GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF

NURSING,RAIPUR(C.G.)
S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO
 COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION-
Communication is the basic for all human interaction. it is one of most vital component of all nursing
practice .communication consist of all signals made by one person that have meaning for other person
which affected their behaviors and action, leading to interaction .nurses communicate with the patients for
developing an interaction relationship and to give instruction for medication ,health teaching to the
patient and relative. This will ask for clear and effective communication for effective care.

DEFINITION-
1. Communication is process the exchanging idea, information, thought, and feeling from one to
another person.

2. Communication is the process the of passing messages, idea fact, opinion, attitude,
information and understanding from one to another person.

3. Communication means exchange the thought or information’s conveyed to a person in such a

way that the meaning received is equivalent to those which the initiator of the massage intended.

4. Communication is the transmission and receiving information and feeling and attitude with
overall purpose of having understood, producing a response.

TYPES/METHOD/FORMS OF COMMUNICATION-

One way communication-

The flow of communication is one way from the communicator to the

audience .the familiar example is the lecture method in class room. The drawback
of the didactic method are;

 Knowledge is imposed
 Learning is authoritative
 Little audience participation No feedbackdoes not influence human
behaviours.

Two way communication-

The Socratic Method is a two way method of communication in which both the
communicator and audience take part .the audience may raise question and add
their own information, idea and opinion to the subject. The process learning is
active and dramatic it is more likely to influence behaviors tan communication.

Verbal communication-

The use of a spoken or written word are the always way for transmission of information. Feeling,
idea and thought from one person to another. Examples of written words are : News paper,
Books , Magazines, Notes, letters and Records.

Non –verbal communication

The unspoken events or it the exchange of a information or message without the use of words.
Examples of unspoken events are: facial expression , body posture ,eye contact.

Formal and informal communication

communication has been classified into formal (follows lines of authority )and informal (grape –
vine)communication .informal network (e.g. gossip circles )exist in all organizations . The
informal channels may be more active. If the formal channels do not cater to the information
needs.

Visual communication

The visual forms of communication comprise :charts and graphs ,pictograms ,table ,map,
posters .etc.

Telecommunication and internet

Telecommunication is the process of communication over distance using electromagnetic

instrument designed for the purpose .Radio, TV, and internet, etc, are mass communication
media , while telephone , telex (or teletype )and telegraph are known as point-to-point
telecommunication systems . the point-to-point system are closer to interpersonal communication
.With the launching of satellites ,a big explosion of electronic communication has taken place all
over the world.

NEED / IMPORTANCE / PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION

1. Communication is important for the nurse to understand and to exchange ideas to the
client and their relatives, the doctors and other member of the health team .
2. Poor communication results in poor patient care and poor interpersonal relationship.
 3. Good communication helps the nurses to improve quality care for the patients.
4. Delegate authority and responsibility.
5. It reduce the interpersonal tension and improve the interpersonal relationship.
6. Good communication prevent disorder in the ward and hospital organization .
7. Recruit , select, train, and develop personnel in the organization.
8. It also help to improve employer-employee relationship.
9. Good communication helps the nurse to change modify her behavior and at the same time
she will be able to influence the behavior of co-workers or subordinators.
10. Encourage the participation in decision making .
11. It helps in the grievance procedure and disciplinary action.
12. Ensures job satisfaction.
13. Improve public relation with government and other agencies .
14. Include motivation ,cooperation and coordination the employees.

COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Communication between two or more persons involves a series of elements. This is called
communication process .we shall now see the elements of communication ,steps in the process of
communication and the process of communication itself .

Elements of communication

In order to communicate, we should have to have the following basic elements

1.Sender or the communication or source: The person which passes information or ideas to
another person is known as sender.

2.Ideas: This is the subject matter of communication . This might be opinion ,attitudes,
feeling ,views ,suggestions, order etc.
3.Encoding : The process of transmission of message to symbols (words, actions, pictures, etc.)
is called encoding . symbols are transmitted from the sender to the receiver.

4. Channel – The symbol are transmitted through certain channels ,e.g.,

radio,telephone,speech,written message etc.The choice of channel usually depend upon the
nature importance and urgency of the message .

5. Receiver- It is listener or the one who receive the message.

6. Decoding-Receiver converts the symbol received from the sender to give him meaning of the
message .

7. Response or feedback- It is the message that the receiver returns to the sender.

CHANNEL OF COMMUNICATION
By channel is implied the physical bridge or the media of communication between the sender
and the receiver.

MEDIA SYSTEM

The total communication effort is based on three media system

1. Interpersonal communication
2. Mass media
3. Traditional of folk media.

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION-

The most common channel of the communication is the interpersonal or face to face
communication . Interpersonal communication is particularly important influencing the decision
of the undecided person.

When the message relayed mass media gets diffuse in the community, it is picked up by the
interpersonal and informal network . The message is then subject to debate and discussion by
interpersonal communication.

MASS MEDIA-

In mass communication the channel is one or more of the following mass media Viz
TV,Radio,Printed media,etc.Mass media have advantage of reaching a relatively larger
population in a shorter time then is possible with other means .being one way channel of the
communication mass media carry messages only from the centre to the periphery; feedback
mechanism are poorly organized.

FOLK MEDIA-
 Every community has its own network of traditional or folk media such as folk dances, singing,
dramas, castor religious meeting. These are important channel of communication close to the
cultural values of the rural population .Health message may be communicated with traditional
media.

Barriers of communication

There are several factor that can;

Contribute to poor communication

Emotional factor Physical factor Intellectual factor Social factor Environmental factor

Figure 1.1 Barrier of communication

1. Emotional factor – Such as fear ,suspicious, jeously, anger ,anxiety, grief ,lack of
interest ,lack of listening.
2. Physical factor - such as fatigue, illness , speech defect, deafness pain.
3. Intellectual factor- such as low IQ lack of knowledge, difficult words unfamiliar words.
4. Social Factor- Such as differences in culture, language, race, professional status,
socioeconomic status etc.
5. Environmental Factor- Such as noise, lack of privacy, uncomfortable accommodation
etc.

Communication may be blocked by-

● changing the subject
●Lack of listening
●Inappropriate use of knowledge
●Jumping into conclusion
●False and inappropriate reassurance.
●Stating one own opinion and ideas.

Method of overcoming barriers of communication

A nurse need to have a good background knowledge of the importance of effective

communication and also practice the same for effective patient care and health education.
He/she need to practice good vocabulary so that he / she can communicates
 AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
INTRODUCTION :-
 Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole
and to the learning process as a whole, until the teacher understand the
relationship between audio visual material and teaching process.
 Audio-visual material are produced, distributed and used as planned
component of educational programs. It helps the process of learning that is
motivation, classification and stimulation. A.V. aids are multisensory material,
which motivate and stimulate the individual. It makes dynamic learning more
concrete realistic and clarity. It provides significant gains in thinking and
reasoning.

DEFINITION :-

 “Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning
experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.”
-Kinder S. James
 “Audio visual aids are those sensory objects or image which initiate or
stimulate and reinforce learning.” -Borton

PURPOSE OF A.V AIDS

 To supplement and enrich teacher own teaching to make teaching –learning more
concrete.
 To serve an instructional role in itself.
 To create interest among the group.
 To make teaching as an effective process.
 To provide a basis for more effective perceptual and conceptual learning.
 To increase and sustain attention and concentration and the “personal involvement” of
the student in active learning.
CHARACTERISTIC OF A.V AIDS
 Meaningful and purposeful
 Motivates the learners
 Accurate in every aspect Simple and cheap.
 Improvised
 Large in size and easily portable

ADVANTAGE OF A.V AIDS

 Antidote to the disease of verbal instruction.

 Best motivators.
 Clear image.
 Vicarious experience.
 Variety
 Freedom
 Opportunity to handle and manipulate.
 Retentively
 Helpful in attracting attention.
 Helpful in fixing up new learning.
 Saving of energy and time.
 Realism
 Vividness.
 Meeting individual difference
 Encouragement to healthy classroom interaction.
 Spread of education on a mass scale.
 Promotion of scientific temper.
 Development of higher faculties
 AUDITORY AIDS
 Radio
 Tape recorder
 Megaphone
 Gramophone
 Microphone
RADIO
Radio can lay the outside world into the classroom through the combined effect at voice,
environment sound and music the student interest can be captured and human imagination
stirred.

USES

 To develop increased skills in listening participation & evaluating what is heard.

 To acquire information about the cultural background of the many different ethnic group.
 To call attention to social problems which frequently involve health.
 To provide interest & varied source of new knowledge & to contribute to the development of
appreciation & attitudes.
 To keep well-informed in literature, history & current events, to develop a complete well-
rounded personality
 TAPE RECORDER
DEFINITION

A tape recorder is a machine used for recording and playing music, speech, or other sounds.

an electrical device used for recording sounds on magnetic tape and

usually also for reproducing them, consisting of a tape deck and one or
more amplifiers and loudspeakers.

USES

 It can help students to improve their reading and listening skills.

 Students with reading difficulties can, for example read the written word while listening to it
on a tape recorder.
 It’s also useful to delay, play recording backwards, change speed or other modifications to
the tape.

ADVANTAGES

 Recording can be erased and the tape can be reused.

 The tape recorder is easy to operate as it has only a few controls.
 The talks of well-known personalities can be recorded at a convenient place and brought to
the school for replay to the student.
 For teaching music, phonics oral recoding poetry and recitation’s etc. tape recorder is of
immense values.

DISADVANTAGES

 There is no personal contact with the speaker.

 Listening for a long time generally distract the learner.
 It encourages passive learning
 It is costly and so all cannot afford it.
 It does not provide a practical or laboratory experience.
 MEGAPHONE

A megaphone, speaking-trumpet, bullhorn, blowhorn, or loudhailer is usually a portable or

hand-held, cone-shaped acoustic horn used to amplify a person’s voice or other sound and direct
it in a given direction. The sound is introduced into the narrow end of the megaphone, by holding
it up to the face and speaking into it, and the sound waves radiate out the wide end. A
megaphone increases the volume of sound by increasing the acoustic impedance seen by the
vocal cords, matching the impedance of the vocal cords to the air, so that more sound power is
radiated. It also serves to direct the sound waves in the direction the horn is pointing. It
somewhat distorts the sound of the voice because the frequency responseof the megaphone is
greater at higher sound frequencies.

Since the 1960s the voice-powered acoustic megaphone described above has been replaced by
the electric megaphone, which uses electric power and a folded horn to amplify the voice.

AN ELECTRIC MEGAPHONE

An electric megaphone is a handheld public address system, an electronic device that amplifies
the human voice like an acoustic megaphone, using electric power. It consists of a microphone to
convert sound waves into an electrical audio signal, an amplifier powered by a battery to increase
the power of the audio signal, and a loudspeaker to convert the audio signal to sound waves
again.

IMPACT ON SOCITY

Portable megaphones are widely used for crowd management and mass communication. When
needing to communicate information or directions to a large crowd of people in one place, an
electric megaphone is valuable when other public address systems are not present
 GRAMOPHONE
INTRODUCTION

Gramophone is an old fashioned type of record player. Origin of gramophone so named (1887)
by E. Berliner1851-1929), united states inventor.

DEFINITION

To inculcate a love of good music, to teach song, famous speech, language and good
pronunciation.

USES

 To mend speech defects in one`s own language.

 To teach good pronunciation in a foreign language.
 Inculcate a love of good music.
 To teach songs.
 To teach famous speech.
 To teach language & good pronunciation.
 For co-curricular activities in the school.e.g. song dancing, back ground music.
 MICROPHONE

INTRODUCTION

A microphone, colloquially nick named mic or mike is a transducer that converts sound into an
electrical signal. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids.
Public address system, for concert halls and public events, motion picture, production, live and
recorded audio engineering, sound recording, two-way radios, megaphone, radio and television
broadcasting and in computers for recording voice , speech recognition.

DEFINITION

Microphone or mic –converts acoustic energy into electrical energy , resulting in an audio signal.

TYPES

1. Dynamic microphone:- Which uses a coil of wire suspended in a magnetic field.

2. Condenser microphone:- Which uses the vibrating diaphragm as a capacitor plate .
3. Piezoelectric microphone:-Which uses a crystal of piezoelectric material.

USES

 Voice command or speech recognition microphones are a valuable tool for the disabled.
 Microphones used for performances such as musical groups or stage shows and musicals
the main choice involves whether to go wireless or have microphones with cable.
 Mobile phones, many people use microphones that sit on the lapel or come fitted to a
headset.
 Handheld telex wireless microphones are used extensively by news organisation and in
places such as courtrooms broadcast to a large number of people.

 VISUAL AIDS

1. PROJECTED AIDS

INRODUCTION
Still pictures can be projectef on a screen to supplement teaching. The main kinds of still
projected teaching aids are as follows-
 Microprojector
 Film strip
 Slide projector
 Overhead projector
 Transparancy
 Microfilm
 Stereograph
 Opaque projector
FILM

MEANING-
● A thin flexible strip of plastic or other material coated with light sensitive emulsion for
exposure in a camera, used to produce photograph or motion picture.

●A story or event recorded by a camera as a set of moving images and shown in a cinema or on
television.

FILM IN NURSING EDUCATION

The motion picture is now recognized as a powerful medium of instruction . It is

being used to enrich and speed up the learning of student at all age level.
Everywhere school are discovering the curriculum opportunities which grow out of
films carefully selected and skilfully used ,in the critically task of educating
prospective nurses.

SOURCES OF FILM FOR NURSING EDUCATION-

Films useful in nursing classes May be classified roughly into educational and
advertising motion picture ,each type has a contribution to make the educational
film because it has been produce to meet the requirement is of good curriculum.
 FILM STRIP

DEFINITION-

1. A strip of film bearing a sequence of images for projection as still pictures.

2. A series of transparencies in a strip for projection filmstrip is one of the projective

audio visual that a fixed sequence related still on a roll of 35 mm film

PARTS OF A FILMSTRIP PROJECTOR -

A. Film Transport System.

B. Threading System.

C. Control System.

D- Filmstrip Projector.

ADVANTAGE-

 It is an economical visual material.

 It is easy to make and convenient to handle and carry.

 Takes up little space and can be easily stored.

 Provides a logical sequence to the teaching procedure and the individual picture on
the strip can be kept before the student for a length of time.

DISADVANTAGE-

 filmstrips is that they cannot be repaired (spliced) without ... refer to large vu-
graph transparencies projected with over- head projectors.
 OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
INTRODUCTION

An over head projector produces images on a screen behind and over the head of
the teacher. An over head projector can be used in soft light condition the enabels
the students to take down notes while viewing the projection on the screen.
DEFINITION

 A projector having a flat, transparent top on which a sheet like transparency

is placed, and an overhead mirror that reflects the image on the transparency
to a screen
 A projector capable of projecting enlarged images of written or pictorial
material onto a screen or wall from a transparency placed horizontally below
the projector and lighted from underneath.
ADVANTAGES :-

1. It offers a very flexible tool for teaching because a wide variety of material can
be used for many different teaching purposes.

2. To test student performance while other classmate observe.

3. Material projected can be changed easily and quickly.

4. To develop concepts and sequence in a subject matter area.

HOW TO USE: –

1. Situate the overhead projector on a low table that is 2 to 3 feet off the floor.
Make sure the overhead projector is plugged into a reliable power source.

2. Place an overhead transparency on top of the flat glass surface of the projector.
Transparencies can be written on directly with a wet erase overhead pen.
Alternatively, a transparency can be fed into a laser printer, and information from
programs such as spreadsheets and database can be directly printed on the
transparency
GUIDELINE AND TIPS

1. PRACTICE GIVING YOUR PRESENTATION USING YOUR VISUAL AIDS – To check

out how well they project. This is a good time to also check for spelling errors. Practice using
your overhead transparencies so you will be comfortable with handling them correctly.

2. STAND OFF TO ONE SIDE OF THE OVERHEAD PROJECTOR WHILE YOU FACE
THE AUDIENCE – Too many people stand between the overhead projector and the screen
causing a shadow of the presenter’s body.

3. COVER THE TRANSPARENCY WHEN YOU ARE DONE USING IT – With an opaque
piece of cardboard (i usually mount a solid sheet of paper on one of my transparency frames).

4. BRING A SPREAD BULB

5. PLACE YOUR OVERHEAD PROJECTOR ON A TABLE

6. PLACE YOUR SCREEN ON A DIAGONAL INSTEAD OF DIRECTLY BEHIND YOU

USE IN EDUCATION - The overhead projector facilitates an easy low – cost interactive
environment for educators. Teaching material can be pre- printed on plastic sheets, upon the
which the educator can directly write using a non – permanent, washable colour marking pen.
This saves time, since the transparency can be pre- printed and used repetitively, rather than
having materials written manually before each class.

MACHANISM –

1. TRANSPARENCY – Single image that is seen by means of a light passing through a visual
projector is usually given to those materials which are projected in the overhead projector. Using
marker pens and glass marking pencils when can draw diagrams. Even if the teacher is not good
at drawing he can trace the diagram from a suitable source on the transparent acetate sh

2. MICROFILM – Microfilm is used widely for storage and retrieval of information. Microfilm
contain photographed reading material on 35 mm film, each frame being the reduced photo of a
printed page is formed on a ground glass screen and the observer can read the matter by moving
the film through the microfilm reader images of different pages can be obtained and read.

3. STEREOGRAPH –

It is also known as three- dimensional photograph. The stereo film a double photograph made by
stereoscopic cameras, the 2 photographs being taken from a slightly different angle. The 2
pictures are enlarged and merged into one view when seen through the lenses of the stereoscope.
ADVANTAGES –

 The still picture gives an illusion of space.

 The observer receives the impression of reality.
 Present realistic view, which stimulates the interest of the students.

4. OPAQUE PROJECTOR – The projection of real magnified images on a screen directly

from pictures and drawing on papers is called opaque projection. Opaque projection is done
by an optical instruments called episcope. It is very means for using reflected light to pick up
the image or for projection of flat picture, diagrams, maps to a screen in enlarged from so
that the entire group can see them.

ADVANTAGES –
 Stimulate attention
 Arouse interest
 Clarify information
 Help students to retain knowledge for a longer period of time
 To introduce cooperative students teacher participation in problem solvin
 CARTOONS
INTRODUCTION: - A cartoon is a drawing, a simple example of creative thinking and a
perception of the reality and dream. By drawing cartoon, one enhances creative skills.

DEFINITION: - A cartoon is a humorous drawing or series of drawing in a newspaper or

magazine.

TYPES OF CARTOONS:-

Here are some broad categories, according to Bob Mankoff

1. Reality cartoons: - “Roz chast is a reality cartoonist. Her cartoons almost always
derive from her emotional reactions to her life. You can identify with a reality- based
cartoon. Thinking is not life like that, or that’s an experiences I have had or even an
insight into how the world works.”

2. Fantasy cartoons:-“In fantasy cartoon there is no real connection with reality. The
whole purpose of the cartoon is to get a laugh. Here is a Farley Katz cartoon that
epitomizes.”

3. Text centric: - “Another type of classification is dependent on how the caption

interacts with the images in a cartoon. Some cartoons are what I call very text-centric,
the images quickly locates where the jokes is happening but the caption itself would let
you deduce that”

4. Image-centric:- “A text cartoon is very different than a cartoon like this , by Frank
Cotham, in which the image is absolutely essential.

USES

The teacher should be the symbols which the students can understand easily, give time to
students for interpreting the symbols , then the teacher may ask them, to give the meaning &
apply to the subject being studied e.g. fundamental of nursing – wrong & correct view of nursing
procedure
2. NONPROJECTED AIDS
A. GRAPHIC AIDS

 Cartoons
 Charts
 Flashcards
 Graphs
 Maps
 Pictures
 Drawings

B.PRINTED AIDS

 Magazine
 Pamphlets
 Leaflets
 Newspaper
 Books

C.DISPLAY AIDS

 Black board
 Bulletin board
 Flannel board
 Magnetic board
 Peg board
 Diagrams

D. THREE- DIMENSIONAL AIDS

 Models
 Specimens
 Puppets
 Exhibit
 Diagram
 CHART
INTRODUCTION :

A chart is combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical or vertical material which presents a clear
visual summary.

DEFINITION:

“Chart are the graphic aids deviating information in the from of tables, picture, graphic and
diagram.”

“ Illustrative visual media for depicting a logical relationship between main ideas and support in
facts.”

PURPOSE :

 For showing relationship by means of facts, figures and statistics.

 For presentation the materials symbolically.
 For summarising information.
 For showing continuity in process.
 For showing development of structure.
 For presenting abstract ideas in visual form.
 For creating problem and stimulating thinking.
 For motivating the students.r.

ADVANTAGES

 Helpful in attracting students attraction.

 Convey information in conversed form.
 Help in concretizing abstract ideas.
 Cheap and easily available.

DISADVANTAGES

 It is fully understand only by a literates group of people .

 Can use only for small group.
 FLASH CARD INTRODUCTION:

DEFINITION:

Flash cards are a set of pictures with suitable captions or a write up prepared on
any theme. Each one will represent a particular idea and the cards are arranged in particular sequence so
as to send out the message to the audience.

PURPOSES OF FLASH CARDS:

1. Flash cared is used to attract a group’s attention.

2. It is used to convey an idea effectively in sequtional manner.
3. Flash cards is used it teach basic concepts of health care especially with group of mothers
childrens and person who can’t read.
4. It is used as a supplementary aid in education.
It is used for to start discussions that help people to look critically at the physical and social factors that
affect their health.

ADVANTAGES OF FLASH CARDS:

1) Inexpensive, easily transportable.

2) Can be hand made from the local materials.
3) It holds the attention of the audience.
4) Overcomes the language barriers.
5) Illiterates can understand and learn.
6) Flexible to meet the requirement of the speaker.
7) Effective way to resent an important message in areas where people gather.
8) It can be used to introduce and present and also to review a topic.
9) It encotges the participation of the audience.
LIMITATION OF THE FLASH CARDS:

1. Effectiveness is influenced by way of presentation.

2. It may get spoil as it as made of paper.
3. It can not be used for a big audience. Audience may lose attention if too many cards are
used.
USES-

 Give brief introduction about the lesson to students.

 Give instructions to students about their actions while you flash the cards.
 Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high with both your hands so that all the
students can see it.
 Let the students respond as per instructions already given.
 Add more information to the students responses.
 Test the learning by addition flash cards.
 Review the lesson by selectively using flash cards.
 GRAPH
Graph are fundamentally a tool for expressing number relationship, which is much carrier to
visual then can be done if the statement were made only in word and figures.

DEFINITION:-

Graph is flat picture – Which employ dots, lines or pictures to visualize numerical and statistical
data to show relationships or statistics.

Graph defined as a visual representation of numerical data. It depicts numerical or quantitative

relationship or statically data are presented in the form of visual symbols. Exact specifications
depot specifically quantitative data for analysis, comparison and interpretation.

USES OF GRAPHS:-
 It captures student attention and thinking.
 Conveying information in a condensed form.
 Presenting information efficiently.
 Concretizing abstract ideas.
 Stimulating interest.

TYPES OF GRAPHS:-
1. Bar graph:-It is graphic presentation which extends the scale horizontally along the
length of the bars. The vertical dimension does not have a scale, but merely provides
space for a series of items and for a bar to measure each. The graphic presentation, which
extends the scale horizontally along the length of bars. Graph are available in 2 forms i.e.
vertical and horizontal.

2. Pie graph: - It is a circle divided into sectors, the scale is the circumference divided into
suitable scale units such as percentages. The data are presented through the section or
portion of a circle.

3. Line graph or curve graph: - It is a form of graph in which the plotted points are
connected to one another instead of to the base, thus producing the curve that give the
graph is name.

4. Surface graph: - Connects each plotted point to the next, like column graph, they join
each point to the base.

5. Column graph:-It looks like a bar graph turned one end it has 2 scales, 1 measuring
across the graph and 1 measuring up or down.
6. Pictorial polygon: - A line graph foe the graphical presentation of the frequency
distribution.

7. Ogive: - To determine quickly and accurately the statistical data like percentile, median,
quartile deviation can be used.

8. Cumulative frequency graph:- A line graph drawn by plotting actual upper limits of
the class interval on the X- axis and the respective cumulative frequencies on Y-axis.

9. Frequency polygon:- A line graph for the graphical presentation of the frequency
distribution.
 MAP
INTRODUCTION-

A map can be simply defined as a graphic represented of the real world. This representation is an
always abstraction of reality for examples-topographic maps abstract the three dimensional real
world at reduced scale on two dimensional plane of paper.

DEFINITION-

1.A diagrammatic representation of an area of land or sea showing physical feature, cities road
etc.

2. A map is graphical representation, at an established scale of part of earth surface , showing

important natural and positions relative to a coordination reference system and two each other.

CHARACTERSTIC OF MAP-

1. The abstraction of reality.

2. The location of feature.
3. The transformation of three dimensional [globe] surface on to two – dimension plane [ the
map].
4. The portrayal of map information through symbols

TYPES AND USES OF MAP-

1.Physical map-

-show a variety of basic information.

-E.g.coastiline , cities , river, landforms.

-showing the basic land /sea data is chief function of map.

-data flat on map [ex –mountain range may just be marked by word]

2.Topolographic map-

-show a lot of detail.

-show elevation changes and difference in terrain.

-Useful for town and country planners and hikers.

3.Climates map-

-climates map give general information about theclimate and precipitation of an area .
-cartographers or mapmakers use colours to show different climate or precipitation zones.

4.Thematic map-
-use colours to show differences in values between various area.

Advantage-

1. easy to read.

Disadvantage

1- Can be too generalized.

5.Political map-
-political map is one that shows the political feature of a given area.

-this feature can includecountries,states cities town, highway, major water structures.

6.economic map-
-economic map is an interaction visual map of the united states economic and its environmental
impacts.

-it provides a way to dynamically explore understanding the sources and flow.

7.road map-
-a road map is a map a form of map that detail roads and transport links.

-road map used in business for strategic planning and communication.

MOTION –PICTURES
Communicating through sound and sight simultaneously, the motion pictures
blends pictures, wards, objects motion and even colour to make impact on the
children’s minds.The viewer sees motion that can be recreated. The time factor can
be controlled in any series of events, objects can be enlarged or reduced. By the
use of straight photography and special effects, motion pictures may transport the
viewer into another world.

USES

 Films can be effective in teaching perceptual motor skills.

 Films can teach factual materials effectively over a wide range of subject
matter, ages. Abilities and condition of use.
 Film can modify motivation , interest attitudes and opinion if they are
designed to stimulate or re-enforce existing beliefs of the audience.

PHOTOGRAPHS
  A Photograph is worth a thousand words through which a complex idea can be conveyed
with just a single still image.
 Pictures make it possible to absorb large amounts of data quickly.
 Using photographs for explaining complex phenomena is one of the teaching aids of
modern education system all over the world
 Visual aids have the tendency to materialize the thoughts of student in the form of
graphics to give thoughts a concrete frame of reference.
 Use of photographic is important for students because they are more likely to believe
findings when the findings are paired with colour images describing complex situations
during learning as opposed to other representational data such as complex book text.

USES

 In personal teaching situations.

 As display type visual in exhibition or bulletin board.
 For effective teaching a photograph must.
 Tell a story.
 Illustrate only one point, give accurate results.
 Shows action, emotion, & useful for understanding.

DRAWING
Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark
paper or another two-dimensional medium. Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink,
inked brushes, wax colored pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers,
markers, styluses, various metals (such as silverpoint) and electronic drawing.

PURPOSES

 Its main purpose is to make the drawings easier to understand, it is also used by teachers,
interior designers, product designers, construction workers, plumbers, electricians, and by
anyone who builds or creates things.
 Here the intention is to communicate sensations, feelings or ideas to someone else. It is
likely that certain codes or conventions will be used so that the individual viewer or a
group will be helped to understand what is being communicated. It might be for an
unknown audience.

PRINICPLES
 Balance – can be Symmetrical or Asymmetrical.
 Repetition/Rhythm – a repeating visual element (line, shape, pattern, texture,
movement); a flowing and regular occurrence. A subcategory of repetition is pattern.
 Harmony
 Scale – The overall size of an object
 Contrast – When one extreme is pitted against another. Bright vs Dark. Heavy vs Light,
Rough vs Soft, etc.
 Proportion – The relative size of different elements of an artwork. An example is the
exaggerated proportions in caricatures

ELEMENTS:

Line – The way we treat our lines establishes a particular/dominant mood/emotion.

Shape – Flat, 2D aspects of form, as opposed to volume (think silhouette)

Value/Tone – Relative lightness or darkness

Texture – Can be actual or implied

Space – Positive space is the figure/object you’re drawing; Negative space is the area AROUND
the figure object you’re drawing

Color – (we won’t use color in Beginning Drawing)

 BOOKS

A book is a series of pages assembled for easy portability and reading, as well as the composition
contained in it. The book's most common modern form is that of a convex volume consisting of
rectangular on one side, with a heavier cover and spine, so that it can fan open for reading.
Books have taken other forms, such as scrolls, leaves on a string, or strips tied together; and the
pages have been of parchment, vellum, papyrus, bamboo slips, palm leaves, silk, wood, and
other material.

E-BOOK:-
In the 2000s, due to the rise in availability of affordable handheld computing devices, the
opportunity to share texts through electronic means became an appealing option for media
publishers. Thus, the "e-book" was made. The term e-book is a contraction of "electronic book";
it refers to a book-length publication in digital form.
DESIGN:-
Book design is the art of incorporating the content, style, format, design, and sequence of the
various components of a book into a coherent whole. In the words of Jan Tschichold, book
design "though largely forgotten today, methods and rules upon which it is impossible to
improve have been developed over centuries. To produce perfect books these rules have to be
brought back to life and applied." Richard Hendel describes book design as "an arcane subject"
and refers to the need for a context to understand what that means.
USES:-
Aside from the primary purpose of reading them, books are also used for other ends:

 A book can be an artistic artifact, a piece of art; this is sometimes known as an article book.
 A book may be evaluated by a reader or professional writer to create book review
 A book may be read by a group of people to use as a spark for social or academic discussion,
as in book.
 A book may be studied by students as the subject of a writing and analysis exercise in the
form of book report.
 Books are sometimes used for their exterior appearance to decode a room, such a study.
 NEWS PAPERS
The newspaper furnishes many examples which can be used to introduce lessons. Health
messages can be published in local languages which can reach to the public easily. The
information will be available in low cost, easy to read and understand simple language. The
people may learn to read and interpret the contents along with pictures to enhance easy grasping.

NEWS PAPERS MEETS FOUR CRITERIA

1) Publicity – Its contents are reasonably accessible to the public.

2) Periodicity – It is published at regular intervals
3) Currency – Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows.
4) Universality – It covers a range of topics.

FUNCTIONS OF NEWS PAPERS

1) To inform:- newspapers provide facts that readers must have in order to be informed
citizens and to make decisions. Ask students to find an example of a newspaper that
informs readers and write its headline.
2) To interpret the news :- newspaper stories interpret or explain the meaning of news to us.
These stories often have opinions of the writer. Ask students to find an example of a
newspaper article that interprets the news and write its headline.
3) To provide a service to readers :- newspapers provide information that helps readers
solve their business, home, recreation and daily living problem. Advertising assists in
informing readers about products and services.
4) To entertain :- some sections of the newspaper are designed to amuse or give enjoyment
to readers. Have students find a puzzle or game in the newspaper and write its name.

ADVANTAGES :-
 Newspapers introduce students to the cultural and linguistic aspects.
 They can be used for individual and group work.
 The content is updated.

Learners can internalize a full range of world background knowledge, language conventions and
vocabulary by exposure through readings
 MAGAZINE

magazine paginates with each issue starting at page three, with the standard sizing being 8 3⁄8 in
× 10 7⁄8 in (210 mm × 280 mm). However, in the technical sense a journalhas continuous
pagination throughout a volume.

PRINCIPLE

Design for function, not for decoration

 Good design facilitates reading

 Good design draws the reader in
 Good design leads the reader
 Good design has multiple points of entry – headlines, decks, photos or illustrations,
cutlines, sidebars while being clean and simple
FOUR ELEMENTS OF A PAGE

Every magazine page is made up of four elements:

 Art (graphics, photos, illustrations)

 Text
 Headlines/titles and subheads/decks
 Captions
 PAMPHLET
A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (that is, without a hard cover or binding). It may consist of a
single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths, called
a leaflet, or it may consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at the crease
to make a simple book.

DEFINITION

1).According to Shankarnarayanan-

“ Pamphlets is a complete publication of generally less than 80 pages stitched or stapled together
and usually having a paper cover”

2).According to K.P Neerja-

“A thin book with only a few pages that gives information or an opinion about something”.

SIZE OF PAMPHLET-

Tri- fold - 8.5x11

Half fold - 8.5x14

Z fold- 8.5x11

4 panel fold -8.5x14

Quarter fold - 11x17

Gate fold

 (close gate 8.5x 14)

 Open gate fold is 8.5x11

Half tri-fold - 11x17

PURPOSE-

 To mobilize people to support a cause.

 To advertise a meeting or a specific event.
 To popularize a slogan or a message.
 Explain an issue to community.
 Inform people of their rights.
 Win support for a campaign.
TYPES-

 Bi- fold ( a single sheet printed on both sides and folded into halves).
 Tri- fold ( the same,but folded into thirds).
 Z-fold.
 C-fold.

FEATURES-

 Pamphlet are made of multiple sheets most often saddle stitched (stappled on the creased
edge) or “perfect bound” like a paperback book, and result in eight panels or more.
 Pamphlet are often printed using four colour process on thick gloss paper to give an
initial impression of quality.
 Compared with a flyer or a handbill, a pamphlet usually uses higher- quality paper. More
colour and is folded.

PREPARING PAMPHLETS-

 Discuss the purpose, the message,the people and target people and content.
 Discuss the quantity and quality of pamphlet.
 Each side should also carry the organization’s logo or name.
 Keep the language simple by avoiding long and complicated sentences.
 The best pamphlets are short and simple.
 All facts should be correct..

ADVANTAGES:

 They are best method for dissemination of information or a message to larger group of
people.
 They save time and resources in dissemination of information to a large group of people.

DISADVANTAGES:

 The main disadvantage of pamphlets is that they can waste a lot of money and time if
printed pamphlets are not distributed properly.
 Only literate and educated people can benefited with this educational aid.
 They do not ensure that the target group has surely paid attention and time to read the
pamphlet.
 LEAFLETS
Leaflets is a printed material small in size containing information on a subject or specific topic
and providing opportunity of reading, learning or referring. Leaflet is a simple sheet carrying
helpful information on useful themes on one or both of its sides.

PURPOSE

 Provides basic information related to subject / topic.

 Provides additional knowledge.
 Reinforce learning.
 Contributes to increase retention of contents.
 Used as an effective mass media for health education of the people.
 Acts as a teaching – learning aid and can be used at any age.

PRINCIPLES:

 It should be center on a single concepts.

 There should be logical sequences.
 The writing should be based on the readability level.
 Objectives should be formed according the needs of the population its serves.
 Should create interest.
 Should be attractive.

ADVANTAGES:

 Individualized learning.
 Makes mass education possible with high efficiency.
 Easy to transport.
 Can be reproduced in local languages.
 Can be used at any age.
 Same time that can be spent on more complex activities such as IPR.
 Avoids bias transmitted by bad teachers.
 Very flexible.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Some may throw it out.

 Storing is found to be difficult.
 Demands good typing.
 Limited feed back.
 Can’t be used for those who have not learned to read.
CHALK BOARD /WHITE BOARD/BLACK BOARD

INTRODUCTION

A blackboard (also known as a chalkboard) is a reusable writing surface on which text or

drawings are made with sticks of calcium sulfate or calcium carbonate, known, when used for
this purpose, as chalk. Blackboards were originally made of smooth, thin sheets of black or dark
grey slate stone.

DEFINITION

Chalkboard and newer white felt –tips pen boards are universally used in education

SIZE OF THE CHALK BOARD

Piece of plywood about 30 inches X 40 inches. Paint with black color.

GUIDELINES FOR THE EFFECTIVE USE OF THE CHALK BOARD

 chalk board should be kept ready before the class begins.

 Avoid spelling mistake .
 write the letters and drawing should be in large size,legible.
 writing should be in straight rows.
 Do not talk as you write.
 Do not fill the board.
 Use color chalk .
 Do not stand in front of the board ,stand to one side.

TYPES OF CHALK BOARD

Ordinary chalk board

 Roller type chalk board

 Magnetic board
 Lobby stand board

USES

 It makes group instruction more concrete and understandable.

 It can restore the attention of the group.
 Many vague statement can be clarified by drawing outline diagram , direction and
summaries.
 Initiate aural visual sensation ,help in learning it can be a means of motivation and
interest.
 ADVANTAGES

 Chalk requires no special care; whiteboard markers must be capped or else they will dry
out.
 Chalk is an order of magnitude cheaper than whiteboard markers for a comparable
amount of writing.
 It is easier to draw lines of different weights and thicknesses with chalk than with
whiteboard markers.
 Dashed lines can be drawn very quickly using a technique involving the friction of the
chalk (or chalk marker) and blackboard.
 Chalk has a mild smell, whereas whiteboard markers often have a pungent odor.
 Chalk writing often provides better contrast than whiteboard markers.
 Chalk can be easily erased; writing which has been left on a whiteboard for a prolonged
period may require a solvent to remove.

DISADVANTAGES
 A lot of students are allergic to the chalk. Most schools are moving away from chalk
because of this reason. Also, with advancing tech in the classroom, the chalk dust can get
into the equipment.
 If you want to turn your chalkboard into a whiteboard, check out Think Board. It’s a
whiteboard film that can convert any board into a whiteboard.
 BULLETIN BOARD
It is a simple device placed either indoor or outdoor. It is a soft board which will holds pins and
tags.

ITEMS USED IN THE BULLETIN BOARD ARE:-

Photographs

2. Publication

3. Drawing, posters

4. Newspaper’s cutting

5. Announcement, assignment

6. Achievements

PRINCIPLES IN THE USE OF BULLETIN BOARD

1. Bulletin board should placed in front of education administers office, near library, study
room and classroom.
2. The appearance should be neat and orderly and attractive manner.
3. Notice should be removed as soon as they fulfill their purposes.
4. Bulletin board committee should be appointed.
5. Crowding of display material should be avoided.
6. The bulletin board should be kept a little above the eye level of the average individual.

TYPES OF BULLETIN BOARD

1. Felt board
2. Magnetic board
3. Fixed type
4. Movable type
5. Folded type

LIMITATIONS OF BULLETIN BOARDS

1. Not effective for illiterate groups.

2. Takes a lot of time for preplanning and preparations.
3. Cannot be used for an all inclusive teaching.
4. Has to be used as a supplementary and to other teaching aids.
5. Collections of relevant materials for certain topics may sometimes be difficult.
 MAGNETIC BOARD
INTRODUCTION-
The board is moderately sized and intended for use in small or home office environments and in
classroom teaching.Magnetic quality of the board surface allows it to double as a magnetic
bulletin board for greater versatility, because the board has a blank surface, it can reuse and again
gs

TYPES-
 Magnetic chalkboards-
Surface made of ferromagnetic material covered with a thin layer of dark- coloured vitreous
particles.

 Magnetic marker boards-

USES-
 Teaching boards
 Notice boards
 Conferencing and presentations
 Display and advertisement
 Decorative purpose

MAKING OF MAGNETIC BOARD-

 Cut the galvanized metal according to the desired size.
 When desired to cover it with a cloth or fabric, put the metal side of the cardboard d
baown on the back of the fabric.
 Glue the edges of the fabric to the back of the cardboard.
 Prepare the frame and put the fabric covered cardboard inside, and finished.
ADVANTAGES-

 Movement of visual material is easy.

 They last much longer.
 Flexible.

DISADVANTAGE-
 High cost
 Extensive content preparation required.
 PEG BOARD

INTRODUCTION -
Peg board having a pattern of holes into which small pegs can be fitted, used for playing certain
games or keeping a score or for enlisting the name list.

DEFINITION –
Peg board is defined as a non projected, display board with multiple small holes into which pegs
can be inserted in different arrays so as to form hooks from which to hang tools or other objects
for convenient access.

LOWES.

PEG – BOARD AND EDUCATION

Used in displaying the letters or numbers

Commonly used in:

1. Hospitals to display the remaining

2. Government institutions for displaying census

3. Academic institutions for displaying the names of the teaching and non - teaching staff
members

4. Display the score during the sports activity etc.

EQUIPMENTS
 Hard card board
 Thin metal sheet
 Drill machine
 Wooden or aluminum frame
 Pegs

ADVANTAGES-
1. Easy for displaying the letters/ numbers

2. Economic as it is reusable
3. Easily visible

DISADVANTAGES-
1. Time consuming

2. More expenditure require for the preparation

3. Skill – trained personnel required for preparing the board with holes

4. Difficult to maintain regularly

5. Numbers/ letters can be missed or damaged easily

MODELS
 Models are the substitutes for real objects. A model is three-dimensional representation
of a real thing. Models are concrete objects to explain clearly the structure or functions of
real thing. Models enable the students to have a correct concept of the subject.Low cost
models made up of clay, pulp, plaster of Paris, cotton, cardboard, thermocole, cloth,
wood, etc.
 ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF MODEL
 *Accuracy
 *Simplicity
 *Utility
 *Solidity
 *Ingenuity
 *Useful
 FUNCTIONS OF MODEL
 1. It simplifies reality.
 2. Concretizes abstract concepts.
 3. Enables us to reduce or enlarge objects to an observable size.
 4. It provides the correct concept of a real object like dam/bridge, etc.
 5. A working model explains the various processes of objects and machines.
 6. Promotes creative interest among pupils.
 TYPES OF MODELS
 1. Scale model:-Correct idea of an object can be displayed.
 2. Simplified model:-Gives an ideal of an external form of an object. For example,
animal, fish etc.
 3. Working model:-To demonstrate in a simple way of an operation or process. For
example, fetal circulation.
 4. Cross-section model:-Inside of an object in visible, immense value will be observed
in sciences. For example, cross-section of blood vessel.
 SPECIMEN

INTRODUCTION-
A specimen is a sample of something, like a specimen of blood or blood tissue that is taken for
medical testing the noun specimen comes from the Latin word specere, meaning “to look.
“biologists collect specimen so they can get better look at something to study it.

DEFINITION
Any substance which is take from body of a person for testing in the laboratory is called
specimen.

ACCORDING TO INTERNATE.

Specimen collection is the process of obtaining tissue or fluid for laboratory analysis or near-
patient testing. It is often a first step in determining diagnosis and treatment.

ACCORDING TO DOUGHERTY &LISTER.

PRINCIPES
 Standard precautions.
 To use the aseptic procedure.
 To identify the diagnosis.
 Culture should be before antibiotic drugs.
 Discuss the important of the clinical laboratory interface.

USES
The patient for laboratory analysis to assist differential diagnosis of a disease process.

PREPARATION FOR PATIENT-

 Select the equipment prepare the tray.
 Prepare patient collect specimen.
 Transfer specimen sample.
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR SPECIMEN COLLECTION
 Check the physician orders.

 Standard precautions

 Depending on the type of infection. (blood).

 Aseptic precautions.

 Anatomic sites and location.

 Adequate amount/volume.

 Tissues or other body fluids should be preferred over swabs, to get quality material.

 Proper timing

 Clinical laboratory from.

 Keep it Simple directions to client

 Label specimen

 Timely

 C&S to lab ASAP or refrigerated

 Documentation.

TYPES

 skin
 Surgical drain fluid
 Tissue biopsy
 Blood
 Throat culture
 stool
 Urine
 Pus
 Saliva
 Sputum
 Nasal discharge etc.

Nursing Functions for Specimen

1. Explain procedure, gain client’s participation
2. Collect right amt. of specimen at the right time
3. Place specimen in correct container
4. Label container accurately
(addressograph), plastic bag

5. Complete lab. Req.

6. Place the specimen in the appropriate place for pick up.
7. Document/record specimen sent and anything unusual about the appearance of specimen

DIAGRAMES
INTRODUCTION-: A diagram is a symbolic representation of information according to
some visualization technique. Diagram has been used since ancient times. But become more
prevalent during the Enlightenment . Sometimes the technique uses a three dimensional
visualization which is then projected onto a two dimensional surface . The word graph is
sometimes used as a synonyms for diagram.

DEFINITION -: Diagram is a simplified appearance ,structure or working of something a

schematic representation.

TYPES OF DIAGRAM

1. Class diagram
2. -Package Diagram
3. .- object Diagram
4. -Component Diagram
5. composite Structure diagram.
6. .Deployment Diagram

*CLASS DIAGRAM – A Class diagram in the unified modelling language is a type of static
structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system classes ,their
attributes operation (or method),and the relationship among objects.

*PACKAGE DIAGRAM – Package diagram is UML structure diagram which shows packages
model diagrams allow to show different views of a system ,forexample,as multi layered
application model.
*OBJECT DIAGRAM- An object diagram is a graph of instances including object and data
values .A static object diagram is an instance of a class diagram . It shows a snapshot of the
detailed state of system at a point in time .The use of object diagrams is farely limited namely to
show examples of data structure.

*COMPONENT DIAGRAM – In the unified modelling language a component diagram depicts

how components are wired together to form larger components or software system .they are used
to illustrate the structure of arbitrarily complex system.

*Composite structure diagram-Composite structure diagram shows internal structure of classifier

interaction with environment through ports or a behaviour of a collaboration.

* DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM –Deployment diagram is a structure diagram which shows

architecture of the system as deployment targets .Artefacts represent concrete elements in the
physical world that are the result of a development process.

BASIC COMPONENT OF DIAGRAM SYMBOL AND NOTATION–

 Component is a logical unit block of the system, a slightly higher abstraction than classes. It is
represented as a rectangle with a smaller rectangle in the upper right corner with tabs or the word
written above the name of the component to help distinguish it from a class.

Interface
An interface (small circle or semi-circle on a stick) describes a group of operations used
(required) or created (provided) by components. A full circle represents an interface created or
provided by the component. A semi-circle represents a required interface, like a person's input.

Dependencies
Draw dependencies among components using dashed arrows.

Port
Ports are represented using a square along the edge of the system or a component. A port is often
used to help

Diagrams are simplified figures, caricatures in a way, intended to convey essential meaning".
These simplified figures are often based on a set of rules. The basic shape according to White
(1984) can be characterized in terms of "elegance, clarity, ease, pattern, simplicity, and validity".
Elegance is basically determined by whether or not the diagram is "the simplest and most fitting
solution to a problem".
ss

SUMMARY

Audio visual aids are added devices that help the teacher to clarify, establish, correlate and
coordinate accurate concepts, interpretations and appreciations and enable him to make
learning more effective, concrete, interesting, inspirational, meaningful and vivid. They
help in completing the triangular process of learning, viz, motivation clarification, and
stimulation. Audio-visual aids provide significant gains in informal learning, retention and
recall, thinking and reasoning activities, interest, imagination, better assimilation and
personal growth and development. Using audio-visual aids requires certain manipulative
and operational skills which can be acquired through proper training and practice.

BIBLIOGRAPHY -
1. Manna Baguila Abdul Modern Education Audio Visual Aids 2005 Anmol
Publishing PVT.LTD, Pp 107-108
2. Neerja KP Textbook of Nursing Education 2003 Jaypee Brothers
Publishers, Pp -206
3. Dennis S.Gouran ,Larry .D.Miller, William E. Wiethoff Mastering
Communication 1992 Allynand Bacon Publishing Pp -482-483 1992.
4. Leslie Basil Curzon Teaching in further education: an outline of principles
and practice Continuum International Publishing Group 2003 Pp -351-353
2003
5. Sharma Ram Nath, Chandra S.S Advanced Educational Technology
volume:-2 2003, Atlantic publishers and district 2003 Pg no:-400
6. Nanda V.K teaching of English Anmol Publishing PVT. LTD Pp no:-210-
213
7. Williams Diana Communication skills in practice; a practical guide for
health Jessica kingsley Publishers 1997.

WEBSITES:-
 http://www.tpub.com//content/religion.
 http://www.google.co.in.images.
 http://www.authorstearm.com/presentation