Unit-IV

ATM:- ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE

A wide area network protocol featuring high data rates and equal size to packets.
ATM is suitable for transferring text, audio and video data.

DESIGN GOALS:-
There are many purpose to create a ATM

1. use high data rate transmission media, in particular optical fibre.

2. to provide wide area interconnectivity between them without low their effectiveness or
requiring them replacement.
3. it must be available at low cost to every user who wants it.
4. the new system has to be able to work with an support the existing telecommunication-
hierarchy.
5. it must be connection oriented
6. high speed

(i)PACKET NETWORKS

A Packet is a combination of data that can be passed through the

network as a self- contained unit. It contains header and trailer.
That provide identification and addressing information. Different protocols use
packets of varing size. Unfortunately large data field create waste, if there is not much
information to transmit , field goes unused.
Packets fewer than 200 bytes.

(ii) MIXED NETWORK TRAFFIC

Switches, multiplexer to manage the various size of packets.

If line 1 packet x arrive at the multiplexer earlier than tha line 2 packets.
If line 2 packet have priority the multiplexer has no way of knowing to wait for them.
1st packet x will be sent, then the x packet will be sent. A and X was arrived at the
destination, the remaining packet will be sent. Audio and video packets are small, mixing
with convenient data traffic, creates and unacceptable dealys.

(iii) CELL NETWORKS:

A cell network use the cell has tha basic unit of data exchange. A cell is
defined as a small fixed size block of information.
All data are localed into the cell, that can be transmitted with uniformity . A packet of
different size and format reach the cell network from a another network split into multiple
data units of equal length.

Advantages :-

 in the above figures two lines sending cells instead of packets.

 Packet x has been 3 cells. They are x,y,z.
 Packet A has 3 cells : A,B,C
 The first cell from the line 1 get put on the line before the first cell from line2.
 The cell from two lines are interlead.

Asynchronous TDM:-

 ATM use asynchronous time division multiplier

 It is used fixed size float.
 ATM multiplexer contains a cell from any input channels has a cell to sent.

In the below figure 3 inputs are multiplex. The second channel has
empty input slot, the multiplexer send the empty slot first then send the remaining
multiplexed slot.

ATM APPLICATION:-
ATM is used in both LAN’S and VAN’S.

ATM WAN’S:-
A WAN technology that deliver cells over a long distance. ATM is mainly used
to connect LAN’S or other WAN’S together. The router has been used in ATM network
it has two protocols. One belonging to the ATM and the other belonging to the other
protocol.
ATM LAN’S:-
High data rate of the technology has attached to the LAN network. There are
three typesof levels using LAN technology.

1.Connection less versus Connection Oriented

2.Physical address versus virtual identifier.
3.Multicasting and Broadcasting delivery.

Figure. A describe the eithernet switch, figure.b describe the ATM switch. Both
use a switch to route packets between computers.

1. Connectionless versus Connection Oriented

A station send data packet to another station whenever the packets
are ready. There is no connection establishment.
In a connection oriented protocol a station send a packet to another station first
establigh a connection.

2. Physical address versus virtual identifier.

A connectionless protocol define the route of a acket through source
and destination address.
A connection oriented protocol, a route of a packet defiend by the virtual identifier.

3. Multicasting and Broadcasting delivery.

A station can send packets to a group of station in to all station with
the help of multicasting and broadcasting.

LANE(Local Area Network Emulation)

LES transfer LANE server, where a station receive a frame to be sent to another
Stations using a physical address.
LEC->(LANE client): IT sends a special frame to the LES server. The server create a
circuit between the source and destination station.

Bus->(Broadcast Unknown Server): If a station send a frame to group of station or to

every station, the frame first goes to the Bus server. This server has permanent virtual
connection to every station.
 The server creates a copy of received frame and send a copy to group of
station or to all stations.

ATM ARCHITECTURE:-

ATM is a self-switched network. The user access device called the end
points, are connected through a user to network interface.
The switches are connected through network to network interface.

VIRTUAL CONNECTION:-

Connection between 2 end points through transmission path (TP), virtual

patha (VP), virtual circuit (VC). A transmission path is the physical connection between
an end points or between 2 switches. A transmission path is divided into virtual path. A
virtual path provide a connection between 2 switches cell networks are based on virtual
circuits. All cells belonging to a message follow the same virtual circuit and remain in
their original order until they reach their destination. In the below figure illustrates the
relationship between a transmission path, virtual path, virtual circuits that logically
connect two points together.

Identifier:-
In a virtual circuit network, to root data from one end point to another, the virtual
connection need to be identified. It creates 2 levels.

1. Virtual Path Identifier (VPI)

2. Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCI)
The VPI define the VP, and VCI define the VC inside the VP.

Cells:-
The basic data unit in a ATM network is called a cell. A cell is only 53 bytes, 5 bytes
allocated to header and 48 bytes carrying payload.
The virtual connection through which a cell should travel from an end point to a
switch or from a switch to another switch.
Connection Establishment And Release:-
ATM use 2 types of connections.
1. PVC
2. SVC

1. PVC: (Permanent Virtual Circuit) It is established between 2 end points by the

network provider. It has 5 bytes of data.
2. SVC: (Switched Virtual Circuit) each time, end points to make a connection with
another end points, a new virtual circuilt should be established. The signaling
mechanism of this other protocol make a connection request using the network
layer address of the 2 end points.

History Of Digital And Analog Services:-

Voice Communication Over Analog Networks:-

TeleCommunication network were designed analog networks, used for transmission
of analog information in the form of voice.

Voice and Data Communication Over Analog Networks:-

Subscriber needed to exchange data as we as voice. Modems are allowed to exchange
over existing analog lines.

Analog and Digital Services To Subscriber:-

Digital technologies contribute their services to their customers. Three types of
customers were identified at this time.

1) Traditional customers
2) Customer Using only Analog Facilities
3) Customer using only Digital Services

Integrated Digital Network (IDN)

It is combination of network available for different purpose. Access to these
network using digital pipe, which are time multiplexed channel sharing very high speed
path.
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN)
Digital services are much efficient and flexible than analog services. To receive the
maximum benefit from the integrated digital network. It is possible to send data, voice,
image and so on. All customer services become digital rather than analog, new
technology will allow customer services to be made. ISDN incorporates all
communication connection in a home or building into a single interface.

Access to the ISDN:-

Digital pipes between customers and the ISDN office are organized into multiple
channel of different sizes. It has three types of channels.

1) B-Channels
2) D-Channels
3) H-Channels

CHANNEL Data rate(Kbps)

Bearer (B) 64
Data (D) 16.64
Hybrid (H) 384,1536,1920

B-Channels-
It is defined at the rate of 64 kbps. It is the basic user channel, can carry any type of
digital information in full duplex mode. The Data rate does not exceed 64 Kbps.
Eg :- A B-Channel can be used to carry digital data. Digitalized voice, low data rate
information.

D-Channels-
The data rate can be either 16 or 64 kbps depending on the needs of the user. The
primary function of the D-Channel is to carry control signaling for the B-Channel. It has
two types of signaling.

1) In-Band Signalling
2) Out-Band Signalling

In-Band Signalling

The transmission protocol are examined in-channels this is called in-band signaling.
The primary goal of in-band signaling is call establishment, ringing, call interrupt or
synchronization.
Out-Band Signalling

D-Channels carries the control signaling for all of the channel in a given path using
a method called common channel.(out-band signalling)

H-Channels-
The data rate is 384 kbps, 1536 kbps these data rates are applicable as video, tele
conferencing.

USER- INTERFACES:-
Digital subscriber loops has two types
1) Basic rate interface
2) Primary rate interface

BRI-
It specify a digital pipe consist of two B-Channel and one D-Channel. Two B-
Channels of 64 kbps and 1 D-Channel of 16 kbps,equals 144 kbps. It require 48 kbps of
operations. The digital pipe require 192 kbps. A large pipe that contains 3 smaller pipes,
2 for the B-Channel and 1 for the D-Channels. It designed only the residential and small
office customers.

PRI-
It specify a digital pipe with 23 B-Chanbel and 1 D-Channel. 23 B-Channels of 64
kbps and 1 D-Channel of 64 kbps,equals 1.536 mbps. A large pipe containing 24 smaller
pipes, 23 B-Channels and 1 D-Channels. The 23 B-Channels and 1 D-Channel indicate
the maximum number of separate channel PRI can contain.
It provide full duplex transmission. The individual transmission are collected from
their source and multiplexed into a single path.

Functional Grouping:-
To access tha service of the BRI or PRI their functional duties and collected in
functional grouping. Subscriber choose the specific devices to their needs from these
groupings.
Each functional grouping is a model that can be implemented using devices or
equipmen.

Network Termination NT1:

It controls the physical and electrical termination of the ISDN. It organize the data
stream from a connected subscriber into frames that can be send over the pipe that
translate the frames received from the network into the format.
Network Termination NT2:
It perform function at the physical, data link and network layers. It provide
multiplexing flow control and packet control. T provide intermediate signal processing
between data generating device and NT1. There must be a point to point connection
between NT2 And NT1.

Terminal Equipment ET1:

It refer to digital subscriber equipment. TE1 is any device that support the ISDN
standard TE1’s or digital telephone, integrated voice, data terminals.

Terminal Equipment ET2:

TE2 Equipment is any non-ISDN device such as terminal, work station, host
computer and regular telephones.

Terminal Adaptor:
It convert information received in non-ISDN format from a TE2 and into a format by
the ISDN.

Reference Points:-
It refer to the label used to identify individual interface between two elements of an
ISDN. A reference point define the function of a connection between them. It define the
interfaces between a subscriber equipment and the network. The reference points are
R,S,T,U.

 R -- Connection between TE2 and TA

 S -- Connection between TE2 or TA and NT1 or NT2
 T -- Connection between NT2 Or NT1
 U – The interface between NT! And ISDN office.

BroadBand ISDN:-
B-ISDN is nothing but a broadband ISDN. It provide subscriber to network
with the data rates. Its range is of 600 mbps. B-ISDN, ISDN with high data rate based
upon cell relate delivery. It is based on the change from metal cable to fibre optic cable at
all levels of tele-communication.

Services-
It provides two types of services

1) Interactive
2) Distributive

Interactive Services:-
It require two way exchange between either two subscriber or between a
subscriber and a service provider. These services are of three types
 Conversational
 Messaging
 Retrieval

Conversational:-
It provides communication with others. The services are telephone calls. It support
real time exchange (video telephone, video conference, data transfer)
Messaging:-
It is used to store and forward exchanges. These services are bi-directional. These
services include voice-mail, data mail and video mail.

Retrieval:-
It is used to retrieve information from a information center. These services are like
libraries. They must allow public access and allow user to retrieve information.

Distributive Services:-
It provide uni-directional services to send from a provider to subscriber without a
subscribe having to transmit a request each time a service is desired.
Without User Control:-
These are broadcast to the user without the user having requested them either
broadcast times.
Eg:- Commercial to programs

With User Control:-

They are broadcast to the user in a round robin fashion. Services are repeated
periodically to allow the user a choice of times during to receive them.

Physical Specification:- (mega bit per second) mbps

It contains access methods, functional grouping and reference points.

Access Methods:-
Three access methods designed to provide for 3 levels of user needs. They are
symmetrical 155.520 mbps, asymmetrical 155.520mbps/622.080 mbps and symmetrical
622.080 mbps.

Functional grouping:-
In the B-ISDN model are the same as those for N-ISDN. They are called B-NT1, B-
NT2,B-TE1,B-TE2,B-TA.

Reference Points:-
It use R,S,T,U reference points.
X.25 LAYERS:-

The X.25 layers specifies three layers

 Physical Layer
 Frame Layer
 Packet Layer

 Packet Layer:-
The network layer in x.25 is called packet layer protocol
(PLP). It is responsible for establishing the connection, transferring data and terminating
the connection. It is also responsible for creating the virtual circuit. X.25 use flow & error
control at two levels. The levels are frame layer and packet layer.

The x.25 protocol is a packet switched virtual circuit network. A physical connection
establish between a DTE and DCE can carry several virtual circuit at the network layer.

Virtual Circuit Identifier:-

This x.25 is called the logical channel number (LCN). When this is established
between 2 DCE’s and there is always a pair of LCN. LCN can maintain local connection
between DCE and DTE.

X.25 use both permanent and switched virtual circuit. PVC’s are established by
the x.25 network providers. Eg:- H is similar to telephone network. SVC’s are established
at each session. The network layer use a control packet to set up a connection. Virtual
Circuit established and relish at the network layer are different from link set up and
disconnect at the frame layers.

EVENTS:-
They occur in tha frame layer. A connection is set up between DTE and DCE. The
VC is established between the local DTE and the Remote DTE. Data are transferred
between the two DTE ’s.
The VC is released . the link is disconnected.