Communication Systems (EE-361)

INTRODUCTION AND COURSE OUTLINES

Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi

Assistant Professor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
Email : wsethi@giki.edu.pk
Course Books- Reference Books
Pre-requisite:Signals and Systems (EE351)
Textbook
B. P. Lathi & Z. Ding, Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems. Int. 4th Ed., Oxford
University Press, 2010.
References
1.Hsu, H. P. (2009). Schaum's outline of signals and systems
(2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill Education.
2.Haykin, S. (2009). Communication systems (2nd ed.).
John Wiley & Sons.
3.Couch, II, L. W. (2007). Digital and analog communication
systems (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
4.Proakis, J. G., & Salehi, M. (2005). Fundamentals of
Communication Systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice
Main Course Book
Hall.
Program Learning Outcomes
 Tentative Grade Distribution

Assessment Tools Percentage

Quizzes (Surprise + Scheduled) 13%
Assignments 05%
Midterm Examination 30%
Complex Engineering Problem 7%
Final Examination 45%

Students are encouraged to solve some assigned homework problems

using the available engineering software, such as MATLAB

Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi- Ghulam

Ishaq Khan Institute-Spring 2022
 Administrative Policies

 According to institute policy, 80% attendance is mandatory to appear

in the final examination.
 In any case, there will be no retake of (scheduled/surprise) quizzes.
 Assignments are due as instructed. Late submission are not allowed.
 Phone’s should be silent. If a ringtone is heard, the call or message
will be shown to all class attendees.

Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi- Ghulam

Ishaq Khan Institute-Spring 2022
Tentative Lecture Breakdown
Week Topic Related Preparation
1 Introduction to Communication Systems Chapter 1&2 Text Book
2 Introduction to Signals Chapter 2 Text Book
3 Analysis and Transmission of Signals Chapter 3 Text Book
4 Analysis and Transmission of Signals Chapter 3 Text Book
5 Amplitude Modulation (AM), Baseband and carrier, Chapter 4 Text Book

Double Side Band (DSB)

6 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Chapter 4 Text Book
7 Single Side Band (SSB), Vestigial Side Band (VSB) Chapter 4 Text Book
8 Carrier Acquisition, Superhetrodyne AM Receiver Chapter 4 Text Book

Mid Exam To be decided

9 Angle Modulation: Concept of Instantaneous Chapter 5 Text Book

Frequency
10 Bandwidth of Angle Modulated Waves, FM Chapter 5 Text Book

generation
11 Demodulation of FM, Interference in Angle Chapter 5 Text Book

Modulated Systems
12 FM receiver Chapter 5 Text Book
13 Sampling Theorem, Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Chapter 6 Text Book
14 PCM, Differential PCM (DPCM) Chapter 6 Text Book
15 Delta Modulation Chapter 6 Text Book

Final Exam To be decided

Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi- Ghulam

Ishaq Khan Institute-Spring 2022
Let’s Begin and Dive into
Communication Systems!!

Chapter:1 – Introduction
Contents
• Communication Systems

• Analog and Digital Messages

• Channel effect, SNR and Capacity

• Modulation and its types

• Brief History of Modern Telecommunication

What is Communication?
 Communication & Tech??
• Communication has
been the cornerstone
for development of
civilizations.
• Better communication
technology meant fast
advancements.
• Major developments
in communication
technology.

2022
What is Communication?
• Communication = Transfer of Information
• Old Forms of Communication (Non Electrical)
– Using Couriers; human messengers, carrier pigeons, post
– Using sound; drum beats, gun shots
– Using Fire; torches, smoke, SOS
– Using light; flashlight, flags
• Non-Electrical Communication: Slow and over short
distances
• Electrical Communication = Using electrical signals
– Long distances, Fast, Reliable, Economical
• Modes of Communication
– Simplex – One directional
– Half-Duplex- Two directional but at different times.
– Full-Duplex – Two directional simultaneously.
Applications – Health Care
Applications – Cell Phones

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Emerging Technologies
Analog Messages
Digital Messages
 A General Block Diagram for a Communication System
Input Input Input Transmitter Transmitte Channel Received Receiver Output Output Output Destination
Source d
Message Transducer Signal Signal Signal Signal Transducer Message

Channel Impairments
 Delay
 Attenuation (loss of power)
 Distortion (system imperfections)
 Noise (usually from natural
sources)
 Interference (non-hostile human
sources)
 Jamming (hostile human sources)
Message Input
Transduce
• Source: r
– Generates a message (often in a non-electrical form) Huma Microphone
• Human voice (acoustic signal) n
• Printed page Voice
Printe Scanner
• Photograph
d Page
• Video
Photograph Digital Camera
• Text message
• Input Transducer Video Video Camera

– Converts the non-electrical message into an Text Keyboard

electrical waveform that is called a baseband signal. Messag
e
Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi- Ghulam Ishaq
Khan Institute-Spring 2022
 A General Block Diagram for a Communication System
Source Input Input Input Transmitter Transmitte Channel Received Receiver Output Output Output Destination
d
Message Transducer Signal Signal Signal Signal Transducer Message

Channel Impairments
 Delay
 Attenuation (loss of power)
 Distortion (system imperfections)
 Noise (usually from natural sources)
 Interference (non-hostile human sources)
 Jamming (hostile human sources)

• Transmitter:
– Modifies the baseband signal into a form suitable for the channel, for
efficient transmission
• Channel
– is the medium of transmission
• e.g. wire, coaxial cable, optical fiber, air, free space, etc.
– Can cause many types of impairment to the signal
Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi- Ghulam Ishaq
Khan Institute-Spring 2022
 A General Block Diagram for a Communication System
Source Input Input Input Transmitter Transmitte Channel Received Receiver Output Output Output Destination
d
Message Transducer Signal Signal Signal Signal Transducer Message

Channel Impairments
 Delay
 Attenuation (loss of power)
 Distortion (system imperfections)
 Noise (usually from natural
sources)
 Interference (non-hostile human Message Output
sources) Transduce
• Receiver:
 Jamming (hostile human sources)
r
Human Voice Loudspeaker
– “Recovers” the input signal from the received
signal by undoing the signal modifications made
by the transmitter and the channel Printed Page Printer

• Output Transducer
Photograph Printer/Stil
– Converts the output electrical signal into its l Monitor
original form (message)
Video Video
• Destination Monitor/T
– The unit to which the message is communicated, V
e.g., the user of the information Text Message Text Printer, e.g.
telex machine
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Break Down of Communication System

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Information Source

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Input Transducer

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Transmitter

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Channel

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 Noise
• Noise is a random and unpredictable signal, usually, from natural sources
– External noise; lightning, solar noise, interference
– Internal noise; thermal motion of electrons in conductors, random emission, diffusion
and recombination of electrons and holes.
• Proper care can minimize or even eliminate external noise
• Proper care can reduce the effect of internal noise but can never eliminate it
• Noise is one of the basic factors that fundamentally limits the
communication rate.
• The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is defined as the ratio of signal power to noise power
• The SNR is continuously decreasing along the length of the channel.
• Amplification of the received signal to compensate for attenuation cannot help
improve the SNR, because the noise will be amplified in the same proportion. On the
contrary, an amplifier may decrease the SNR.

Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi- Ghulam Ishaq

Khan Institute-Spring 2022
The Receiver/Output Transducer

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Destination

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LECTURE BREAK!!

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Analog vs Digital Signals

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Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi- Ghulam Ishaq 30
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 31
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Sampling and Quantization

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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

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 Modulation
• Modulationis the process by which the baseband signal is included in the
properties of a high-frequency carrier.
• A carrier is a high-frequency sinusoid and it has the following parameters:
– Amplitude
– Frequency
– Phase
• Modulationis performed by varying one of the carrier parameters in
proportion to the baseband signal.
• Accordingly, we have
– Amplitude Modulation (AM)
– Frequency Modulation (FM)
– Phase Modulation (PM)
• At the receiver, the inverse operation is performed. This is called
“Demodulation.”
• Demodulationis the process of recovering the baseband signal from the
modulated carrier.

Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi- Ghulam Ishaq

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 Modulation
Carrier

Baseband Signal=Modulating Signal=Message Signal=Information Signal

Amplitude-Modulated Carrier

Freqency-Modulated Carrier

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 Why do we need modulation?
• We need modulation for three main reasons:
1. Efficient Radiation:
• For efficient radiation, the length of the antenna must be at least one tenth of the
wavelength
• For practical antenna size, the signal frequency must be “high”
• For speech signal, most of the power is concentrated in the frequency range of 100-
3000 Hz. Audible signals have content in the frequency range of 20-20000 Hz. These
frequencies correspond to wavelengths in the range of 15 km to 1500 km. Thus, a
speech signal cannot be radiated from an antenna of a practical size.
• Using a carrier frequency of 500 kHz (MW range), an antenna of length 60 m is needed
(AM Broadcast Station). Frequency Wavelength Minimum
Antenna
• Using a carrier frequency of 800 MHz, an Length
60 Hz 5000 km 500 km
antenna of length 3.8 cm is needed (Mobile
20 kHz 15 km 1.5 km
Phone)
450 kHz 666 m 66.6 m
1 MHz 300 m 30 m
100 MHz 3m 30 cm
1 GHz 30 cm 3 cm
Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi- Ghulam Ishaq
Khan Institute-Spring 2022
Why do we need modulation?
• We need modulation for three main reasons:
2. Simultaneous Transmission of Several Signals:
• To transmit several signals using the same channel without interference,
these signals must occupy separate frequency bands
• This can be achieved by modulating the signals using different carrier
frequencies, so that the modulated carriers occupy separate frequency
bands.
• This can allow many users to share the same channel.
• This is called Multiplexing or Multiple Access.
• In multiplexing, all the signals are modulated, combined and then transmitted
using the same transmitter. This is used in telephony systems.
• In multiple access, the signals are modulated and transmitted using
separate transmitters. The modulated signals are then combined in the
channel. This is the case in radio broadcasting.
Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi- Ghulam Ishaq
Khan Institute-Spring 2022
Why do we need modulation?
• We need modulation for three main reasons:
3. Obtaining Better Tradeoff between SNR and B:
• Modulation can be used to obtain better SNR at the expense of bandwidth.
• Some types of modulation provide better SNR vs. bandwidth tradeoff.

• More reasons:
– Moving the signal to a better frequency slot (e.g. for lower attenuation or
interference)
– Shifting the signal to a more suitable frequency (e.g. optical range for optical
fibers)
– etc.
 SHANON CAPACITY

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Channel Capacity & Data Rate
Nyquist Channel

Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi- Ghulam Ishaq

Khan Institute-Spring 2022
 Assignment # 1
1. On Slide 13, a time line of 1G to 5G is mentioned. Draw a table comparing
these technologies. Select any 5 features to compare the 5 generations.

2. Briefly explain all mentioned emerging technologies in the slide 14 from

a communication theory perspective. (Short explanations and concepts
only!)

3. Explain in detail the key difference between an AM and FM radio from

frequency re-use perspective.

• Note:
1) In handwritten form and to be handed over to TA.
2) All identical submissions will be marked as zero.