EARTHWORKS

EARTHWORKS

Derive the prismoidal formula for a triangular end areas using the prismoidal formula.

𝐿
𝑉𝑝 = (𝐴 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 )
6 1
Solution:

𝑉𝑐 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝑝

(𝐴1 + 𝐴2 ) 𝐿
𝑉𝑐 = 𝐿 − (𝐴1 +4𝐴𝑚 +𝐴2 )
2 6
(3𝐴1 +3𝐴2 −𝐴1 −4𝐴𝑚 −𝐴2 )𝐿
𝑉𝑐 =
6
2(𝐴1 +𝐴2 −2𝐴𝑚 )𝐿
𝑉𝑐 =
6
𝐿(𝐴1 +𝐴2 −2𝐴𝑚 )
𝑉𝑐 =
3

Let us now consider the triangular prismoidal shown below:

H2
A2

B2
Hm
Am

Bm

H1
A1

B1
 𝐿
𝑉𝑐 = (𝐴 −2𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 )
3 1
𝑏1 ℎ1
𝐴1 =
2
𝑏2 ℎ2
𝐴2 =
2
𝑏𝑚 ℎ𝑚
𝐴𝑚 =
2
𝐿 𝑏1 ℎ1 𝑏𝑚 ℎ𝑚 𝑏2 ℎ2
𝑉𝑐 = ( − + )
3 2 2 2
ℎ1 ℎ2
ℎ𝑚 =
2
𝐿 𝑏1 ℎ1 𝑏1 𝑏2 ℎ1 ℎ2 𝑏2 ℎ2
𝑉𝑐 = ( − + )
3 2 2 2 2
𝐿 𝑏1 ℎ1 𝑏1 ℎ1 𝑏2 ℎ1 𝑏1 ℎ2 𝑏2 ℎ2 𝑏2 ℎ2
𝑉𝑐 = ( − − − − + )
3 2 4 4 4 4 2
𝐿 𝑏1 ℎ1 − 𝑏1 ℎ2 + 𝑏2 ℎ1 + 𝑏2 ℎ2
𝑉𝑐 = [ ]
3 4
𝐿
𝑉𝑐 = [𝑏 (ℎ − ℎ2 ) − 𝑏2 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )]
12 1 1
𝐿
𝑉𝑐 = [(𝑏 − 𝑏2 )(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )]
12 1
(prismoidal correction to be subtracted algebraically from the volume by end area method.)

Derive the Prismoidal Formula for determining volume of regular solid.

ℎ
𝑉= (𝐴 +4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 )
6 1
Solution:

H1
H2+H1/2

H2
A1

H/2

H Am

H/2

A2

ℎ ℎ1 𝐴1
𝑉= 𝐴2 −
𝐴 3
𝐴1 ℎ1 ²
=
𝐴2 ℎ2 ²

√𝐴1 ℎ1 √𝐴1 ℎ2
= =
√𝐴2 ℎ2 √𝐴2 ℎ1

𝐴1 ℎ2 ²
𝐴2 =
ℎ1 ²

ℎ2 𝐴1 ℎ2 ² ℎ1 𝐴1
𝑉= −
3ℎ1 ² 3
 ℎ2 ³𝐴1 − ℎ1 ³𝐴1
𝑉=
3ℎ1 ²

𝐴1
𝑉= (ℎ ³ − ℎ1 ³)
3ℎ1 ² 2

𝐴1
𝑉= (ℎ − ℎ1 )(ℎ2 ² + ℎ2 ℎ1 + ℎ1 ²)
3ℎ1 ² 2

𝐴1 ℎ
𝑉= (ℎ ² + ℎ2 ℎ1 + ℎ1 ²)
3ℎ1 ² 2

𝐴ℎℎ2 ² 𝐴1 ℎℎ2 𝐴1 ℎ
𝑉= + +
3ℎ1 ² 3ℎ1 3

𝐴1 ℎ 𝐴2 𝐴1 ℎ √𝐴2 𝐴1 ℎ
𝑉= ( )+ +
3 𝐴1 3 𝐴1 3

ℎ
𝑉= (𝐴 √𝐴 𝐴 + 𝐴1 )
3 2 1 2
(Frustum of a pyramid)

(ℎ1 + ℎ2 )2
𝐴𝑚 2
=
𝐴1 ℎ1

𝐴1
4𝐴𝑚 = (ℎ ² + 2ℎ2 ℎ1 + ℎ1 ²)
ℎ1 ² 1

𝐴1 ℎ2 ² 2𝐴1 ℎ2
4𝐴𝑚 = 𝐴1 + +
ℎ1 ² ℎ1

√𝐴2
4𝐴𝑚 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 2𝐴1
√𝐴1

4𝐴𝑚 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 2√𝐴2 𝐴1

2√𝐴2 𝐴1 = 4𝐴𝑚 − 𝐴1 − 𝐴2

𝐴1 𝐴2
√𝐴2 𝐴1 = 2𝐴𝑚 − −
2 2
ℎ 𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑉= [𝐴1 + 2𝐴𝑚 − − + 𝐴2 ]
3 2 2
 ℎ 𝐴1
𝑉= [2𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑚 − − 𝐴2 + 2𝐴2 ]
3 2
ℎ
𝑉= [𝐴 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 ]
6 1
(prismoidal formula)

___________________________________________________________________________

VOLUME OF EARTHWORK

1. End area

(𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )𝐿
𝑉=
2

2. Prismoidal Formula

A2

Am
L/2

A1
L/2

𝐿
𝑉𝑝 = (𝐴 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 )
6 1
𝐴𝑚 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

3. Volume with Prismoidal Correction:

(Applicable only to three level section)

 D1 D2

C1 C2

A1 A2

𝑉 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝑐𝑝

𝑉𝐸 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑉𝑐𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐿
𝑉𝑐𝑝 = (𝐶 − 𝐶2 )(𝐷1 − 𝐷2 )
12 1

Problem 421:

The cross section notes of the ground surface at station 1+200 of a road survey, shows that the
ground is sloping at a 10% grade downward to the right. The elevation of the ground along the
center line of the proposed road at this station is 150m and that of the finished sub grade is 152m.
Width of sub grade is 7.00m with side slopes of 1.5:1.

1. Compute the distance of the right slope stake from the center of the road.
2. Compute the distance of the left slope stake from the center of the road.
3. Compute the difference in elevation of the right slope stake and the left slope stake

Solution:

1. Distance of the right slope stake from center of the road:

1.5hL 3.5 3.5 1.5hr

hL

2m
hr

2-hL

Hr-2

3.5-1.5hr
 ℎ𝑟 − 2 10
= = 0.10
3.5 + 1.5ℎ𝑟 100

ℎ𝑟 − 2 = 0.35 + 0.15ℎ𝑟

0.85ℎ𝑟 = 2.35

ℎ𝑟 = 2.76

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 3.5 + 1.5ℎ𝑟

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 3.5 + 1.5(2.76)

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝒎

2. Distance of left slope stake from center of the road:

2 − ℎ𝐿 10
=
1.5ℎ𝐿 + 3.5 100

2 − ℎ𝐿 = 0.15ℎ𝐿 + 0.35

1.5ℎ𝐿 = 1.65

ℎ𝐿 = 1.43

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 1.5ℎ𝐿 + 3.5

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 1.5(1.43) + 3.5

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟓𝒎

3. Difference in elevation of right and left slope stake:

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 152 − 1.43

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 150.57𝑚

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 152 − 2.76

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 149.24𝑚

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 150.57 − 149.24

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝒎

Problem 422:

Given the cross section notes of an earthwork between stations 10+100 to 10+200, assume both
stations to have the same side slope and width of the base.

STA. 10+100

Left Center Right

6.45/+2.3 0/+1.5 4.5/+1.0

STA. 10+200

6.0/+2.0 0/x 6.9/+2.6

1. Compute the side slope of both sections

2. Compute the value of x at station 10+200 if it has a cross sectional area of 14.64m².
3. Compute the volume between stations 10+100 and 10+200 using end area method
with prismoidal correction.

Solution:

1. Width of the base:

D1=10.95

2.3
1.0

6.45 4.5

𝐵
+ 2.3𝑆 = 6.45
2
𝐵
+ 1.0𝑆 = 4.5
2
1.3𝑆 = 1.95

𝑆 = 1.5

𝐵
+ 1.0(1.5) = 4.5
2
𝐵 = 𝟔𝒎

2. Value of x:

D2=12.9

2.6
2.0

6 6.9

2(3) 6𝑥 6.9𝑥 3(2.6)

𝐴= + + +
2 2 2 2
𝐴 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟒

𝑥 = 𝟏. 𝟐

3. Volume between sta. 10+100 and 10+200:

2.3(3) 1.5(6.45) 4.5(1.5) 3(1)

𝐴= + + +
2 2 2 2
𝐴1 = 13.1625𝑚2

𝐴2 = 14.64𝑚²
 (13.1625 + 14.64)(100)
𝑉𝐸 =
2
𝑉𝐸 = 1390.125𝑚3

Prismoidal correction:

𝐿
𝑉𝑝 = (𝐶 − 𝐶2 )(𝐷1 − 𝐷2 )
12 1
100
𝑉𝑝 = (10.95 − 12.9)(1.5 − 1.2)
12
𝑉𝑝 = −4.875𝑚3

𝑉𝑐𝑝 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝑝

𝑉𝑐𝑝 = 1390.125 − (−4.875)

𝑉𝑐𝑝 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟓𝒎³

Problem 423:

From the given cross section of an earthwork between A (20+200) and B (20+220) assuming
both has the same slope and width of base.

STA. A

6.60/+2.4 0/+2.0 4.8/+1.2

STA. B

6.3/+2.2 0/? 7.2/+2.80

1. Compute the width of the base.

2. Compute the value of cut at station B if it has an area of 16.82m².
3. Compute the volume between A and B with prismoidal correction.

Solution:
 1. Width of base:

D1=11.4

+2.0
2.4
1.2 B/2 B/2
4.8 6.6

D2=13.5

2.8
x
2.2

6.3 7.2

𝐵
6.3 = 2.2𝑆 +
2
𝐵
7.2 = 2.8𝑆 +
2
0.9 = 0.6𝑆

𝑆 = 1.5

𝐵
6.3 = 2.2(1.5) +
2
𝐵 = 𝟔𝒎

2. Value of cut at station B:

2.2(3) 6.3𝑥 7.2𝑥 2.8(3)

+ + + = 16.82
2 2 2 2
6.75𝑥 = 9.32

𝑥 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝒎
 3. Volume using prismoidal correction:

2.4(3) 6.6(2) 4.8(2) 1.2(3)

𝐴1 = + + +
2 2 2 2
𝐴1 = 16.80𝑚2

(𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )𝐿
𝑉𝐸 =
2
(16.80 + 16.82)(20)
𝑉𝐸 =
2
𝑉𝐸 = 336.20

𝐿
𝑉𝑃 = (𝐶 − 𝐶2 )(𝐷1 − 𝐷2 )
12 1
20
𝑉𝑃 = (2 − 1.38)(11.40 − 13.5)
12
𝑉𝑃 = −2.17

𝑉 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝑝

𝑉 = 336.20 − (2.17)

𝑉 = 𝟑𝟑𝟖. 𝟑𝟕𝒄𝒖. 𝒎.

Problem 424:

At station 1+100 of a portion of a highway stretch has an area of 100 sq. meters in cut while that
of station 1+200 the area is 240 sq. meters in cut. At station 1+100, the ground surface to the left
of the center line is flat and the height of the right slope stake above the grade line is one half
that of left, while that of station 1+200, the height of the right slope stake is 3 times higher than
that of the left slope stake. The center cut at station 1+200. The width of the roadway is 10m
with a side slope of 2:1.

1. Determine the height of cut at the center of sta. 1+100.

2. Determine the height of the right slope stake at sta. 1+200.
 3. Determine the volume between sta. 1+100 and 1+200 by applying prismoidal
correction.

Solution:

1. Height of cut at the center of sta. 1+100:

Station 1+100

h
h
h/2
2h 5 5 h

𝐴 = 100𝑠𝑞. 𝑚

ℎ
5ℎ ℎ(5 + 2ℎ) ℎ(5 + ℎ) 5 (2)
+ + + = 100
2 2 2 2
5ℎ + 5ℎ + 2ℎ2 + 5ℎ + ℎ2 + 2.5ℎ = 200

3ℎ2 + 17.5ℎ − 200 = 0

−17.5 − √(17.5)2 − 4(3)(−200)

ℎ=
2(3)

−17.5 − √2706
ℎ=
6
−17.5 + 52.2
ℎ=
6
ℎ = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟖𝒎
 2. Height of the right slope stake at sta. 1+200:

Station 1+200

3x
x 2.89

2x 5 5 6x

𝐴 = 240𝑠𝑞. 𝑚

5𝑥 2.89(5 + 2𝑥) 2.89(5 + 6𝑥) 5(3𝑥)

+ + + = 240
2 2 2 2
5𝑥 + 14.45 + 5.78𝑥 + 14.45 + 17.34𝑥 + 15𝑥 = 480

43.12𝑥 = 451.1

𝑥 = 10.44𝑚

3𝑥 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝒎

3. Volume between sta. 1+100 and 1+200:

D1=27.3
4

5.7
2.8

5.0 5.0

D2=93.5
2

31.
C2
10. 3
44
6.3 7.2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎:

(𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )𝐿
𝑉𝐸 =
2
(100 + 240)(100)
𝑉𝐸 =
2
𝑉𝐸 = 17000𝑐𝑢. 𝑚.

𝐿
𝐶𝑝 = (𝐶 − 𝐶2 )(𝐷1 − 𝐷2 )
12 1
100
𝐶𝑝 = (5.78 − 2.89)(27.34 − 93.52)
12
100
𝐶𝑝 = (2.89)(−66.18)
12
𝐶𝑝 = 15.94𝑐𝑢. 𝑚

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒:

𝑉 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝑝

𝑉 = 17000 − (−1594)

𝑉 = 𝟏𝟖, 𝟓𝟗𝟒𝒄𝒖. 𝒎

Problem 425:

In a certain portion of road to be constructed the following data were taken:

1+040

x/-1.84 0/-1.22 x/-0.42

1+100

x/1.098 0/+3.05 x/+0.50

Base for cut = 9m Sideslopes = 1:1

Base for fill = 8m Sideslopes = 1.5:1

1. Compute the area of station 1+040.

2. Find the area of station 1+100
3. Determine the difference in volume of cut and fill using end area method.

Solution:

1. Area of station 1+040:

X=4.76 X=4.63
4 4

0.42

1 1 1 1
𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = (4)1.84 + (1.22)6.76 + (1.22)4.63 + (4)0.42
2 2 2 2
𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝒎𝟐

2. Area of station 1+100:

3.05
0.98

0.98 4.5 4.5 0.50

X=5.48 X=5

1 1 1 1
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑡 = (4.5)0.98 + (3.05)5.48 + (3.05) + (4.5)0.5
2 2 2 2
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟏𝒎²

3. Difference in volume of cut and fill using end area method:

x 3.05

1.22 60-x

60m
1.22 1.22 + 3.05
=
𝑥 60
𝑥 = 17.14

60 − 𝑥 = 42.86

0 + 19.31
𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡 = (42.86)
2
𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 413.18𝑚³

11.47 + 0
𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = (17.14)
2
𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 98.3𝑚³

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟏𝒎³

Problem 426:

Given the following section of an earthwork for a proposed road construction on a hilly portion
of the route, the width of the road base for cut is 6m for allowance of drainage canals and 5m for
fill. Side slopes for cut is 1:1 and for fill is 1.5:1

3.7/-0.8 0 x/+1.8
1. Compute the value of x.
2. Compute the area in fill
3. Compute the area in cut.

Solution:

1. Value of x:

3.7 1.8
1.2 2.5
3 1.8
0.8
4.8

𝑥 = 3 + 1.8

𝑥 = 𝟒. 𝟖
 2. Area of fill:

2.05(0.8)
𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 =
2
𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝒎²

3. Area of cut:

3(1.8)
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑡 =
2
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝒎²

Problem 427:

The following is a set of notes of an earthwork of a road construction which is undertaken by the
Bureau of Public Works.

Station Cross section

9.0 4.5 4.5 6.0

1 + 020 + 2.0
+3.0 +4 +1.5 +1.0
7.5 4.5 4.5 9.0
1 + 040 + 4.0
+2.0 +5.0 +2.0 +3.0
The base of the road way is 9m which conforms to the BPWH standards. Side slope is 1.5:1.

1. Compute the cross sectional area at sta. 1+020.

2. Compute the cross sectional area at sta. 1+040.
3. Compute the volume between the two stations using end area method.

Solution:

1. Area of section 1+020:

4.0
3.0 2.0
1.5 1.0
4.5 4.5 4.5 1.5
 4(4.5) (4 + 2)(4.5) (2 + 1.5)(4.5) (1.5)(1.5)
𝐴1 = + + +
2 2 2 2
𝐴1 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝒎²

2. Area of section 1+040:

5.0 4.0
2.0 3.0
2.0
4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

5(3) (5 + 4)(4.5) (4 + 2)(4.5) 2(4.5)

𝐴2 = + + +
2 2 2 2
𝐴2 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟓𝒎²

3. Volume between stations:

(𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )𝐿
𝑉=
2
(31.5 + 45.75)(20)
𝑉=
2
𝑉 = 𝟕𝟕𝟐. 𝟓𝒎³

Problem 428:

In determining the position of the balance line in the profile diagram, a horizontal grade line is
drawn such that the length of the cut is 850m and that of fill is 1200m. the profile area between
the ground line and the grade line in the cut is 7800sq.m while that of fill is 8500sq.m. If the road
bed is 10m wide for cut and 8m wide for fill and if the side slope for cut is1.5:1 while that for fill
is 2:1,
Assume a level section with an average value of cut and fill for each stretch.

1. Determine the volume of the cut.

2. Determine the volume of the fill.
3. If the shrinkage factor is 1.2, determine the volume borrow or waste.

Solution:

Average depth of cut:

cut 1200m
850m fill

7800
𝐶=
850
𝐶 = 9.18𝑚

Average depth of fill:

8500
𝑓=
1200
𝑓 = 7.08 37.74

9.18 9.18 9.18

13.77 10 13.77
𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 1.5: 1 𝐶𝑢𝑡

(10 + 37.54)(9.18)
𝐴=
2
𝐴 = 218.21𝑠𝑞. 𝑚

1. Volume of cut:

𝑉𝑐 = 218.21(850)
𝑉𝑐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟓, 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒖. 𝒎
14.16 8 14.16

7.08 7.08 7.08

36.32

𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 2: 1 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑙

(8 + 36.32)(7.08)
𝐴=
2
𝐴 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟖𝟗𝒔𝒒. 𝒎

2. Volume of fill:

𝑉𝑓 = 156.89(1200)

𝑉𝑓 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒖. 𝒎

3. Volume of borrow:

𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 = 188,000(1.2) − 185,500

𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 = 𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒖. 𝒎

Problem 428-A CE Board May 2008

The center height of the road at sta. 7+110 is 2m fill while at sta. 7+160 it is 1.2m cut. From sta.
7+110 to the other station on ground makes a uniform slope of 4.8%.

1. Compute the slope of the new road.

2. Find the distance in meters from station 7+110 in which the fill is extended.
3. Compute the stationing of the point where the fill is extended.
Solution:
7+160

7+110
H=2.4
0.8
2 0.016(50-x)

0.048x
1.2 1.2

x 50-x
50m

1. Slope of the new road:

0.8
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔
50

2. Distance in which the fill is extended:

0.048𝑥 = 1.2 + 0.016(50 − 𝑥)

0.064𝑥 = 2

𝑥 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟓

3. Stationing of the point where the fill is extended:

𝑆𝑡𝑎. = (7 + 110) + (31.25)

𝑆𝑡𝑎. = 𝟕𝟏 + 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟐𝟓

Problem 428-B:

At station 95+220, the center height of the road is 4.5m cut while at station 95+300, it is 2.6m
fill. The ground between stations 95+200 to the other station has a uniform slope of -6%.

1. What is the grade of the road?

2. How far in meters, from station 95+300 toward station 95+220 will the filling
extend?
 3. At what station will the filling extended?

Solution:

1. Grade of road:

4.5
4.8 cut
fill 2.3

0.3 0.3

95+220 95+300
80-x x 2.6

80

2.3
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
80
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗

2. Distance from 95+300 where filling will extend:

0.02(80-x) 2.9% 6%
0.06x
0.3
95+220 95+300
80-x x

80

0.029(80 − 𝑥) + 0.30 = 0.6𝑥

0.089𝑥 = 0.029(80) + 0.30

𝑥 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝒎

3. Station where the filling extend:

(95 + 300) − (29.44) = 𝟗𝟓 + 𝟐𝟕𝟎. 𝟓𝟔

Problem 429:

From station 0+040, with the center height of 1.40m fill, the ground line makes a uniform slope
of 5% to station 0+100, whose center height is 2.80m cut. Assume both sections to be level
sections with side slopes of 2:1 for fill and 1.5:1 for cut.

1. Find the grade of the finished road surface.

2. Find the area at each station.
3. By end area method, find the amount of cut and fill.
4. Between these two stations, is it borrow or waste? Roadway for fill is 9.00m and for
cut is 10.00m.

Solution:

1. Slope of roadway:

2.80
1.20 3.0
1.40

0.2 0.2
0+040 60 0+100

−1.20
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑦 =
60
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑦 = −2% (𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑)

2. Area at each station:

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 0 + 040

2.8 9.0 2.8

1.40 1.40
1.40

14.60
 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 0 + 100

18.40

2.80 2.80 2.80

4.20 10 4.20

(14.60 + 9)(1.40)
𝐴=
2
𝐴 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟐𝒔𝒒. 𝒎 (fill)

(10 + 18.40)(2.80)
𝐴=
2
𝐴 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝒔𝒒. 𝒎 (cut)

3. Volumes of cut and fill:

0.02x Slope=.2%

1.40

Slope=5% 0.05x

1.40 − 0.02𝑥 = 0.05𝑥

0.07𝑥 = 1.40

𝑥 = 20

60 − 𝑥 = 40
 𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )
2
20
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = (16.52 + 0)
2
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟐𝟎𝒄𝒖. 𝒎

𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 = (𝐴 + 𝐴2 )
2 1
40
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 = (39.76 + 0)
2
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 𝟕𝟗𝟓. 𝟐𝟎𝒄𝒖. 𝒎

4. Since the volume of cut is excessive that the volume of fill, it is then necessary to throw
the excess volume of cut as waste by an amount equal to:

795.20 − 165.20 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒖. 𝒎

Problem 430:

The following data are the cross section notes at station 0+020 and 0+040. The natural ground
slope is almost even.

Base width Side slope

Cut=9m Cut=1:1

Fill=8m Fill=1.5:1

Station 0+20

?/? +3.0/4.5 +1.5/0 0/0

 Station 0+040

?/? -2.0/4 -1.0/0 0/0

1. Compute the area of section 0+020.

2. Compute the area of section 0+040.
3. Compute the volume of borrow or waste from station 0+020 and 0+040 assuming
shrinkage factor of 1.20.

Solution:

1. Area of section 0+020:

h
3.0
1.5
4.5 4.5 O
h
1.5 ℎ
=
4.5 ℎ + 9
4.5ℎ = 1.5ℎ + 13.5

ℎ = 4.5

4.5(9)
𝐴=
2
𝐴 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒎² (𝑐𝑢𝑡)

2. Area of section 0+040:

1.5x 4 4
O
-1.0

-2.0
x
2 𝑥
=
8 1.5𝑥 + 8
8𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 16

5𝑥 = 16

𝑥 = 3.2

3.2(8)
𝐴=
2
𝐴 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝒎² (𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙)

3. Volume of borrow or waste:

1.5
20-x
x 1.0

1.5 1.0
=
𝑥 20 − 𝑥
𝑥 = 3.0 − 1.5𝑥

2.5𝑥 = 30

𝑥 = 12

20 − 𝑥 = 8

(𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 =
2
(20.25 + 0)(12)
𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 =
2
𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 121.5𝑚3

(𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )𝐿(1.20)
𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 =
2
(12.8 + 0)(8)(1.20)
𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 =
2
𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 61.44𝑚3

𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 = 121.5 − 61.44

𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝒎³

___________________________________________________________________________

Problem 431:

In a 20m road stretch, the following cross section of the existing ground and corresponding sub
:
grade cross-section notes were taken.

Existing Ground Cross Sections

Sections Left Center Right

10+280 0/16.5 -2/9 -1/5 0/0 1/4 2/12 1/18

10+300 -3/13.5 -2/10 1/7 1/0 1/5 0/9 -1.5/17

Subgrade Cross Sections

Sections Left Center Right

10+280 0/16.5 -5.5/7 -5/6 -5/0 -5/6 -5.5/7 1/8

10+300 -3/13.5 -7.5/7 -7/6 -7/0 -7/6 -7.5/7 -1.5/17

1. Compute the cross sectional area at station 10+280.

2. Compute the cross sectional area at station 10+300.
3. Compute the volume between the two stations.
Solution:

1. Area of station 10+280:

(12,2)

(18,1)
(4,1)
(0,0)

(-16.5,0)
(-5,-1)

(-9,-2)

(0,-5)

(-6,-5) (6,-5)

(-7,-5.5) (7,-5.5)

1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥6 𝑥7 𝑥8 𝑥9 𝑥10 𝑥11 𝑥1
𝐴1 = [ ]
2 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦5 𝑦6 𝑦7 𝑦8 𝑦9 𝑦10 𝑦11 𝑦1

1 6 7 18 12 4 0 −5 −9 −16.5 7 −6 6
𝐴1 = [ ]
2 −5 −5.5 1 2 1 0 −1 −9 0 −5.5 −5 −5
1
𝐴1 = [6(−5.5) + 7(1) + 18(2) + 12(1) + 4(0) + 0(−1) + (−5)(−2) + (−16.5)(−5.5)
2
+ (−7)(−5) + (−6)(−5)]
− [−5(7) + 18(−5.5) + 1(12) + 2(4) + 1(0) + 0(−5) + (−1)(−9)
+ (−2)(−16.5) + 0(−7) + (−6)(−5.5) + (−5)(6)]

1
𝐴1 = [(247.75)— 69]
2
𝐴1 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝒔𝒒. 𝒎

2. Area at station 10+300

(-7,1) (0,1) (5,1)

(9,0)

(-10,-2) (17,-1.5)
(-13.5,-3)
(-6,-7) (6,-7)

(7,-7.5)
(-7,-7.5)
 1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥6 𝑥7 𝑥8 𝑥9 𝑥10 𝑥1
𝐴2 = [ ]
2 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦5 𝑦6 𝑦7 𝑦8 𝑦9 𝑦10 𝑦1

1 6 7 17 9 5 −7 −10 −13.5 −7 −6 6
𝐴2 = [ ]
2 −7 −7.5 −1.5 0 1 1 −2 −3 −7.5 −7 −7
1
𝐴2 = [6(−7.5) + 7(−1.5) + 17(0) + 9(1) + 5(1) + (−7)(−2) + (−10)(−3)
2
+ (−13.5)(−7.5) + (−7)(−7) + (−6)(−7)] − [7(−7) + 17(−7.5) + 9(−1.5)
+ 0(5) + 1(−7) + 1(−10) + (−2)(−13.5) + (−3)(−7) + (−6)(−7.5)
+ (−7)(6)]

1
𝐴2 = [(194.75)— 156]
2
𝐴2 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝒔𝒒. 𝒎

3. Volume between two stations:

𝐿
𝑉= (𝐴 + 𝐴2 )
2 1
20
𝑉= (158.375 + 175.375)
2
𝑉 = 𝟑, 𝟑𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟎𝒄𝒖. 𝒎

Problem 432:

From a road plan, the following cross section of the existing ground and the corresponding cross-
section notes for a 40m stretch was taken.
 Existing Ground Cross Sections

Sections Left Center Right

10+040 0/10 0/7.5 0 0.82/8.3 1/10

10+060 0/10 -0.80/8.1 -2.0/5.0 -1.5/2.0 0 0.5/3 1/5 2.5/10

10+080 0.5/10 0/9 -1.5/6 -1.5/2 0 0.5/5 0.15/8.5 0/10

Subgrade Cross Sections

Sections Left Center Right

10+040 0/7.5 -2.5/5 -2/3 -2 -2/3 -2.5/5 0.82/8.3

10+060 -0.8/8.1 0.5/3 +0.5 0.5/3 0/5 1.4/6.4

10+080 0/9 1.5/3 +1.5 1.5/3 0.15/8.5

1. Compute the area of cut at station 10+040.

2. Compute the volume of cut at station 10+060.
3. Compute the volume of borrow or waste from station 10+040 to 10+080 considering
shrinkage factor of 25%.

Solution:

1. Area of cut at station 10+040:

1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥6 𝑥7 𝑥1
𝐴1 = [ ]
2 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦5 𝑦6 𝑦7 𝑦1

1 0 −7.5 −5 −3 3 5 8.3 0
2𝐴1 = [ ]
2 0 0 −2.5 −2 −2 −2.5 0.82 0

(8.3,0.82)

(10,1)
(0,0)
(-7.5,0)

(-10,0)
(-3,-2) (3,-2)
(-5,-2.5) (5,-2.5)
2𝐴1 = [0(0) + (−7.5)(−2.5) + (−5)(−2) + (−3)(−2) + 3(−2.5) + 5(0.82) + 8.3(0)]
− [0(−7.5) + 0(−5) + (−2.5)(−3) + (−2)3 + (−2)5 + (−2.5)8.3 + 0.82(0)]

2𝐴1 = [(31.35— 29.25]

2𝐴1 = 60.60

𝐴1 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝒔𝒒. 𝒎 (𝑐𝑢𝑡)

2. Area of cut at sta. 10+060:

1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥6 𝑥1
𝐴2 = [ ]
2 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦5 𝑦6 𝑦1

0 3 −3 −8.1 −5 −2 0
𝐴2 = [ ]
0 0.5 0.5 −0.8 −2 −1.5 0

2𝐴2 = [0(0.5) + 3(0.5) + (−3)(−0.80) + (−8.1)(−2) + (−5)(−1.5) + (−2)0]

− [0(3) + 0.5(−3) + 0.5(−8.1) + (−0.80)(−5) + (−2)(−2) + (−1.5)(0)]
(6.4,1.4)
(-3,0.5) (3,0.5) (5,1)

(0,0.5)

(0,0) (5,0)
(-8.1,-0.80)
(-2,-1.5)
(-5,-2)

2𝐴2 = 27.60 − 2.45

𝐴2 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟓𝒔𝒒. 𝒎 (𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙)

Area of cut:

1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥1
𝐴3 = [ ]
2 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦1

3 5 6.4 5 3
2𝐴3 = [ ]
0.5 0 1.4 1 0.5
2𝐴3 = [3(0) + 5(1.4) + 6.4(1) + 5(0.5)] − [0.5(5) + 0(6.4) + 1.4(5) + 1(3)]
2𝐴3 = 15.9 − 12.5

2𝐴3 = 3.4

𝐴3 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟎𝒔𝒒. 𝒎(cut)

3. Volume of borrow or waste: Considering station 1+080

(-3,1.5) (3,1.5)

(0,1.5) (8.5,0.15)

(5,0.5) (10,0)
(-10,0.5)
(-9,0) (0,0)

(-6,-1.5) (-2,-1.5)

0 5 8.5 3 −3 −9 −6 −2 0
𝐴4 = [ ]
0 0.5 0.15 1.5 1.5 0 −1.5 −1.5 0

2𝐴4 = [0(0) + 5(0.15) + 8.5(1.5) + 3(1.5) + 0(−3) + (−9)(−1.5) + (−6)(−1.5) + 0(−2)]

− [0(5) + 0.5(8.5) + 3(0.15) + 1.5(−3) + 1.5(−9) + 0(−6) + (−2)(−1.5)
+ 0(−1.5)]

2𝐴4 = 40.5 + 10.3

𝐴4 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟎𝒔𝒒. 𝒎 (𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙)

Volume of cut from station 10+040 to 10+060

𝐿
𝑉1 = (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )
2
20(30.30 + 1.70)
𝑉1 =
2
𝑉1 = 320𝑐𝑢. 𝑚 (𝑐𝑢𝑡)

Volume of cut from station 10+060 to 10+080

 𝐿
𝑉2 = (𝐴 + 𝐴2 )
2 1
20(1.70 + 0)
𝑉2 =
2
𝑉2 = 17𝑐𝑢. 𝑚 (𝑐𝑢𝑡)

Volume of fill from station 10+040 to 10+060

𝐿
𝑉1 = (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )
2
20(0 + 12.575)
𝑉1 =
2
𝑉1 = 125.75𝑐𝑢. 𝑚 (𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙)

Volume of fill from station 10+060 to 10+080

𝐿
𝑉2 = (𝐴 + 𝐴2 )
2 1
10(12.575 + 25.40)
𝑉2 =
2
𝑉2 = 379.75𝑐𝑢. 𝑚

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 320 + 17

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 337𝑐𝑢. 𝑚

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 123.75379.75

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 505.50𝑐𝑢. 𝑚

Volume of fill required from station 10+040 to 10+080

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 505.50(1.25)

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 631.875𝑚3

Therefore there is a need of borrow since vol. of fill is greater than that of volume of cut.

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 = 631.875 − 337

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 = 𝟐𝟗𝟒. 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝒎³

Problem 433:

The centerline of a proposed road cross section crosses a small valley between station 10+022
(elevation 123.00m) and station 10+060 (elevation 122.50m). The stationing at the bottom of the
valley is 10+037 (elevation 111.20m). The grade line of the proposed road passes the ground
points at the edges of the valley (station 10+022) and (10+060) and the section at any of these
stations are three level sections. Width of the road base is 10m with side slope of 2:1. Assume
that the sides of the valley slope directly to the lowest point from the edges.

1. Find the cross sectional area of fill at station 10+037.

2. Compute the volume of fill from station (10+022) to (10+037).
3. Compute the volume of fill from station (10+037) to (10+060).

15 23
y
10+022 0.5

El. 123 10+060

f
El. 122.5

10+037

El. 111.2

10

11.603

23.206 10 23.206
56.412
Solution:

1. Area of fill at 10+037

𝑦 0.5
=
15 38
𝑦 = 0.197

𝑓 + 𝑦 = 123 − 111.2

𝑓 = 123 − 111.2 − 0.197

𝑓 = 11.603

(10 + 56.412)
𝐴= (11.603)
2
𝐴 = 𝟑𝟖𝟓. 𝟐𝟗

2. Volume of fill from 10+022 to 10+037

𝐴1 + 0
𝑉= (15)
2
385.29 + 0
𝑉= (15)
2
𝑉 = 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟎𝒎³

3. Volume of fill from 10+037 to 10+060

385.29 + 0
𝑉= (23)
2
𝑉 = 𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟏𝒎³
 Problem 434:

The location survey of the proposed road passes through a rough terrain and crosses a small valet
between two points along the center line of the proposed road. One of the points is at station
40+536.00 and at elevation (150.42m); the other point is at station 40+584.00 and at elevation
(149.82m). The lowest point at the bottom of the valley is 23m from the highest point and has an
elevation of its bottom equal to 140.64m. The road passes through these three points. All sections
on this proposed roadway are three level sections having a width of roadway equal to 12m with
side slope of 1.5:1. Assume shrinkage factor to be 1.30.

1. Compute the cross sectional area at station 40+559.

2. Compute the volume of fill needed starting from the highest point of the road to the
lowest point of the valley.
3. Compute the volume of fill needed from station 40+559 to 40+584.

Solution:

1. Cross sectional area at 40+559:

23 25
y
40+536 0.5

El. 150 40+584

f
El. 149.8

40+559

El. 140.6

12

9.49

14.235 12 14.235
40.47
𝑦 0.6
=
23 48
𝑦 = 0.29

𝑓 = 150.42 − 0.29 − 140.64

𝑓 = 9.49𝑚

(12 + 40.47)(9.49)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 248.97𝑚²

2. Volume of fill from 40+536 to 40+559:

(0 + 248.97)(23)(1.30)
𝑉=
2
𝑉 = 𝟑𝟕𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟎𝒎³

3. Volume of fill from (40+559 to40+584)

(0 + 248.97)(25)(1.30)
𝑉=
2
𝑉 = 𝟒𝟎𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟔𝒎³

Problem 435:

Given the following cross sections notes of an earthwork on a rolling terrain:

STA. 5+000

+10/31 +5/0 +3/13.5

STA. 5+020

+14/41 +7/0 +4.5/17.25

The width of the road is 12m and the side slope is 2.5:1.

1. Compute the volume using prismoidal formula.

2. Compute the volume using end area with prismoidal correction.
3. Compute the volume using end area with curvature correction if the road is on a 6°
curve which turns to the right with the given cross sections.

Solution:

1. Volume using Prismoidal Formula:

Use average values of dimensions of A1and A2 Am (mid-section):

10
5 3

25 6 6 7.5
44.50

𝐴1 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 5 + 000

14
7 4.5

35 6 6 11
58.25 .

𝐴2 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 5 + 020

14
6 3.7

30 6 6 9.4
51.40
 10(6) 5(31) 5(13.5) 6(3)
𝐴1 = + + +
2 2 2 2
𝐴1 = 150.25𝑚²

6(14) 7(41) 7(17.25) 6(4.5)

𝐴2 = + + +
2 2 2 2
𝐴2 = 259.375𝑚²

12(6) 6(36) 6(15.375) 3.75(46)

𝐴𝑚 = + + +
2 2 2 2
𝐴𝑚 = 201.375𝑚2

𝐿
𝑉= (𝐴 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 )
6 1
20
𝑉= [150.25 + 4(201.375) + 259.375]
6
𝑉 = 𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝒄𝒖. 𝒎

2. Volume by End area with Prismoidal Correction:

𝑉 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝑝

(𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )𝐿
𝑉𝐸 =
2
(150.25 + 259.375)20
𝑉𝐸 =
2
𝑉𝐸 = 4096.25𝑚3

𝐿
𝑉𝑝 = (𝐶 − 𝐶2 )(𝐷1 − 𝐷2 )
12 1
20
𝑉𝑝 = (5 − 7)(44.5 − 58.25)
12
𝑉𝑝 = 45.83𝑚3

𝑉 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝑝

𝑉 = 4096.25 − 45.83
𝑉 = 𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝒎³

3. Volume with curvature correction:

E1

As1
10
5 3

25 6 6 7.5
D1=44.5

5(13.5) 3(6)
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴1 − [ + ]2
2 2

𝐴𝑠1 = 150.25 − 85.5

𝐴𝑠1 = 64.75𝑚2

1
𝑒1 = 𝐷
3 1
44.5
𝑒1 =
3
𝑒1 = 14.83 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒)

E2

As2
10
7 4
.
5
25 6 6 7.5
D2=58.2
5

7(17.25) 6(4.5)
𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴2 − [ + ]2
2 2

𝐴𝑠2 = 259.375 − 147.75

𝐴𝑠2 = 111.625𝑚²
 1
𝑒2 = 𝐷3
3
58.25
𝑒2 =
3
𝑒2 = 19.42 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)

𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 𝑉𝐸 + 𝑉𝑐

𝐿
𝑉𝑐 = (𝐴𝑠1 𝑒1 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝑒2 )
2𝑅
1145.916
𝑅=
6
𝑅 = 190.99𝑚

20
𝑉𝑐 = [64.75(14.83) + 111.625(19.42)]
2(190.99)

𝑉𝑐 = 163.78𝑚3

(𝐴1+ 𝐴2) 𝐿
𝑉𝐸 =
2
(150.25 + 259.375)20
𝑉𝐸 =
2
𝑉𝐸 = 4096.25𝑚3

𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 𝑉𝐸 + 𝑉𝑐

𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 4096.25 + 163.78

𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 𝟒𝟐𝟔𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒎³

Problem 436:

A highway fill stretches between stations 5+040 and 5+140 with a uniform ground slope. It has a
side slope of 2:1 and width of roadway is 12m.
 STA. 5+040

?/? -4/6 -5/0 -6/6 ?/?

?/? -6/6 -7/0 -8/6 ?/?

1. Compute the volume between the two stations using prismoidal formula.
2. Compute the prismoidal correction between the two stations in cu.m.
3. Compute the curvature correction between the two stations if the road is on a 5° curve
which turns to the right of the cross sections in cu.m.

Solution:

1. Volume using Prismoidal formula:

STA. 5+040
2hL 6 6 2hr

hL
4 5 6 hr

2
Hr-6 Hr-hL

12

12+2hr
Hr-4

2hL+12+2hr
Hr-hL

ℎ𝑟 − 4 2
=
12 + 2ℎ𝑟 12

6ℎ𝑟 − 24 = 12 + 2ℎ𝑟

4ℎ𝑟 = 36

ℎ𝑟 = 9𝑚

ℎ𝑟 − ℎ𝐿 2
=
2ℎ𝐿 + 12 + 2ℎ𝑟 12
 9 − ℎ𝐿 4
=
2ℎ𝐿 + 12 + 18 6

8ℎ𝐿 = 24

ℎ𝐿 = 3𝑚
36
6 6 6 18

3
4 5 6
9

(3 + 9)36 (6)3 (18)9

𝐴1 = − −
2 2 2
𝐴1 = 126𝑚2

STA. 5+140
2hL 6 6 2hr

hL
6 7 8 hr

2
Hr-6 Hr-hL
12

12+2hr
Hr-6

2hL+12+2hr

Hr-hL

ℎ𝑟 − 6 2
=
12 + 2ℎ𝑟 12

6ℎ𝑟 − 36 = 12 + 2ℎ𝑟

4ℎ𝑟 = 48
ℎ𝑟 = 12𝑚

ℎ𝑟 − ℎ𝐿 2
=
2ℎ𝐿 + 12 + 2ℎ𝑟 12

12 − ℎ𝐿 1
=
2ℎ𝐿 + 12 + 24 6

72 − 6ℎ𝐿 = 2ℎ𝐿 + 36

ℎ𝐿 = 4.5𝑚

45

9 6 6 24

4
6 7 8
9

(4.5 + 12)45 (4.5)9 (24)12

𝐴2 = − −
2 2 2
𝐴2 = 206.75𝑚2
40.5
7.5 6 6 21

4
5 6 7
9

𝐴𝑚 (𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

(3.75 + 10.5)40.5 (7.5)3.75 (21(10.5)

𝐴𝑚 = − −
2 2 2
𝐴𝑚 = 164.25𝑚²

𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙 = (𝐴 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 )
6 1
100
𝑉𝑜𝑙 = (126 + 4(164.25) + 206.75)
6
𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 16495.83𝑚3
 2. Prismoidal correction:

𝐿
𝑉𝑝 = (𝐶 − 𝐶2 )(+𝐷1 − 𝐷2 )
12 1
100
𝑉𝑝 = (5 − 7)(+36 − 45)
12

3. Curvature correction:

D1=36
6 6 6 6

3 3
5

As1

E1

6(3) 5(12)
𝐴𝑠1 = 126 − [ + ]2
2 2

𝐴𝑠1 = 48𝑚2

1
𝑒1 = (𝐷 )
3 1
1
𝑒1 = (36)
3
𝑒1 = −12 (𝑛𝑒𝑔. 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒)

D2=45
9 6 6 2
4
4 1
5 2

As2

E2

6(4.5) 7(15)
𝐴𝑠2 = 206.75 − [ + ]2
2 2
𝐴𝑠2 = 74.75𝑚2

1
𝑒2 = (𝐷2 )
3
1
𝑒2 = (45)
3
𝑒2 = −15 (𝑛𝑒𝑔. 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒)

1145.916
𝑅=
𝐷
1145.916
𝑅= = 229𝑚
5
𝐿
𝑉𝑐 = (𝐴𝑠1 𝑒1 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝑒2 )
2𝑅
100
𝑉𝑐 = [(48(−12) + 75.75(−15)]
2(229)

𝑉𝑐 = −𝟑𝟕𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝒎³

Problem 437:

From the given cross section of the proposed barangay road,

STA. 1+020

6.45/+2.3 +1.5 4.5/+1.0

STA. 1+040

6.0/+2.0 +1.2 6.9/+2.6

1. Compute the volume between the two stations using prismoidal formula.
 2. Compute the volume between the two stations using end area with prismoidal
correction.
3. Compute the volume between the two stations if the road is on a curve which turns to
the left with the given cross sections if it has a radius if 200m.

Solution:

1. Volume by Prismoidal Formula:

2.3
1.5 1.0

2.3s B/2 B/2 S

10.95

2.3
1.5 1.0

3.5 3.0 3.0 2

10.95

𝐵
+ 2.3𝑆 = 6.45
2
𝐵
+ 𝑆 = 4.5
2
1.3𝑆 = 1.95

𝑆 = 1.5

𝐵
+ 1.5 = 4.5
2
𝐵 = 6𝑚

2.3(3) 1.5(6.45) 1.5(4.5) 3(1)

𝐴1 = + + +
2 2 2 2
𝐴1 = 13.1625𝑚²

STA. 1+040

2.6
2 1.2

3 3 3 3.9

12.9

3(2) 1.2(6) 1.2(6.9) 3(2.6)

𝐴2 = + + +
2 2 2 2
𝐴1 = 14.64𝑚²

1.8
2 1.3

3 3 3 2.7

11.7

𝐴𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎. 1 + 020 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 + 040

2.15(3) 1.35(6.225) 1.35(7) 3(1.8)

𝐴𝑚 = + + +
2 2 2 2
𝐴𝑚 = 13.974𝑚2

𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙. = (𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2 )
6
20
𝑉𝑜𝑙. = [(13.1625) + (4)(13.974) + (14.64)]
6
𝑉𝑜𝑙. = 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝒎³
 2. Volume by end area with Prismoidal correction:

2.3
1.5 1.0

3.5 3.0 3.0 2

10.95

2.6
2 1.2

3 3 3 3.9

12.9

(𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )𝐿
𝑉𝐸 =
2
(13.1625 + 14.64)20
𝑉𝐸 =
2
𝑉𝐸 = 278.025𝑚3

𝐿
𝑉𝑝 = (𝐶 − 𝐶2 )(𝐷1 − 𝐷2 )
12 1
20
𝑉𝑝 = (1.5 − 1.2)(10.95 − 12.90)
12
𝑉𝑝 = −0.975𝑚3

𝑉𝑐𝑝 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝑝

𝑉𝑐𝑝 = 278.05 − (−0.975)

𝑉𝑐𝑝 = 279𝑚3
 3. Volume by end area with curvature correction:

E1

As1
10
2 4
.
5
1.5 3 3 1.5
D1=10.9

3(1) 1.5(4.5)
𝐴𝑠1 = 13.162 [ + ]2
2 2

𝐴𝑠1 = 3.4125

1
𝑒1 = (10.95)
3
𝑒1 = −3.65 (𝑛𝑒𝑔. 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒)

E2
As2

3
2 1.2

3 3 3 3
12.90

3(2) 1.2(6)
𝐴𝑠2 = 14.64 [ + ]2
2 2

𝐴𝑠2 = 1.44

1
𝑒2 = (12.90)
3
𝑒1 = +4.3 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒)
 𝐿
𝑉𝑐 = (𝐴𝑠1 𝑒1 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝑒2 )
2𝑅
20
𝑉𝑐 = [3.4125(−3.65) + 1.44(4.3)]
2(200)

𝑉𝑐 = −0.313𝑚3

𝑉 = 𝑉𝐸 + 𝑉𝑐

𝑉 = 278.025 + (−0.313)

𝑉 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟏𝟐𝒎³

Problem 438:

The earthworks data of a proposed highway is shown on the tabulated data.

Length of economical haul = 450m

Stationing of limits of economical haul = 2+498.03 and 2+948.03

Stationing of limits of free haul = 2+713.12 and 2+763.12

Free haul distance is 50m.

Assume the ground surface to be uniformly sloping.

STATION AREA

CUT FILL

2+440 50m²

2+740 0 Balancing point

3+040 70m²

1. Compute the overhaul volume.

2. Compute the volume of waste.
3. Compute the volume of borrow.

Solution:
 1. Overhaul volume:

ℎ 50
=
26.88 300
ℎ = 4.48

𝑎 50
=
241.97 300
𝑎 = 40.33

(4.48 + 40.33)(215.09)
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =
2

𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝟑

2. Volume of waste:

(40.33 + 50)(58.03)
𝑉=
2

𝑉 = 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝒎𝟑

3. Volume of borrow:

𝐶 70
=
208.03 300
𝐶 = 48.54

(48.54 + 70)(91.97)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 =
2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 = 𝟓𝟒𝟓𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝒎³

Problem 439:

The given data of a proposed Manila-Cavite Coastal road is tabulated below. The free
 Haul distance is 50 m. and the cost of borrow is P420 per cu.m., cost of excavation is P350 per
cu.m., and the cost of haul is P21 per meter station. The ground surface is assume to be
uniformly sloping.

STATION AREA

Cut Fill

10 + 160 41.13m2

10 + 401.97 0 (balancing point)

10 + 610 47.85m2

 Compute the limit of economical haul.

 Compute the free haul volume.

 Compute the overhaul volume.

Solution:

 Limit of economical haul:

50
41.13 208.03
h 10+610
50-x
10+610 x y
10+401.97
241.97 47.85

𝐶𝑏 𝐶
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 𝐹𝐻𝐷
𝐶𝑛

420 (20)
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 50
21
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒎.

 Free haul volume:

 ℎ 41.13
=
𝑥 241.97
ℎ = 0.17 𝑥

47.85 𝑦
=
208.03 50 − 𝑥
𝑦 = 0.23 (50 − 𝑥)

ℎ𝑥 𝑦(50 − 𝑥)
=
2 2
0.17𝑥 2 0.23(50 − 𝑥)2
=
2 2
0.86𝑥 = 50 − 𝑥

𝑥 = 26.88

50 − 𝑥 = 23.12

ℎ𝑥
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =
2
ℎ = 0.17(26.88)

ℎ = 4.57

𝑦 = 0.23(23.12)

𝑦 = 5.32

 Overhaul volume:

208.03
41.13 184.91
4.57 23.12

5.32
215.09 26.88 47.85
241.97
 (41.13 + 4.57)(215.09)
𝑉1 =
2

𝑉1 = 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝟑

Problem 440:

The following data are results of the earthwork computations of areas, free haul distance and
limits of economical haul by analytical solution (mass diagrams). The cross sectional area at
station 1+460 is 40 sq.m. in fill at station 2+060 the cross sectional area is 60 sq.m. in cut. The
balancing point is at station 1+760 where area is equal to zero. Assume the ground surface to be
sloping upward uniformly from station 1+460 to 1+760 and then with slightly steeper slope to
2+060. Assume free haul distance = 50 m. and limit of economical haul = 450 m.

Stationing of the limits of free haul distance

= (1+732.47) and (1+782.47)

Stationing the limits of economical haul

= (1+512.26) and (1+962.26)

 Determine the overhaul volume.

 Determine the volume of waste.

Determine the volume of borrow.

Solution:

 Overhaul volume:

b 60
1+512.26 1+732.47 y
1+460 220.21 27.53
x 22.47 179.79 2+060
1+760 1+782.47 1+962.26
40 a
247.74 202.26
300 300
 x 40
=
25.73 300
𝑥 = 3.67

y 60
=
22.47 300
𝑦 = 4.494

a 40
=
220.21 300
a=29.36

b 60
=
179.79 300
b=35.958

Overhaul
volume
waste
60
40.452
52.26 220.21 27.53
3.67 22.47 179.79 97.74
33.03
40 Borrow

Overhaul Volume

(4.494 + 40.452)
= (179.79)
2
= 𝟒𝟎𝟒𝟎 cu.m.

 Volume of waste

(40.452 + 60)
V= (97.94)
2
V=4909

 Volume of borrow:

(40 + 33.032)
V= (52.26)
2
V=1908 cu.m.

Problem 441:

Here under shows a table of quantities of earthworks of a proposed Highway to connect Bogo
City and Danao City. The length of the free haul distance is specified to be 50 m. long and the
limit of economical haul is 462.76 long. Assume the ground surface to be sloping uniformly.

Station End Areas Remarks

Cut Fill

10+020 80.00 Initial Point

10+115.65 54.57 Limit of economical haul

10+297.92 5.90 Limit of free haul

10+320 0 Balancing point

10+347.92 4.66 Limit of free haul

10+578.42 43.15 Limit of economical haul

10+620 50.00 End point

 Compute the overhaul volume.

 Compute the volume of borrow.

 Compute the volume of waste.

Solution:
 Overhaul volume:

waste overhaul
volume

80 10+578.41
54.57 5.90
95.65 182.27 22.08 10+347.92 10+620
10+020 10+297.92 27.92 230.49 41.59
10+115.65 10+320 43.15
50
4.66

borrow

(54.57 + 5.90)(182.27)
Overhaul volume=
2

Overhaul Volume=𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝒎𝟑

 Volume of borrow:

(50 + 43.15)(41.59)
Volume of borrow=
2

Volume of borrow= 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟕. 𝟎𝟓𝒎𝟑

Volume of waste:

(80 + 54.57)(95.65)
Volume of waste=
2

Volume of waste= 6435.81𝒎𝟑

Problem 442:
The profile of the ground surface along which the center line of the roadway is sloping uniformly
at a certain grade. At sta. 5+400 the cross sectional are is 20.89m2 in fill and the finished
roadway slopes upward producing a cross sectional area of 28.6m2 in cut at station 5+850. The
stationing at balancing point is 5+650.

Free haul distance = 50 m.

Cost of haul = P0.20 per meter station

Cost of borrow = P4 per cu.m.

 Compute the limit of economical haul.

 Compute the stationing of the limits of free haul distance.

Compute the free haul volume.

Solution:

 Limit of economical haul:

𝐶𝑏 𝐶
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 𝐹𝐻𝐷
𝐶ℎ

4(20)
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 50
0.20
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎.

 Stationing of limits of free haul distance:

FHD=50

28.6
5+621.40 h
5+400 50-x
x 5+850
y 5+650 5+671.40
20
28.6 21.40

250 200

h 28.6
=
𝑥 200
ℎ = 0.143𝑥

𝑦 20
=
50 − 𝑥 250
𝑦 = 0.08(50 − 𝑥)

Vol. of excavation Vol. of embankment

ℎ𝑥 𝑦(50 − 𝑥)
=
2 2
0.143𝑥(𝑥) 0.08(50 − 𝑥)(50 − 𝑥)
=
2 2
0.143𝑥 2 = 0.08(50 − 𝑥)2

0.378𝑥 = 0.283(50 − 𝑥)

50 − 𝑥 = 133697𝑥

𝑥 = 21.40𝑚.

Limits of free haul distance

= (5 + 650) + 21.40

= 5 + 671.40

= (5 + 671.40) − 50

= 5 + 621.40

Limits of free haul distance

= 𝟓 + 𝟔𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝟓 + 𝟔𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟎

 Freehaul volume:
 hx
Freehaul vol. =
2
ℎ = 0.143(21.4)

ℎ = 3.06

3.06(21.4)
Freehaul vol. =
2

Freehaul vol. = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝐦𝟑

Problem 443:

The grading works of the portion of the proposed expansion of the North expressway shows the
following notes. Free haul distance = 50 m. Limit of economical haul = 450 m.

Limits of free haul distance is from

sta. 1+272 to 1+322

Limits of economical haul is from

sta. 1+052 and 1+502

STATION END AREAS(m2)

CUT FILL

1+000 40

1+052 33

1+272 3.021

1+300 0 (balancing point)

1+322 3.845

1+502 40.18

1+600 60
Assume the ground surface to be sloping uniformly from one end to other end.

 Determine the overhaul volume.

 Determine the volume of borrow.

 Determine the volume of waste.

Solution:

 Overhaul volume:

waste
overhaul vol.

borrow FHD=50
3.845 60
40.18
1+000 1+052 1+272 22 180 98
52 220 28 1+300 1+322 1+502 1+600
33
40 3.021
LEH=450
000000

(3.845 + 40.18)(180)
Overhaul volume =
2
Overhaul = 𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟐𝟓

 Volume of waste:

(40.18 + 60)(98)
Volume of waste =
2
Volume of waste = 𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟖. 𝟖𝟐 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.

 Volume of borrow:

(33 + 40)52
Volume of borrow =
2
Volume of borrow = 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟖 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.
 Problem 444:

The following data represents a single summit mass diagram of proposed expansion of the
Tolosa Expressway.

STATIONS VOLUME

CUT(m3) FILL(m3)

10+000 +200

10+040 +100

10+080 +150

10+120 +140

10+160 +110

10+200 +190

10+240 +50

10+280 -40

10+320 -120

10+360 -90

10+400 -80

10+440 -200

10+480 -220

10+520 -110

10+560 -320

10+600 -280
 Free haul distance = 50 m.

Limit of economical haul = 400 m.

Mass ordinate of initial limit of free haul

Distance -------------------+910 m3

Mass coordinate of initial limit of

Economical haul --------- +350 m3

 Compute the volume of waste in cu.m.

 Compute the volume of overhaul in cu.m.

 Compute the volume of borrow in cu.m.

Solution:

STATION VOLUME Mass Ordinate

10+000 +200 +200

10+040 +100 +300

10+080 +150 +450

10+120 +140 +590

10+160 +110 +700

10+200 +190 +890

10+240 +50 +940

10+280 -40 +900

10+320 -120 +780

10+360 -90 +690

10+400 -80 +610

10+440 -200 +410

 10+480 -220 +190

10+520 -110 +80

10+560 -320 -240

10+600 -280 -520

+940

+910 F.H.D.= 50m.

560m3
+350 LEH=400

200 870 m3
10 + 000
-500

Borrow

Waste
Overhaul
Volume

Volume of waste:

Vol. Of waste = 350-200

Vol. Of waste = 150 m3

Overhaul volume:

Overhaul volume = 910-350

Overhaul volume = 560 m3

Volume of borrow:

Volume of borrow = 350+520

Volume of borrow = 870 m3

 Problem 445:

A single summit mass diagram from station 0+100 to 0+800 of proposed extension of Santander
Highway. Has the following technical data.

Mass ordinate of the initial limit of economical

Distance = +600 m3

Free haul distance = 50 m.

Limit of economical haul = 450 m.

Cost of borrow = P500 per cu.m.

Mass ordinate of station 0+100 = -80 m3

Mass ordinate of station 0+800 = -130 m3

 Compute the overhaul volume in cu.m.

 Compute the length of overhaul in meters if the total cost of hauling is P105,750.00

 Compute the total cost of borrow.

Solution:

 Overhaul volume:

+600

F.H.D.=50m
+200
LEH=450

10+000 10+800
-80

-130

Overhaul volume = 600-200

 Overhaul volume = 400 m3

 Length of overhaul:

𝐶𝑏 𝐶
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 𝐹𝐻𝐷
𝐶ℎ

500(20)
450 = + 50
𝐶ℎ

𝐶ℎ = P25 per cu.m./ meter station

Total cost of haul = P105750.00

25(𝐿)(400)
105750 =
20
𝐿 = 𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝒎.

 Total cost of borrow:

Vol.of borrow = 200+130

Vol.of borrow = 330 m3

Cost of borrow = 330(500)

Cost of borrow = P165,000

Problem 446:

The cost of borrow per cu.m. is P500 and the cost of haul per meter station is P25. Cost of
excavation is approximately P650 per cu.m. The free haul distance is 50 m. long and the length
of overhaul is equal to 201.40 m. If the mass ordinate of the initial point of the free haul distance
is +800 m3 and the mass ordinates of the summit mass diagram from 10+000 to 10+600 are -
60m3 and -140m3 respectively.
 Compute the length of the economical haul.

 Compute the mass ordinate of the initial point of the limit of the economical haul if the

total cost of hauling is P171,190

 Compute the total cost of waste.

Solution:

 Limit of economical haul:

𝐶𝑏 𝐶
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 𝐹𝐻𝐷
𝐶ℎ

500(20)
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 50
25
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎.

 Mass ordinate of initial point of limit of economical haul:

Cost oh haul:

25(201.40)Vol. of overhaul
171190 =
20
Vol. of overhaul = 680m3

Mass ordinate of initial point of limit of economical haul:

= 800 − 680

= 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒎𝟑
+800 FHD
680m3
+120 LEH

-60

Borrow

Waste
Overhaul
Volume

Cost of waste:

Cost = 650 (120+60)

Cost = P117,000

Problem 446-A:

The following area of the data on a sample summit mass diagram.

STA MASS ORDINATE (m3)

0+000 -80

0+500 -130

Initial point of limit of free haul distance = +600

Initial limit of economic haul = +200

Free haul distance = 60 m.

Limit of economical distance = 400m.

Cost of haul = P120 per cu.m. per meter station

 Determine the volume of waste in m3.

 Determine the volume of borrow in m3.

 Determine the overhaul volume in cu.m.

 Determine the length of overhaul if the total cost of hauling is P192,000.

Solution:

 Volume of waste:

Vol.water Overhaul Vol.

Vol. Borrow

X1
X2
F.H.D.=60m
+600
+200
LEH=400m
0+000
=+ 0+500
-80

-130

Volume of waste = 200+80

Volume of waste = 280 m3

 Volume of borrow:

Volume of borrow = 200+130

Volume of borrow = 330m3

 Overhaul volume:

Overhaul volume = 600-200

Overhaul volume = 400 m3

Length of overhaul:
 120(400)𝑥
192,000 =
20
x = 𝟖𝟎𝐦.

Problem 446-B:

Using the following notes on cuts and fills and shrinkage factor of 1.25.

 Find the mass ordinate at station 20+040

 Find the mass ordinate at station 20+120

 Find the mass ordinate at station 20+180

STATIONS VOLUMES

CUT (m3) FILL(m3)

20+000 60

20+020 70

20+040 30

20+060 110

20+080 50

20+100 50

20+120 40

20+140 60

20+160 20

20+180 30

Solution:

Mass ordinate at station 20+040

 STATIONS VOLUMES MASS ORDINATE

CUT(m3) CORRECTED FILL(m3)

20+000 1.25(60)= -75 20+000

20+020 1.25(70)= -87.5 20+020

20+040 1.25(30)= -37.5 20+040

20+060 110 +110 20+060

20+080 50 +80 20+080

20+100 50 +50 20+100

20+120 1.25(40)= -50 20+120

20+140 1.25(60)= -75 20+140

20+160 20 +20 20+160

20+180 30 +30 20+180

Mass ordinate at station 20+040= -200

 Mass ordinate at station 20+120= -10

 Mass ordinate at station 20+180= -35

Problem 446-C:

The grading works of proposed National Road shows the following data of an earthworks:

Free haul of distance = 50m.

Cost of borrow = P5 per cu.m.

Cost of haul = P0.25 per meter station

Stationing of one limit of Free Haul

=2+763.12

Stationing of one limit of Economical Haul

=2+948.03

Assume the ground surface has a uniform slope from cut to fill.

STATION AREA
2
CUT (m ) FILL (m2)
2
2+440 51 m
2+740 0 Balancing Point
3+040 69 m2

 Compute the length of economical haul.

 Compute the overhaul volume.

 Compute the volume of borrow.

 Compute the volume of waste.

Solution:

 Limit of economical haul:

𝐶𝑏 𝐶
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 𝐹𝐻𝐷
𝐶ℎ

5(20)
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = + 50
0.25
𝐿𝐸𝐻 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎.
  Overhaul Volume:

Waste Overhaul
volume 300
51 208.03
𝒉𝟒 184.91
2 91.97
𝒉𝟑
3.
58.03 215.09 26.88 𝒉𝟐
12
241.97 2 + 763.12 𝒉𝟏 69
300 2 + 948.03
2 + 440 2 + 740
3 + 040
Borrow

h1 69
=
208.03 300
h1 = 47.85

h2 69
=
23.12 300
h2 = 5.32
h3 51
=
241.97 300
h3 = 41.13

h4 51
=
26.88 300
h4 = 4.57

(h3 + h4 )
Overhaul volume = (215.09)
2
(41.13 + 4.57)
Overhaul volume = (215.09)
2

Overhaul volume = 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟓𝐦𝟑

Check:
 (h2 + h1 )
Vol. = (184.91)
2
(5.32 + 47.85)
Vol. = (184.91)
2

Vol. = 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟓𝐦𝟑

 Volume of borrow:

(47.85 + 69)
Vol. of borrow = (91.97)
2
Vol. of borrow = 𝟓𝟑𝟕𝟑. 𝟑𝟓𝐦𝟑

 Volume of waste:

(51 + 41.13)
Vol. of waste = (58.03)
2

Vol. of waste = 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓𝐦𝟑