estimates their pose in real
11,12,13,15,21
pose) . Most systems take a divide- time.
and-conquer strategy and a face detector is
constructed for a fixed pose, thereby Quantifying Performance
covering a wide range of angles (e.g., yaws There are numerous metrics to gauge the
and pitch angles). A test image is either sent performance of face detection systems,
to all detectors for evaluation or to a ranging from detection frame rate, false
decision module with a coarse pose positive/negative rate, number of classifier,
estimator for selecting the appropriate trees number of feature, and number of training
for further processing. The ensuing image, training time, accuracy and memory
problems are how the types of features are requirements. In addition, the reported
constructed, and how the most important performance also depends on the definition
ones from a large feature space are selected. of a “correct” detection result1, 5. Figure 2
More generalized Haar-like features are shows the effects of detection results versus
defined in11, 12
in which the rectangular different criteria, and more discussions can
image regions are not necessarily adjacent, be found in1, 5. The most commonly adopted
and furthermore the number of such method is to plot the ROC curve using the
rectangular blocks is randomly varied11. de facto standard MIT + CMU data set 1
Several greedy algorithms have been which contains frontal face images. Another
proposed to select features efficiently by data set from CMU contains images with
exploiting the statistics of features before faces that vary in pose from frontal to side
training boosted cascade classifiers17, 21
. view4. It has been noticed that although the
There are also other fast face detection face detection methods nowadays have
methods that demonstrate promising results, impressive real-time performance, there is
including the component-based face still much room for improvement in terms
4
detector using Naive Bays classifiers , the of accuracy. The detected faces returned by
face detectors using support vector state-of-the-art algorithms are often a few
7, 22, 23 24
machines , the Anti-face method pixels (around 5) off the “accurate”
locations, which is significant as face images alone. The research will focus on
images are usually standardized to 21 by 21 improvement of detection precision for face
pixels. While such results are the trade-offs exposure.
between speed, robustness and accuracy,
they inevitably degrade the performance of Adaptive Boosting
any biometric applications using the The Adaptive Boosting) is a machine
contents of detected faces. Several post- learning algorithm formulated by Freund
processing algorithms have been proposed and Shapiro14 that learns a strong classifier
to better locate faces and extract facial by combining an ensemble of weak
features (when the image resolution of the classifiers with weights. The discrete
detected faces is sufficiently high)26, 27. Adaptive Boosting algorithm was originally
developed for classification using the
Applications exponential loss function and is an instance
As face detection is the first step of any face within the boosting family.
processing system, it finds numerous
applications in face recognition, face Hear-like features
tracking, facial expression recognition, Similar to the what Haar wavelets are
facial feature extraction, gender developed for basis functions to encode
classification, clustering, attentive user signals, the objective of two-dimensional
interfaces, digital cosmetics, biometric Haar features is to collect local oriented
systems, to name a few. In addition, most of intensity difference at different scale for
the face detection algorithms can be representing image patters. This
extended to recognize other objects such as representation transforms an image from
cars, humans, pedestrians, and signs, etc5. pixel space to the space of wavelet
coefficients with an over-complete
Summary dictionary of features. The Haar-like
The advance in face exposure has created a features, similar to Haar wavelets, compute
lot of exciting and reasonably applications. local oriented intensity difference using
As most of the algorithms can also be rectangular blocks (rather than pixels)
applied to other problem domains, it has which can be computed efficiently with the
broader impact than detecting faces in integral image2.
of examining all scanned image patches can

Receiver operating characteristic be reduced significantly.
A receiver operating characteristic is a plot
p
commonly used in machine learning and
data mining for exhibiting the performance
of a classifier under different criteria. The y-
y
(a) Face images (b)Non-face images
axis is the true positive and the xx-axis is the
Fig. 1. Four types of Haar
Haar-like features.
false positive (i.e., false alarm). A point on
These features appear at different position
operating characteristic shows
sho that the
and scale.The Haar
Haar-like features are
trade-off
off between the achieved trues
computed as the difference of dark and light
positive detection rate and the accepted
regions. They can be considered as features
false positive rate.
that collect local edge information at
different orientation and scale. The set of
Classifier cascade
Haar-like
like features is large, and only a small
In face detection, a classifier cascade is a
amount of them are learned from positive
degenerate decision tree where each node
and negative
ive examples for face detection.
(decision stump) consists of a binary
classifier. In 2, each node is a boosted
classifier consisting of several weak
classifiers. These boosted classifiers are
constructed so that the ones near the root
(a) Test image (b)Detection results
can be computed very efficiently at very
Fig. 2. Detection results depend heavily on
high detection rate with acceptable false
the adopted criteria. Suppose all the sub-
sub
positive rate. Typically, most patches in a
images in (b) are returned as face patterns
test image can be classified as faces/non
faces/non-
by a detector. A loose criterion may declare
de
faces using simple classifiers near the root,
all the faces as “successful” detections
and relatively few difficult ones need to be
while a more strict one would declare most
analyzed by nodes with deeper depth. With
of them as non
non- faces.
this cascade structure, the total computation
REFERENCES
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Neural network-based face detection. IEEE component-based framework for face
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10. Papageorgiou, C., Poggio, T.: A
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11. Dollar, P., Tu, Z., Tao, H., Belongie, S.:
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face detection. Technical Report TR2003-
96, Mitsubishi Electrical Research 21. Pham, M.T., Cham, T.J.: Fast training
Laboratories (2003) and selection and Haar features using
statistics in boosting-based face detection.
16. Viola, P., Jones, M.: Fast and robust In: Proceedings of IEEE International
classification using asymmetric Adaboost Conference on Computer Vision. (2007)
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CORRESPONDENCE
*Centre for Research and Development. PRIST University, India. E-Mail:svthanigaivel@gmail.com
Recovery of Decayed Species through Image Processing
K.Priyadharsan*, S.Saranya**
Abstract:
The problem of rebuilding a structure from decayed remains has been, until now,
especially relevant in the ambit of forensic sciences, where it is obviously oriented
toward the identification of unrecognizable corpses; but its potential interest to
archaeologists and anthropologists is not negligible. This paper is about recovering
the decayed species’ structure, through Spiral Computed Tomography data and
virtual modeling techniques (in this case with VTK software), 3-D models of the
possible physiognomy of ancient mummies. The species representation is based on
3D models and soft tissues are reconstructed.Isosurfaces generation is based on
Marching cubes algorithm. The resulting voxel models are converted into 3d
wrapped models that are coded using VTK software. The presented results iiustrate
that based on the proposed methods a complete recovery of decayed structure can be
built with less cost.
Keywords: VTK, CT,3-D
INTRODUCTION
Reconstruction is an important key feature amount of information not only about the
of image processing applications. It uses CT mummy and its skeleton, but also about the
scanning’s numbers allowed a very fine artifacts buried with the mummy and its
discrimination between materials with coffin2. Compared to traditional x-ray
different densities providing an enormous techniques, multiple axial images displayed
in a clearer way the different details of car The anthropological study of the
tonnage, wrappings, amulets an
and internal mummified cranial remains allowed us to
3
organs of a mummy and allowed easy identify a male subject with an age at death
measurements of exact distances between of around 40 years. The skull is
objects inside or outside the mummy. In the dolichocranic, of medium height and with
last years, spiral CT has considerably rounded occiput, narrow face, high
enhanced clinical imaging. The use of this cheekbones,
bones, gracile even if well developed
new technique has fatherly widened the in its height, jaw; the orbits are narrow, the
range and quality of possible
possi investigations nose is well-shaped,
shaped, and of Europoid look.
on mummies.
So far, related work only considered initial 2. Spiral CT Scanning
representation of the fossil using CT
scanning. Soft tissue reconstruction and
texture mapping has to be studied in detail.
In my paper, surface is constructed using
Marching cubess algorithm and some
changes are made to the existing aalgorithm
to get better results. 3D models are wrapped
and coded using VTK software
This process is organized as follows. In the
next section, I describe the process of Fig. 2 CT scanning of the head
anthropological and egyptological analysis

The cranial cavity was filled with hot
of the head. Section 2 presents spiral CT of
melted resin, later solidified, introduced
the head. Section 3 presents. Reconstruction
with the mummy resting on its back, as the
of a 3-D
D model of the skull generated from
model reconstructed from the CT images
CT data processing. Section 4 presents
clearly displays.
application of textures fitting the somatic
features.
3. Reconstruction of a 3D Model of the
Skull
1. Preliminary Anthropological
thropological Results
CT slices must be stacked up and
interpolated in order to build a volume.
Once created a volume, it is possible, by This stage of our work is still in a

means of suitable algorithms, to generate preliminary phase. Among the possible
surfaces whose points have the same methodologies to deal with this complex
function value. They are called is surfaces A problem, I focused two different promising
popular algorithm for determining is ways:
surfaces is the so called marching cubes. A. Protocols
rotocols developed to the reconstruction
The principle underlying the application
applica of of soft tissues on skull
this algorithm to the kind of problem here B. Use of warping techniques.
t
described is that similar materials have the
same radio-opacity
opacity and are, consequently, A. The thickness of the soft tissues is
represented in a CT scan by the same reconstructed on the bones through the use
densitometry level. In CT slices, the of pegs at marked points. All the pegs are
intensity associated to each pixel in the joined by strips of plotline of fixed
grey-scale
scale is proportional to tissues density: thickness and the empty spaces among them
black corresponds to air, white to bones. It are then slowly filled with mould able
is therefore possible processing the CT material: in this way, it is possible to
scans sequence so as to obtain a 3-D
3 grid, reconstruct nearly all the face that belonged
where to each "knot" (control point) is to the living subject; on this, nose cartilage,
associated the densitometry value measured eye globes and lips are added.
by the CT scans. The result is a 33-D 256
grey levels image. B. A different method consists in the
distortion (warping) of the 33-D model of a
reference
ce scanned head, until its hard tissues
match those of the mummy. The subsequent
stage is the construction of the hybrid model
composed by the hard tissues of the
mummy plus the soft ones of the reference
Fig. 3 a) hard tissues b) external surface head.
4. Reconstruction off Soft Tissues 5. Textures Fitting the

t Somatic Features
While hard and soft tissues give

morphological information, textures provide
colours and aesthetical features. They are
"pasted" over the 3D models by means of
mapping procedures. Moreover, being a
frontal view, it does not give sufficient
Fig.6Lateralview
information for the mapping of the entire
Development of the project: soft tissue
model. We get a low resolution image (fig4).
reconstruction using VTK
After a first part of work, open problem is to
reconstruct the lacking elements of a 3D
digital model generated from CT scans
applied to a mummified cranial remains.
The aim is to obtain a perfect match among
Fig 4 low resolution image
hard tissues so that soft tissue of reference
The texture was mapped onto the 3D model
model can be used to represent those of the
to perfectly match the frontal view of the
mummy with a good approximation.
mummy but it loses its grain as soon as we
Moreover a tool is developed in order to
depart from the frontal view. Much better
apply to the model cylindrical textures
results could be obtained with different high
obtained multiple views of a well suited
resolution views of a new subject.
individual Software implementation has
been designed using VTK.
Cylindrical textures obtained multiple views
of a well suited individual Software
implementation has been designed using
VTK.
Fig 5texture, processed and colored, is CT scans data representing our model and
mapped onto the 3-D model. mummy should have the same placing,
orientation, dimensions and resolution. This
is generally not true especially when dealing
with data coming from different machine so
the first step is to perform a manual

registration (Figure 3), that is a rigid
transformation, among volumes in order to
work in the same system of coordinates.
Software like AIR are also available for
automatic registration but sometimes,
especially when volumes are quite different,
they do not produce satisfactory results.
As further requirement grayscales of hard
tissues must be similar, in spite of different
methodologies of acquisition though
Fig.6 Manchester points placed over the
mummy’s tissues has been deteriorated. It is
mummy
possible to correct these differences shifting
Calculating vector displacement among
and scaling intensities using histogram
couples of corresponding points we obtain a
information.
scattered field to drive a first warp phase. A
For volume resembling, smoothing (to
feature tracking consists in determining a
remove aliasing phenomena) and surface
correspondence between sets of
generation Vtk internal facilities are used.
characteristic points pertaining to the
At this point we precede with the setup of
volumes in order to obtain a scatter motion
the Manchester pegs onto the surface of the
field with more details. It is the most
hard tissues of the mummy while for the
important step.
reference model it can be predetermined.
Initially this set of points is chosen as a
The aim of this phase is to fix some
subset of points that are vertices of hard
constraints for the resulting physiognomy
tissues surface of the mummy; some of
and to provide a first guess for the following
these points, corresponding position in the
step that is the features tracking.
reference volume. If the result is good, the
Pegs are mapped onto a spherical surface of
resulting motion field is defined among
parametric ratio, so that the user can place
subsets of bone surfaces, with particular
quickly the whole set and the adjust single
characteristics, are identified as features.
pegs.
If, consecutively a test, a feature is retained
reliable, we search the from the reference
model to the mummy volume..….

Once generated a scattered motion field, it
must be diffused within the whole reference
volume. Diffused motion field can be used
to warp
arp every structure pertaining to Fig .9 Model skin (blue) and mummy skull
reference model coherently with mummy (white)
model therefore we reconstruct mummy soft
tissues warping those of reference model
Fig 10 Face generated
We consider the relation between hard

tissues surface of the reference model and
Fig 7 wrap driven by manchester points hard tissue surface of the mummy as a
continuous deformation in the time.
If is the intensity of a point

of coordinates (x,y,z) at time t in the
mummy volume
and
is the motion
m field,
where ,
e are components in x, y e z
directions of velocity vector, we suppose
that the intensity function is the same at the
time in the
Fig.8 Model skull (blue) after this stage
overlapped with mummy skull (white) point of the
reference model, we can write the 3 as
where , (5)
e and . Known as motion field constraint equation,
(1) where Ex, Ey, Ez ed Et are partial
derivatives.
We say that x is a reliable feature if
If the intensity function change smoothly
sm
(6)
with x, y, z e t, we can manipulate the
equation (1) with Taylor’s series to obtain
(2)
Where:
I( , t) is the matrix of intensity function
where e contains terms in x, y, z e t E in the point =(x,y,z) in the region W(x)
higher than first order. at the time t;
 is the gradient operator;
Eliminating , rationing by t,  min ()) represents the smaller eigenvalue
and calculating limit for , we of matrix  ;
obtain
are predetermined thresholds.
(3)
We consider a window (q) centered in q
of dimensions.
We represent (6) in discrete fashion
that is the totally derivative of in the
(7)
time.
(4)
Using abbreviated notation: The solution of (4) respect to V is given
by In this moment this stage is still in
developing so we have no picture, anyway
the idea is simple: for each of the
Manchester points we
w find its corresponding
on the skin surface, in this way we can amount of data, was to process and visualize
measure the actual soft tissue thickness. By in real time and in 3D the data volume.
consulting the thickness table we find the Through this paper I hope that this method
corresponding desired thickness measure. will be a useful one to the society.
Saying that the actual thickness must
become the desired thickness we generate REFERENCES
another scattered field. 1. S.B. Kang, R. Szeliski, and P.
Anandan, “The Geometry-Image
Texture Application Representation Trade off for
Rendering”, Proc. ICIP, Vancouver,
Canada, September 2000.
2. P. Eisert, E. Steinbach, and B. Girod,

“Multi-hypothesis, Volumetric
Reconstruction of 3-D Objects. Proc.
ICASSP, pp. 3509-3512, Phoenix,
Mar. 1999.
3. W. E. Lorensen, and H. E. Cline,

“Marching Cubes: A high resolution
CONCLUSION: 3D surface reconstruction algorithm,”
In this paper, for obtaining better Proc. SIGGRAPH, vol. 21, no. 4, pp
performances through the virtual 3D 163-169, 1987.
visualization of the reconstruction i have
used the powerful workstation Onyx2 4. P. Debevec, C. Taylor, and J. Malik,
equipped with an architecture of type “Modeling and rendering
multiprocessor, with 4 processors R10K, 1 architecture from photographs: A
Gbyte of RAM, computing power of 1.5 hybrid geometry image based
Gflop, 1 graphic pipeline, that it can process approach,” Proc. SIGGRAPH, pp.
11 millions of polygons per second. In fact 11-20, 1996.
the main problem, processing a large
CORRESPONDENCE
*DR-DO Project Assistant, Centre for R&D, PRIST University, Thanjavur, India. Email:
kvpriyadharshan@gmail.com. **Lecturer, Department of Comp Science & Engg, Bharadhidasan University,
Trichy, India. Email: saranyapristina@gmail.com
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(SRJI) globally welcomes research
scholars & scientists from different fields
of science like Botany, Zoology, Medical
Sciences, Agricultural Sciences,
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Vol.1 ● No.

3 ● 2012 Scientific Research Journal of India 1

Editorial Dr. Popiha Bordoloi 5

Perception of students for laptop

Effectiveness of Educational Sessions on

Efficacy of McKenzie Approach

Study of Non-Isothermal Kinetic of

Face Exposure Technology Thanigaivel.V 60

Dr. Popiha Bordoloi,

Abstract: Background and purpose: Laptop ergonomics is one of the most

Keywords: Laptop Ergonomics, Library Setup, Workplace Ergonomics, Laptopitis/

LITERATURE REVIEW employers. It was found that laptop users

Sampling fast method of sampling if the population is

TABLE 1- INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

INCLUSION CRITERIA EXCLUSION CRITERIA

Students who knew English Language.

Data collection: among the colleagues to check for content

TABLE- 2: Main Themes from Data Analysis.

Preference of use of Laptop/Desktop in What’s the reason for preference of

Symptoms faced while Which all symptoms the participants

Posture Awareness Awareness about the posture in

Environment/ Infrastructure of LC How is the environment and setting of

Interference with extra How does the extra computer-accessories

Recommendation to Improve LC What changes can be done to improve the

RESULT: “psychological motivation they get in

Environment or Infrastructure of fewer resources such as: “Area, less table

Major number of participants have condition16. Student population use laptops

Fig-1: Shows the poor and good posture for Laptop.

Fig-2: Show the ideal Laptop stand/Docking station for laptop.

3. Thrasher, M. and Chesky, K. Medical 6. Blome, M., Johansson, C. R. and

7. Szeto, G. and Lee, R. An Ergonomic their applications in nutrition education.

Effectiveness of Educational Sessions on Reducing Diabetes in Women with

B. Sharmila, BPT, MSc (Yoga)*, B. Arun, MPT**

Key words: Type II diabetes, PCOS, Educational Session, Diabetic Questionnaire.

Diabetes are interrelated. Obesity and lack

damage and blindness. Overweight women

knowledge Questionnaire was distributed to

Sunday Morning (10 am —1 pm). The

Figure 2 be prevented as well as prevent the

ovary syndrome. Minerva Ginecol. 9. Canadian Diabetes Association.

Do you have Diabetes : YES / NO

Do you have PCOS : YES / NO

Please fill up the given statement with Yes or No.

S.No STATEMENT Yes No

1. Do you know symptoms of Diabetes

2. Do you know about PCOS

3. Do you know Obesity may cause Diabetes

4. Do you know Obesity may cause PCOS

5. Do you know relation between PCOS & Diabetes

6. Do you know the Risk factors for Diabetes

7. Do you think it is good to do Exercises regularly

8. Do you think intake of Rice may cause Diabetes

9. Do you think you can get Diabetes

10. Do your Parents or Relative have Diabetes

Signature of the Participants Signature of the Assessor

Efficacy of McKenzie Approach combined with Sustained Traction in

A.Sridhar MPT (Neuro)*, S.Vimala BPT**

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of traction combined with

METHODOLOGY: confused and she refused to undergo

Its is widely used to measure the severity of

Outcome Measures: Traction:

is usually coupled with stronger poundage. Table 1.1 Comparing

and much of the literature describes various

Rajeswari Shome, M Nagalingam, K. Narayana Rao*, B.Jayapal Gowdu**, B. R. Shome*